Suchergebnisse

Since vaccines may lose their potency if transported or stored outside the recommended temperature range (2-8 degrees C), we carried out a study in the Darwin area of the Northern Territory of Australia to determine the links in the cold chain, including the extent of vaccine monitoring, and whether the vaccines were being exposed to unsafe temperatures. Sabin oral poliomyelitis vaccine (OPV) and recombinant hepatitis-B (HB) vaccine were selected for special monitoring. A total of 127 vials of OPV and 144 vials of HB vaccine were dispatched during October, November and December 1990 to the government, independent health services and general practitioner surgeries which routinely administer these vaccines. We distributed the two vaccines with MonitorMark time/temperature and Coldside indicator tags attached to cards for recording the date, location and temperature exposures each time the vaccines were moved or used. A total of 65% of the OPV and 41% of the HB vaccine monitor cards were returned for analysis. The vaccines were transported and stored at one to four locations prior to being administered. Some 23% of tagged OPV was exposed for 48 hours or more to a temperature > 10 degrees C; 47.5% of tagged HB vaccines were exposed to -3 degrees C or less, the majority of them during storage in health facilities or clinics. Exposures were independent of distance from the distribution centre, mode of transport, or type of facility. Our results show that the vaccines were often exposed to temperatures outside the recommended range during transport and storage, putting them at risk of loss of potency.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

"Featuring new evidence on: the end of the Cold War, 1989; the fall of the Wall; Sino-Soviet relations, 1958-59; Soviet missile deployments, 1959; the Iran Crisis, 1944-46; Tito and Khrushchev, 1954. ; "Fall/Winter 2001" ; Caption title. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; "Featuring new evidence on: the end of the Cold War, 1989; the fall of the Wall; Sino-Soviet relations, 1958-59; Soviet missile deployments, 1959; the Iran Crisis, 1944-46; Tito and Khrushchev, 1954. ; Mode of access: Internet.

The translation of Sputnik from a scientific into a political event changed the dynamics of federal science and technology policy, and elevated to new heights the American research university as a pivotal tool for winning the Cold War. This paper discusses this significant shift in federal policy, its impact on America's research universities and scientific community, and its influence on the contemporary economy. Sputnik prompted a significant expansion in the training of scientists and engineers, and acted as a catalyst for large-scale federal funding for higher education. It also resulted in the federal government becoming the nation's primary source of R&D investment. The result was a greatly accelerated shift in scientific research increasingly toward a multi-disciplinary model and the creation of new knowledge that form the foundation for today's technological innovations that may well exceed in importance the trials and tribulations of the Cold War itself.

"June 1994"--Spine. ; Cover title. ; Includes bibliographical references (p. 96-107). ; Mode of access: Internet.

WITH THE BREAKUP of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Cold War ended. The media not only watched, but played a crucial role in the years after 1985, when Mikhail Gorbachev came to power, as rapid developments dramatically changed the world as we had known it. Images of seminal change agents in what had been the Eastern bloc-Gorbachav, Lech Walesa, Vadav Havel-facing leaders from the West-Ronald Reagan, Margaret Thatcher, Helmut Kohl and Pope John Paul II-mingled with those of explosions at Chernobyl and Tiananmen Square, the of the Berlin Wall and the Bucharest crowds who brought down a Romanian tyrant. Reagan met with Moscow dissidents. Gorbachev prased the flesh on the streets of New York. In Moscow, an attempt~ coup by old-style Soviet hard-liners failed in large part because of conununication technology-Yeltsin could reach the rest of the world by fax, and CNN showed everyone (Gorbachev, Yeltsin, Bush and the putschists alike) what was happening at the barricades. A new world.

International relationss entered a new phase of their development by the end of the cold war. Than changes which resulted out of the ending of the cold war together with the social and economic changes in the period of the Cold War as a central one, makes the question about the functioning of the world period in the already changed international and total social conditions. Searching and analyzing such phenomena, processes and conditions in the sphere of the social life the contemporary international community we concluded the following. 1. It's impossible to talk about the existence of a new world's order but for the further functioning of the present system, which is in the process of transformation form one shape to another. 2. That the already changed international and today social conditions force the importance of a particular transformational and a reform of the present world order and its bigger efficiency in solving the global problems and contradictions. 3. The key factor which will have a determinative meaning for the process of transformation and reform of the world's system and for the future structure of the international community will be the relation between the forces between the most developed countries in the world. In that sense our research work and the analyses showed that the future structure of the international community would be multypolar and the process of globalization and regionalization would also be the key factors of the future world's relations. Besides the relation between the forces for the future development of the world's relations and about the function of the world's order. In future, a very big and different interdependency between the peoples round the world and countries as well will be of great importance.

THE EARTH CHARTER IN AUSTRALIA I PROCEEDINGS OF THE INAUGURAL AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL EARTH CHARTER FORUM Organised by the Australian National Committee for the Earth Charter Inc 5-6 February 1999, Canberra Sponsored by The ACT Government The Australian National University The Queensland Government ACTEW Corporation CH2M Hill Pty Ltd Collex Waste Management Pty Ltd Edited by Brendan G. Mackey and Brian Dooley

a position paper on how conflict and strife on the continent are signs of human factor decay in Africa. ; The underlying causes of armed conflict in post-Cold War Africa are essentially those of Human Factor (HF) decay Since independence in the 1960s, and throughout the Cold War degraded political conditions such as dictatorship, military rule, corruption, and imported cultures emerged on the continent. Political decay and leadership pathology are, therefore, at the centre of conflict and disorder in Africa. The need to reconstitute a healthy political HF in Africa would, therefore, be top of the agenda to resolve conflict and political tyranny. And, as far as reconstituting the political HF in Africa is concerned, we can resort to Africa's own past for models. Africa practised political and economic democracy from lime immemorial and created appropriate conditions for sustaining human life through viable socio-economic and cultural institutions prior to white colonial rule. In Botswana, for instance, social institutions had reached advanced stages of development by the seventeenth century (National Democratic Institute for International Affairs, 1990: 94). Indigenous political institutions such as the Kgolla (tribal assembly) or dikgosi (royal advisers), had been firmly established and continue to function to this day. These institutions interlocked in such a way that they provided checks and restraints on the power of leaders and safeguarded the freedom and security of members of the community. ; International Institute of Human Factor Development.

Compilation of the keynote address and papers presented at the Conference on Cold War Archives in the Decade of Openness sponsored by the Department of Defense and the Library of Congress and held at the Library, June 28-29, 2000, highlighting the collections of the Defense Department's Open House Program deposited in the European Division of the Library. ; Edited by Frank N. Schubert. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Mode of access: Internet.

This article outlines the development of environmental and resource law in Australia and explores its constitutional and political setting. The need for a national approach to the environment within the context of Australia as a federally organized country is recognized, particularly with regard to Australia's international obligations and the fact that environmental issues span state, territory, and/or national boundaries. It is argued that, to date, federal action with respect to the environment does not satisfactorily demonstrate the emergence of a national environmental strategy. However, the recent Intergovernmental Agreement on the Environment, signed by the state and federal governments in 1992, and the development of ecologically sustainable strategies for Australia are acknowledged for their potential to overcome the federal-state conflicts, which have inhibited an adequate national approach.

This paper examines the renewable generation of electricity in Australia from photovoltaics (PV), solar thermal electricity (STE) and wind. PV, STE and wind have immense resources and small environmental impacts even when deployed on very large scales. They are the only fully sustainable technologies able to completely replace fossil and nuclear electricity generation during this century. Wind energy is now a low cost generation technology, and is likely to provide 10 per cent of the world's electricity by 2020. PV has found attractive niche markets and has an annual growth rate of 30 per cent per year. STE is a promising technology but presently lacks niche markets to enable an industry to get started. The Australian Government is offering attractive assistance for renewables, although the lack of research & development funding in these programs is a serious shortcoming.

Excerpted from a larger seminar paper that described legislative assaults on academic freedom in Florida during the period following World War II, this article traced the history of probes directed at the University of South Florida (USF). Chartered in 1956 and opened in 1960, USF was the first public university in an urbanized metropolitan area on the Florida peninsula, and the new university became a target for the reactionary Florida Legislative Investigation Committee (FLIC), an interim committee of the Florida legislature that operated from mid-1956 until July 1965. Commonly nicknamed the "Johns Committee" due to the longtime leadership of the committee by state Sen. Charley Johns, the FLIC targeted educators, students, public employees, and private citizens who discussed ideas or openly promoted reform measures that challenged the practice of racial segregation or other progressive causes. Although this article appeared in print before the release of the FLIC's redacted public records in July 1993, the information subsequently revealed through these records confirms the general arguments put forth here.

Excerpted from a larger seminar paper that described legislative assaults on academic freedom in Florida during the period following World War II, this article traced the history of probes directed at the University of South Florida (USF). Chartered in 1956 and opened in 1960, USF was the first public university in an urbanized metropolitan area on the Florida peninsula, and the new university became a target for the reactionary Florida Legislative Investigation Committee (FLIC), an interim committee of the Florida legislature that operated from mid-1956 until July 1965. Commonly nicknamed the "Johns Committee" due to the longtime leadership of the committee by state Sen. Charley Johns, the FLIC targeted educators, students, public employees, and private citizens who discussed ideas or openly promoted reform measures that challenged the practice of racial segregation or other progressive causes. Although this article appeared in print before the release of the FLIC's redacted public records in July 1993, the information subsequently revealed through these records confirms the general arguments put forth here.

Excerpted from a larger seminar paper that described legislative assaults on academic freedom in Florida during the period following World War II, this article traced the history of probes directed at the University of South Florida (USF). Chartered in 1956 and opened in 1960, USF was the first public university in an urbanized metropolitan area on the Florida peninsula, and the new university became a target for the reactionary Florida Legislative Investigation Committee (FLIC), an interim committee of the Florida legislature that operated from mid-1956 until July 1965. Commonly nicknamed the "Johns Committee" due to the longtime leadership of the committee by state Sen. Charley Johns, the FLIC targeted educators, students, public employees, and private citizens who discussed ideas or openly promoted reform measures that challenged the practice of racial segregation or other progressive causes. Although this article appeared in print before the release of the FLIC's redacted public records in July 1993, the information subsequently revealed through these records confirms the general arguments put forth here.

[Conclusion] : Australian society has been built on the fundamental principles of fairness and decency and the premise that opportunity should be equally available to all, regardless of background, gender, race or religion. These values have formed an essential foundation on which Australia has been able to be transformed into one of the world's most successful, culturally-diverse, democratic, national communities. Australians have every reason to be proud of our accomplishments as a multicultural nation. Australian multiculturalism will continue to contribute towards Australian development, based firmly on the foundation of our democratic system and respect for Australia law. Australia has reaped rich rewards from migration throughout its history. Migration will continue to play an important role in our future.