Suchergebnisse

Abstract. This study examines the asymmetries in the tax-spending nexus for Burundi using a three-variable model. The study employs a threshold cointegration test with asymmetric adjustment advanced by Enders & Siklos (2001). The findings indicate that government spending, taxes and grants are cointegrated with asymmetric adjustment. Causality tests from the estimated asymmetric error correction model suggest that in the short run there is an independent relationship between government spending and taxes in Burundi. Pertaining to the impact of grants, the results show that grants encourage the government of Burundi to spend more, but, conversely, they also discourage tax revenue, which is known as the tax displacement hypothesis. The findings further show that only government spending responds to budgetary disequilibrium, and this occurs when the budget situation is worsening. This implies that in Burundi, to restore the equilibrium when the budget situation is worsening, the adjustment is made by reducing spending. A policy intuition arising from this study is that, to reduce budget deficits, Burundi should reduce its grant-dependence and improve its tax collection system as well as cut its spending in sectors where it is not productive and reallocate it to more productive sectors.Keywords. Burundi, Spending, Taxes, Grants, Threshold cointegration, Asymmetric ECM.JEL. C32, E32, H20, H50, H62.

Abstract
This paper analyses the world oil price pass-through to Egypt's domestic inflation rate. The paper adopts the augmented Phillips curve framework and further extends it to consider the growing body of empirical evidence, suggesting that oil prices may have asymmetric effects on inflation. Accordingly, the paper examines and compares the symmetric and the asymmetric oil price pass-through to domestic inflation in the short run and the long run. A linear ARDL-ECM and the bounds cointegration tests are applied as well as a nonlinear asymmetric NARDL model and Wald tests for short-run and long-run asymmetries. The sample consists of quarterly data covering the period from 2001 Q3 to 2019 Q2. The results show that, in the short run, the pass-through of world oil prices to the Egyptian domestic inflation rate is symmetric and of small magnitude. However, on the long-run, oil price pass-through to inflation appears to be nonlinear and asymmetric, specifically, declining oil prices lead to a fall in domestic inflation that is more significant than the rise in inflation caused by rising oil prices.

In this paper the threshold (T-ECM) and linear (ECM) error correction models are estimated to examine the short-run and long-run Granger causality in terms of asymmetric and symmetric relationship for seven European Union economies (Germany, France, Denmark, the Netherlands, Poland, Czech Republic and the whole EU). The relationship between production, inflation and oil prices are analyzed in the presence of structural break when both, the change in intercept and the change in the slope of the trend function exist. Threshold ECMs show the asymmetric response of production and inflation to the changes in oil prices in the case of Germany, France, Poland and the EU. For other economies (Netherlands, Denmark and Czech Republic) the reaction was rather symmetric.

In this paper the threshold (T-ECM) and linear (ECM) error correction models are estimated to examine the short-run and long-run Granger causality in terms of asymmetric and symmetric relationship for seven European Union economies (Germany, France, Denmark, the Netherlands, Poland, Czech Republic and the whole EU). The relationship between production, inflation and oil prices are analyzed in the presence of structural break when both, the change in intercept and the change in the slope of the trend function exist. Threshold ECMs show the asymmetric response of production and inflation to the changes in oil prices in the case of Germany, France, Poland and the EU. For other economies (Netherlands, Denmark and Czech Republic) the reaction was rather symmetric.

In this paper the threshold (T-ECM) and linear (ECM) error correction models are estimated to examine the short-run and long-run Granger causality in terms of asymmetric and symmetric relationship for seven European Union economies (Germany, France, Denmark, the Netherlands, Poland, Czech Republic and the whole EU). The relationship between production, inflation and oil prices are analyzed in the presence of structural break when both, the change in intercept and the change in the slope of the trend function exist. Threshold ECMs show the asymmetric response of production and inflation to the changes in oil prices in the case of Germany, France, Poland and the EU. For other economies (Netherlands, Denmark and Czech Republic) the reaction was rather symmetric.

The main objective of this paper is to analyse the different sources of asymmetric price transmissions in the fuel market for France, Germany and Spain. During the last decades,the EU has carried out several common energy policies to achieve more efficient and competitive markets. However, given the specific characteristics of each country, the question we want to address is if fuel prices across EU members behave differently in response to different market structures. Oil operators have been targeted by competition authorities for conducting non-competitive practices. To figure out whether the common complaint that gasoline prices adjust differently to positive or negative input price changes, dynamic asymmetric models for the mean and variance are developed for each country. Several asymmetric specifications for the mean and variance are considered and the best specification combines double threshold error correction models (DT-ECM) for the mean with asymmetric EGARCH plus dummy variables for the conditional variance. We show that French gasoline prices behave more competitively, adjusting quicker to the long-run equilibrium and with higher price volatility. This outcome is consistent with the strong presence of hypermarkets following low-cost pricing strategies in France. ; Alvaro Escribano is grateful for the funding provided by Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Funder Id: 10.13039/501100003329, Grant Number: ECO2016-00105-001, MDM 2014- 0431 and Agencia Estatal de Investigación: 2019/00419/001. Comunidad de Madrid, Grant Number: MadEco-CM S2015/HUM-3444.

A decade of strong economic growth and rapid urbanization are transforming Indonesia's food retail sector. In particular, supermarkets and related modern retail outlets are reorganizing how high value fruit and vegetable supply chains operate, effecting quantities, varieties, quality and prices. Among the agricultural development issues facing Indonesia's policymakers are efficiency and distributional consequences of these transforming fruit and vegetable markets. This study examines asymmetric price transmission in chili supply chains to assess emerging market failures and potential equity implications for producers and consumers. The Indonesian government recognizes chilies as one of its 10 priority crops. Chilies are produced by more than 400,000 small scale producers and are an essential ingredient in the Indonesian daily diet. Historically, chili markets have exhibited large price fluctuations in Indonesia. Two methods for examining asymmetric price transmission are compared using monthly data over an 18 year period in Java: Houck's model and the Error Correction Model (ECM). Although commonly believed that modern retail sectors are increasing market power and influencing prices, both models suggest that there is no price asymmetry issue in the chili supply chain in Indonesia. Key word: chili, price, asimetric, transmission

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study is to analyze the price transmission of Gayo Arabica coffee from farmers to exporters. This study utilizesECM (error Correction Model) to investigate price transmission based on monthly price data in farmer and exporter level from Januari 2008 until December 2014. The result showed that price transmission test ECM-EG model showed that in short term, the price transmission is assymetric and symetric in long term.The symmetrical price transmission between farmers and exporters in the long term, showed that there was no misuse of market power, Therefore, price changes that occur at the farmer level in the long term were transmitted perfectly towards exporter. Asymmetric price transmission in the short term is commonly caused by cost adjustment factors and marketing agency behaviors in the pricing mechanism and the performance of each level / marketing agencies. Therefore, the need for setting prices of Gayo Arabica coffee, especially at the producers (farmers) level and the government's role in monitoring the price according to the quality of coffee, and inform the development of the market price (the local and the world) to the farmers.

AbstractIn this paper we analyse the potential asymmetric response of retail prices for gasoline and diesel‐fuel to changes in oil prices for the Spanish economy and its relation with the so‐called 'rockets and feathers' behaviour. We show that the assumption made by previous studies, which use as the key explanatory variable the sign –positive or negative‐ of the change in international oil prices, is inadequate for the Spanish case and the magnitude of the change in international oil prices is also relevant. For small changes in international oil prices there is neither price asymmetry nor rockets and feathers behavior in the retail markets. However, price asymmetries in line with rockets and feathers behavior in retail gasoline and gasoil markets are present when these changes exceed a certain threshold. Following Martín‐Moreno et al. (2018) we first apply an Auto‐regressive Error Correction Model and endogenously estimate the threshold triggering the rockets and feathers behaviour. A time‐varying nature for the dynamic response of retail prices to oil price shocks is revealed when we estimate the TAR‐ECM model using rolling windows. Hence, in a second stage, we use a Markov‐switching estimation of the model to test the robustness of the results given its suitability to changing environments. This study could have relevant policy implications for the Spanish gasoline and gasoil retail markets due to the ongoing debate on the existence of a rockets and feathers behavior in gasoline and gasoil retail markets between the Spanish regulatory body and the oil companies.