Suchergebnisse

International audience ; Formerly distant penal colony of the British Empire, the State of the Western Australia is not any more an isolated province, rural and provincial province since its entrance to the Australian Federation in 1901. The contemporary evolution of this territory and that of its urban centres of Perth and Fremantle is unmistakably connected to its oceanic facade. With hindsight, the Indian Ocean was during a century the interface with the rest of the world, the vector of the development that it is trade, industrial developments, seaside tourism, defence policy or other aspects affecting the human exchanges in a widely desert State. To present a century of considerable changes, a century of progressive opening on the Indian Ocean, such is the leitmotiv of this historic study on Western Australia in the XXth century. ; Jadis lointaine colonie pénitentiaire de l'Empire Britannique, l'État de l'Australie Occidentale n'est plus tout à fait une province isolée, rurale et provinciale depuis son entrée dans la Fédération australienne en 1901. La mutation contemporaine de ce territoire et celle de ses pôles urbains de Perth et Fremantle, est incontestablement liée à sa façade océanique. Avec le recul, l'océan Indien a été pendant un siècle l'interface avec le reste du monde, le vecteur du développement qu'il s'agisse des échanges commerciaux, des développements industriels, du tourisme balnéaire, de la politique de défense ou d'autres aspects touchant les échanges humains dans un Etat largement désertique. Retracer un siècle de changements considérables, un siècle d'ouverture progressive sur l'océan Indien, tel est le leitmotiv de cette étude historique sur l'Australie Occidentale au XXe siècle.

International audience ; Formerly distant penal colony of the British Empire, the State of the Western Australia is not any more an isolated province, rural and provincial province since its entrance to the Australian Federation in 1901. The contemporary evolution of this territory and that of its urban centres of Perth and Fremantle is unmistakably connected to its oceanic facade. With hindsight, the Indian Ocean was during a century the interface with the rest of the world, the vector of the development that it is trade, industrial developments, seaside tourism, defence policy or other aspects affecting the human exchanges in a widely desert State. To present a century of considerable changes, a century of progressive opening on the Indian Ocean, such is the leitmotiv of this historic study on Western Australia in the XXth century. ; Jadis lointaine colonie pénitentiaire de l'Empire Britannique, l'État de l'Australie Occidentale n'est plus tout à fait une province isolée, rurale et provinciale depuis son entrée dans la Fédération australienne en 1901. La mutation contemporaine de ce territoire et celle de ses pôles urbains de Perth et Fremantle, est incontestablement liée à sa façade océanique. Avec le recul, l'océan Indien a été pendant un siècle l'interface avec le reste du monde, le vecteur du développement qu'il s'agisse des échanges commerciaux, des développements industriels, du tourisme balnéaire, de la politique de défense ou d'autres aspects touchant les échanges humains dans un Etat largement désertique. Retracer un siècle de changements considérables, un siècle d'ouverture progressive sur l'océan Indien, tel est le leitmotiv de cette étude historique sur l'Australie Occidentale au XXe siècle.

National audience for centuries, the Caribbean basin has experienced divergent rivalries and interests between the major European powers. However, since the end of the Cold War, its geostrategic importance has been diminished. For the US and the EU, challenges have shifted from geopolitical to geo-ideological concerns. In other words, Washington is continuing its crusade for democracy and trade liberalisation, for its benefit, at the level of the Americas, while the European Union is struggling to safeguard the Lomé Agreements and to sign protocols for interregional cooperation with the countries of Latin America. These challenges relate to globalisation, regionalisation and security. This includes drug trafficking, migration, health and meteorological concerns, as well as land and maritime border claims. ; http://www.ifri.org/files/RAMSES_1999/R1999_Partie1.pdf ; National audience for centuries, the Caribbean basin has experienced divergent rivalries and interests between the major European powers. However, since the end of the Cold War, its geostrategic importance has been diminished. For the US and the EU, challenges have shifted from geopolitical to geo-ideological concerns. In other words, Washington is continuing its crusade for democracy and trade liberalisation, for its benefit, at the level of the Americas, while the European Union is struggling to safeguard the Lomé Agreements and to sign protocols for interregional cooperation with the countries of Latin America. These challenges relate to globalisation, regionalisation and security. This includes drug trafficking, migration, health and meteorological concerns, as well as land and maritime border claims. ; National audience Pendant des siècles, le bassin caraïbe a été le théâtre de rivalités et d'intérêts divergents entre les grandes puissances européennes. Mais, depuis la fin de la guerre froide, son importance géostratégique est amoindrie. Pour les États-Unis et l'Union européenne, les enjeux se sont déplacés du domaine géopolitique vers des ...

President Harry S. Truman (1945-1953) claims in 1946 that the U.S. should advance a "faith-based" diplomacy to encourage the spiritual reconstruction of a "dechristianized" Europe .To stand in the way of a Marxist and Godless Soviet Union, it has to begin with France, seen as the spiritual stone arch. More than in any other nation, the Marshall Plan brings a financial, economic and military support, willing to conquer hearts and minds. Many key governmental agencies are involved in this time period, while American churches engaged in aid relief are rediscovering France as a new mission territory. Usually strongly influenced by the religious conviction of the Presidents, "Faith-based policies" supporting Foreign policies are reinforced on the ground by the engagement of private voluntary organizations (PVOs). Formalized in 1998 by President Clinton as a tool in Foreign policy in the enactment of the Act on International Religious Freedom, this approach justifies the tenacity of missionaries from 1945 to the present day in a secular and catholic France. Encouraged by the Fourth Awakening, most American missions, mainstream Protestant churches, new religions like NRM (Mormonism, Adventists, Jehovah's Witnesses, etc.) and Evangelicals, welcome this mixed opportunity: a comeback for a few denominations already presents in the 19th century and for others a chance for a fresh beginning. Although the business of "nation building", the reshaping of the economic and cultural life of France, is perceived by the American public opinion as one of the most disappointing of the post-war, a deeply transformed French society will later emerge. The overlapping of American public and private organizations, of American churches and missionaries lay the groundwork for the radical transformation of a French monolithic religious landscape. Without doubt this can be traced to this short and critical experimental period of the Early Cold War. ; La "Faith-based" diplomatie américaine et les ambiguïtés du plan Marshall : le cas de la ...

President Harry S. Truman (1945-1953) claims in 1946 that the U.S. should advance a "faith-based" diplomacy to encourage the spiritual reconstruction of a "dechristianized" Europe .To stand in the way of a Marxist and Godless Soviet Union, it has to begin with France, seen as the spiritual stone arch. More than in any other nation, the Marshall Plan brings a financial, economic and military support, willing to conquer hearts and minds. Many key governmental agencies are involved in this time period, while American churches engaged in aid relief are rediscovering France as a new mission territory. Usually strongly influenced by the religious conviction of the Presidents, "Faith-based policies" supporting Foreign policies are reinforced on the ground by the engagement of private voluntary organizations (PVOs). Formalized in 1998 by President Clinton as a tool in Foreign policy in the enactment of the Act on International Religious Freedom, this approach justifies the tenacity of missionaries from 1945 to the present day in a secular and catholic France. Encouraged by the Fourth Awakening, most American missions, mainstream Protestant churches, new religions like NRM (Mormonism, Adventists, Jehovah's Witnesses, etc.) and Evangelicals, welcome this mixed opportunity: a comeback for a few denominations already presents in the 19th century and for others a chance for a fresh beginning. Although the business of "nation building", the reshaping of the economic and cultural life of France, is perceived by the American public opinion as one of the most disappointing of the post-war, a deeply transformed French society will later emerge. The overlapping of American public and private organizations, of American churches and missionaries lay the groundwork for the radical transformation of a French monolithic religious landscape. Without doubt this can be traced to this short and critical experimental period of the Early Cold War. ; La "Faith-based" diplomatie américaine et les ambiguïtés du plan Marshall : le cas de la ...

Nanotechnologies have the potential to offer many opportunities for innovation in the food sector with applications in agriculture, water treatment, food production, processing, preservation and packaging. Whilst nanotechnologies may offer benefits in food and food packaging, the use of nanoscale materials may also present regulatory challenges similar to those for other emerging technologies, with the main issues related to potential impacts on human health. As part of an integrated whole of government approach, Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) has assessed the capacity of the food regulatory framework in Australia and New Zealand to manage any human health risks posed by nanotechnologies under the existing legislation, the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code, and risk assessment framework. This review sets out the current regulatory requirements for the use of nanotechnologies in food in Australia and New Zealand, amendments to data requirements for risk assessment of nanoscale and microscale particulates in the FSANZ application handbook, and ongoing monitoring of the risks associated with the use of nanotechnologies in the food sector. ; Dans le secteur alimentaire, les possibilités d'innovation qu'offrent les nanotechnologies sont immenses, que ce soit en agriculture, en traitement des eaux, en production des aliments ou en conservation et en emballage. Quoique les nanotechnologies puissent présenter des avantages dans le secteur des aliments et de l'emballage alimentaire, le recours aux matériaux à l'échelle nanométrique, peut aussi comporter son lot de défis réglementaires tout comme les autres technologies naissantes, et leurs incidences potentielles sur la santé humaine sont les principaux enjeux en la matière. Comme volet d'une approche pangouvernementale intégrée, l'agence Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) a évalué l'aptitude à gérer, dans le cadre réglementaire des aliments australien et néo‐zélandais,et en vertu de l'Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code et du cadre de gestion des risques en vigueur, tout risque pour la santé humaine engendré par les nanotechnologies. Le présent article expose les exigences réglementaires actuelles à lʹégard de l'utilisation des nanotechnologies dans le secteur alimentaire en Australie et en Nouvelle‐Zélande. Il décrit également les modifications aux exigences figurant dans le manuel d'application de la FSANZ en matière de données pour l'évaluation des risques que comportent les particules aux échelles nanométrique et micrométrique. Enfin, il expose la surveillance continue des risques liés aux nanotechnologies menée dans ces deux pays dans le secteur alimentaire

International audience ; The transformation of humanitarian action during the last decades of the 20th century following the so-called Biafra war, marked the end of the Third World and accompanied the geopolitical reconfiguration of the end of the Cold War. It also transformed the symbolic use of certain musical practices in democracy, some songs becoming part of the communication campaigns by humanitarian organisations following the famine caused by the Ethiopian civil war between 1983 and 1985. This paper analyses the main characteristics of humanitarian songs, considered here as part of larger symbolic political mechanisms, together with the role of these songs in the moralisation process of international relations at the end of the Cold War. ; La transformation de l'action humanitaire dans les dernières décennies du xxe siècle, après la guerre dite du Biafra, marque la fin du tiers-mondisme et accompagne la reconfiguration géopolitique survenue à la fin de la Guerre froide. Elle transforme également l'utilisation symbolique de certaines pratiques musicales en démocratie, des chansons faisant partie des campagnes de communication des organisations humanitaires à partir de la famine provoquée par la guerre civile éthiopienne entre 1983 et 1985. Cet article propose une analyse des principales caractéristiques des chansons humanitaires, considérées ici comme faisant partie de dispositifs de politique symbolique plus larges, et du rôle de celles-ci dans le processus de moralisation des relations internationales à la fin de la Guerre froide.

Objective: Make a comparison of current dental surgery exercise between France and Australia. Materials and methods: Recent bibliographic search (from 2005, with search engines Pubmed, Scopus, Scholar and Google), from keywords and then with comparative tables. Results: After a presentation of Australia and its current policy, we focused on relevant data on public health in dental surgery and exercise modalities. Namely, important subjects such as demographics, modes of exercise, composition of a medical team, training and different specialties have been detailed. Finally, the migratory possibilities to Australia and the administrative arrangements for a practitioner graduated in France were highlighted. Conclusion: Currently, France and Australia have common points concerning dental surgery and distribution of dentists across the country which is a real problem. But important differences were noted regarding the medical team with new professions and specialties. In addition, it seems very complicated today for a dental surgeon graduating in France to migrate to Australia. ; Objectif : Établir une comparaison de l'exercice actuel de la chirurgie dentaire entre la France et l'Australie. Matériel et Méthode : Recherche bibliographique récente (à partir de 2005, avec les moteurs de recherche Pubmed, Scopus, Scholar et Google), à partir des mots clés puis en comparant les données à l'aide de tableaux. Résultats : Après une présentation de l'Australie et de sa politique actuelle, nous nous sommes intéressés à des données pertinentes concernant la santé publique en chirurgie dentaire et les modalités d'exercice dans ce pays. La démographie, les modes d'exercice, la composition d'une équipe médicale, la formation et les différentes spécialités ont été détaillés. Enfin, les possibilités migratoires vers l'Australie et les modalités administratives pour un praticien diplômé en France ont été mis en exergue. Conclusion : Actuellement, la France et l'Australie ont des points communs concernant la chirurgie dentaire, notamment la problématique de la distribution des dentistes à travers le pays. Mais de profondes disparités ont été relevées concernant l'équipe médicale avec par exemple des professions nouvelles et des spécialités différences. De plus, il paraît très difficile aujourd'hui pour un chirurgien-dentiste diplômé en France de migrer vers l'Australie.

National hearing. Among the public scientific controversy, those on the effects of radioactivity are of particular importance because of their regular return to the public scene. This article examines the emergence of such "rebound controversy" by analysing the role of this particular form of controversy in the public formulation of a problem and its political responsibility. He focused on the Cold War period in which the main terms of a debate between science and politics were formulated and paradoxical responses to crisis management were formed. ; Among scientific public controversies, those concerning the effects of radioactivity have a special place due to the fact that they regularly return into the public stage. This article examines the birth of these recurring controversies by analysing the role of this particular form, controversy, in the public formulation of an issue and in its political treatment. It deals especially with the Cold War period during which the principal terms of a debate between science and politics were formulated and paradoxical answers to crisis management were formed. ; National hearing. Among the public scientific controversy, those on the effects of radioactivity are of particular importance because of their regular return to the public scene. This article examines the emergence of such "rebound controversy" by analysing the role of this particular form of controversy in the public formulation of a problem and its political responsibility. He focused on the Cold War period in which the main terms of a debate between science and politics were formulated and paradoxical responses to crisis management were formed. ; National audience Parmi les controverses publiques à caractère scientifique, celles sur les effets de la radioactivité tiennent une place particulière du fait de leur retour régulier sur la scène publique. Cet article examine la naissance de ces « controverses à rebond » en analysant le rôle de cette forme particulière qu'est la controverse dans la formulation publique ...

Au lendemain de la chute de l'Union soviétique, la Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) a pris une initiative d'ouverture, en apparente contradiction avec les us et coutumes d'une agence de renseignement. Au terme de près d'un demi-siècle d'opérations secrètes et de scandales, cette démarche devait permettre de redorer l'image de la communauté du renseignement afin de pouvoir résister aux conséquences potentiellement funestes de la disparition de sa cible originelle. Si la mise en œuvre de ce projet a révélé les difficultés induites par une révolution culturelle de ce type, la CIA est néanmoins parvenue à créer une dynamique favorable à la déclassification de documents d'archive qui a bénéficié à la communauté scientifique. Mais en accroissant la visibilité du renseignement, cette initiative a également servi son instrumentalisation à des fins politiques. ; After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) launched an openness initiative that seemed to contradict the longstanding traditions of intelligence agencies. After almost half a century of secrecy and scandals, this initiative was supposed to rehabilitate the tarnished image of the intelli- gence community and help to keep it afloat despite the potentially disastrous consequences of the disappearance of its initial target. Although the plan's implementation revealed all the difficulties involved in a cultural revolution of this type, the CIA nevertheless succeeded in creating a favourable climate for document declassification that benefited the scientific community. But by increasing the visibility of intelligence gathering, this initiative also contributed to its instrumentalisation for political ends.

Given a political context in which energy and environmental stakes have become increasingly dominant, road engineering practices have favoured saving energy and protecting the environment. Among these practices, the use of cold mixes treated with bitumen emulsion has proven to be a suitable technique. Cold mix design however, as well as the design of pavements including cold mix asphalt layers, is highly empirical and based on local skills. From prior experience, the transposition of established local rules from one site to another and their application to medium or heavy traffic pavements are not simple steps and tend to limit the development of this environmentally-friendly pavement technique. The first step in designing a pavement consists of knowing the stress-strain relationship of its constitutive materials in order to determine the stresses and strains generated by heavy lorry traffic. During a second step, these values must be compared with the mechanical durability of materials by reliance on damage tests comprising large numbers of load cycles. In the case of CMA, no mechanical behaviour law has been established to take into account both the fresh and cured states. This work aims to improve the knowledge acquired on this material. For this, an evolutiv model for the cold mix asphalt with bitumen emulsion incorporating the evolution of the material from its fresh state to its cured state has been developed. In addition, a new characterization test was developed and put in place to monitor the evolution of the reversible mechanical performance of the material. The results obtained from the test campaigns helped to calibrate the model and show the relevance of the model. ; Dans un contexte politique où les enjeux énergétiques et environnementaux sont de plus en plus importants, il faut favoriser les techniques économes en énergie et plus respectueuse de l'environnement. Parmi ces pratiques, l'utilisation d'enrobés à l'émulsion de bitume s'est révélée être prometteuse. La fabrication et la conception d'une ...

Given a political context in which energy and environmental stakes have become increasingly dominant, road engineering practices have favoured saving energy and protecting the environment. Among these practices, the use of cold mixes treated with bitumen emulsion has proven to be a suitable technique. Cold mix design however, as well as the design of pavements including cold mix asphalt layers, is highly empirical and based on local skills. From prior experience, the transposition of established local rules from one site to another and their application to medium or heavy traffic pavements are not simple steps and tend to limit the development of this environmentally-friendly pavement technique. The first step in designing a pavement consists of knowing the stress-strain relationship of its constitutive materials in order to determine the stresses and strains generated by heavy lorry traffic. During a second step, these values must be compared with the mechanical durability of materials by reliance on damage tests comprising large numbers of load cycles. In the case of CMA, no mechanical behaviour law has been established to take into account both the fresh and cured states. This work aims to improve the knowledge acquired on this material. For this, an evolutiv model for the cold mix asphalt with bitumen emulsion incorporating the evolution of the material from its fresh state to its cured state has been developed. In addition, a new characterization test was developed and put in place to monitor the evolution of the reversible mechanical performance of the material. The results obtained from the test campaigns helped to calibrate the model and show the relevance of the model. ; Dans un contexte politique où les enjeux énergétiques et environnementaux sont de plus en plus importants, il faut favoriser les techniques économes en énergie et plus respectueuse de l'environnement. Parmi ces pratiques, l'utilisation d'enrobés à l'émulsion de bitume s'est révélée être prometteuse. La fabrication et la conception d'une chaussée comprenant une couche d'enrobé à l'émulsion sont très empiriques et reposent sur des compétences locales qui tendent à en limiter le développement. La première étape pour concevoir une chaussée consiste à connaître le comportement mécanique réversible engendrées par de lourd trafic de chaque matériau qui la compose. Lors d'une deuxième étape, ces valeurs doivent être comparées aux critères de durabilité mécanique des matériaux. Dans le cas de l'enrobé à l'émulsion, aucune loi de comportement mécanique n'a été établie pour tenir compte à la fois de son états frais et durcis. Ce travail de thèse vise donc à pallier à ce manque et à améliorer les connaissances acquises sur ce matériau. Pour cela, un modèle évolutif pour l'enrobé à l'émulsion intégrant l'évolution du matériau de son état frais à l'état durci a été développé. De plus, un nouvel essai de caractérisation a été développé et mis en place pour permettre de suivre l'évolution des performances mécaniques réversibles du matériau. Les résultats obtenus à partir des différentes campagnes d'essais ont permis de caler le modèle et de montrer la pertinence du modèle.

Postcolonial studies address the situation of women in the colonies and of Indigenous peoples in settler colonies, but often as a secondary concern. Adopting an opposite approach, this thesis centers on this very question by examining the contemporary literature written by First Nations women of Australia, a social group whose experience of sexism is simultaneously shaped by that of racism. Drawing out intertextual links throughout a large body of works comprised of over thirty artists and writers, this dissertation affirms the existence of a collective feminist standpoint qualified as blak, an appellation which appeared with the Indigenous self-presentation of the 1990s and still prevails in Australia today. The collection of works reveals the ways in which multiple oppressions are represented through additive, intersectional or consubstantial models. Its examination aims at improving the understanding of Indigenous women's reservations about a specific kind of white feminism, by putting them in dialogue with the criticisms addressed by Anglo-American black feminists toward hegemonic feminism since the 1980s. The relations between politics and literature are thus reexamined through the analysis of resistance to both imperialism and patriarchy, as it is expressed through alternative channels such as contemporary art and poetry. The texts, selected for their formal features of direct address and their intersubjective dimension, spark a reflection upon the positions of object and subject in research, which begins with the acknowledgment of the researcher's own situation and its consequences on the production of knowledges. ; La situation des femmes dans les colonies et celle des peuples Autochtones dans les colonies de peuplement est mentionnée dans les études postcoloniales, mais souvent à titre de question secondaire. Elle se trouve au cœur de cette thèse, qui porte sur les littératures contemporaines d'un groupe social dont l'expérience du sexisme est toujours en même temps façonnée par celle du racisme, les ...

Postcolonial studies address the situation of women in the colonies and of Indigenous peoples in settler colonies, but often as a secondary concern. Adopting an opposite approach, this thesis centers on this very question by examining the contemporary literature written by First Nations women of Australia, a social group whose experience of sexism is simultaneously shaped by that of racism. Drawing out intertextual links throughout a large body of works comprised of over thirty artists and writers, this dissertation affirms the existence of a collective feminist standpoint qualified as blak, an appellation which appeared with the Indigenous self-presentation of the 1990s and still prevails in Australia today. The collection of works reveals the ways in which multiple oppressions are represented through additive, intersectional or consubstantial models. Its examination aims at improving the understanding of Indigenous women's reservations about a specific kind of white feminism, by putting them in dialogue with the criticisms addressed by Anglo-American black feminists toward hegemonic feminism since the 1980s. The relations between politics and literature are thus reexamined through the analysis of resistance to both imperialism and patriarchy, as it is expressed through alternative channels such as contemporary art and poetry. The texts, selected for their formal features of direct address and their intersubjective dimension, spark a reflection upon the positions of object and subject in research, which begins with the acknowledgment of the researcher's own situation and its consequences on the production of knowledges. ; La situation des femmes dans les colonies et celle des peuples Autochtones dans les colonies de peuplement est mentionnée dans les études postcoloniales, mais souvent à titre de question secondaire. Elle se trouve au cœur de cette thèse, qui porte sur les littératures contemporaines d'un groupe social dont l'expérience du sexisme est toujours en même temps façonnée par celle du racisme, les femmes des Premières Nations d'Australie. En s'appuyant sur un corpus large, composé d'œuvres de plus de trente artistes et autrices dont elle fait apparaître les liens intertextuels, elle affirme l'existence d'un positionnement collectif féministe blak, d'après l'auto-définition Autochtone qui prévaut en Australie depuis les années 1990. Le corpus permet donc d'observer la manière, additive, intersectionnelle ou consubstantielle, dont de multiples oppressions sont représentées. Il vise ainsi une meilleure compréhension des réserves des femmes Autochtones australiennes à l'égard d'un certain féminisme blanc, en les mettant en perspective avec les critiques adressées depuis les années 1980 par les féministes noires anglo-américaines au féminisme hégémonique. Les liens entre politique et littérature y sont repensés, à la faveur de l'analyse de la résistance à l'impérialisme et au patriarcat, telle qu'elle s'exprime dans ces canaux alternatifs que sont la poésie et l'art contemporains. Les textes, sélectionnés pour leur force d'interpellation et leur portée intersubjective, engagent enfin une réflexion sur les positions d'objet et de sujet de la recherche, à partir de la situation de la chercheuse et ses implications sur la production de savoirs.

Our thesis aims to observe and analyze the historical and political trajectory of a public mechanism, unprecedented before 1949: the television news. This latter's function is to disseminate information daily, some of which is scientific and technical, by means of animated images and sounds. In the case that concerns our thesis, this information will be of high strategic, military and political content: space programs. Our study is circumscribed within a narrow and specific point in world history: the Cold War. The TV news is made up of two closely related technical elements –machines to produce the moving image- and the narrative technique- both under a single institution, Television, which is itself under state control. Men, science andtechnology, ideology, civil and military politics: these form the framework in which the specific narrative of space news and events will be developed. ; Notre thèse a pour objet d'observer et d'analyser la trajectoire historique et politique d'un dispositif public, inédit jusqu'en 1949 : le journal télévisé. La fonction de ce dernier est de diffuser, quotidiennement, par images animées et sons des informations, dont certaines sont scientifiques et techniques. Dans le cas qui nous occupe ces informations sont à haute teneur stratégique, militaire et politique : les programmes spatiaux. Nous avons circonscrit notre étude à un moment bien précis et strictement borné de l'histoire du monde : la Guerre froide. Le journal télévisé est constitué de deux éléments techniques intimement liés –des machines productrices d'images en mouvement et une technique narrative- en une seule institution, la Télévision, elle-même sous contrôle de l'Etat. Des hommes, des sciences et des techniques, de l'idéologie, du politique civil et militaire : voilà le cadre dans lequel va s'élaborer le récit spécifique de l'actualité spatiale.