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Presentation on proposed changes to the element. Abstract: Events are a feature of life in space and time and hence are frequently encountered in witnesses of the human culture. Coming from diverse backgrounds within the TEI based realm of scholarly editing, the authors identified a common practice in digital editions for encoding events: dateable events are commonly recorded and marked up using e.g. simple `date/@when*` structures. To date, there is no easy single solution to model events that include basic other event features, mainly referring back to the questions of `what` happened `when` and with `whom`/`what` as subjects and objects of any given event. There are numerous examples from generically and disciplinarily varying editions where a unified way of describing events could provide added value. Our showcase examples feature material as diverse as a) a medieval itinerary and medieval calendars, b) an Austrian author's diary from the 1950s and c) a corpus of governmental minutes from the Habsburg empire, d) 16th century political correspondence. We will propose a common strategy on how to encode events in a way that can be easily parsed and extracted from TEI source files. After careful consideration, we propose minor changes to the `event` and `listEvent` elements. To allow for multiple levels of reporting on events, we will discuss a nested and typed way of distinguishing between describing and described events. Merging data on historical events from various sources will provide for a closer linking of text editions. It will also provide data for an enriched historical background by linking events across editions. We hope to enable the TEI community to generalize what has lately been successfully adopted for correspondences under the correspSearch label – including a web service –, while staying in line with the generic norms and the specific needs that arise from other types of sources. -- Presentation text is contained in the .pptx version as speakers notes. ; Presentation text is contained in the ...

Politik, Gesellschaft, Kultur, Kunst und Religion sind im Wien der Ersten Republik durch eine immense Zunahme der Integration und Partizipation der jüdischen Bevölkerung charakterisiert. Die innergesellschaftliche Dynamik der jungen Demokratie und die Wechselwirkung der verschiedenen jüdischen Milieus, die Zuwanderungen aus Ost- und Südosteuropa sowie die wachsende kulturelle Vernetzung mit Berlin, Budapest, Paris und Prag führten zu einflussreichen Ausprägungen der österreichisch-jüdischen Kultur in allen Bereichen der Entwicklung der Stadt Wien. Antidemokratische Tendenzen, insbesondere der Antisemitismus, beeinflussen sowohl die tagespolitische als auch die innerjüdischen Diskurse, etwa über die Rolle der jüdischen Religion, der Akkulturation und des Zionismus. Die Publikation "Wien und die jüdische Erfahrung 1900 - 1938. Akkulturation, Antisemitismus, Zionismus", initiiert von Univ.-Prof. Dr. Frank Stern und Mag. Barbara Eichinger am Institut für Zeitgeschichte, Universität Wien, zeigt den State-of-the-Art der Forschung zu diesem Thema. Wobei der Fokus auf der aktuellen interdisziplinären Einbeziehung österreichisch-jüdischer Kulturgeschichte liegt. Der ca. 400 Seiten umfassende Band präsentiert neben momentanen Forschungsarbeiten der Beitragenden einen gemeinsamen wissenschaftlichen Diskurs der AutorInnen untereinander. Um diesen zu ermöglichen, organisierten die HerausgeberInnen im März 2007 eine viertägige internationale Konferenz, auf der geladene WissenschafterInnen ihre Forschungsarbeiten in themenspezifischen Panels anderen ExpertInnen zur interdisziplinären Diskussion stellten. Die Präsentation ihrer fortgeschrittenen Forschungsarbeit unter Berücksichtigung der Diskussionen unter KollegInnen während der Konferenz in die Beiträge des vorliegenden Bandes integriert worden. Jene AutorInnen, die nicht an der Konferenz teilgenommen hatten und teilweise an amerikanischen Universitäten tätig sind (u.a. Harriet Pass-Freidenreich, Sander Gilman), zeigen mit ihren Essays ein Bild der gegenwärtigen US-amerikanischen Forschung zum Thema. Die in deutscher und englischer Sprache verfassten Beiträge der 30 AutorInnen finden sich in folgenden Themengebieten wieder: "Gesellschaft und Politik zwischen Akkulturation und Tradition" (Steven Beller, Eleonore Lappin, Klaus Hödl, Albert Lichtblau), "Musik zwischen Konzertsaal und Film: Wiener Komponisten jüdischer Herkunft (Peter Dusek, Karin Wagner), "Zionismus in Wien: Zwischen Kaffeehaus, kultureller und politischer Bewegung" (Dieter Hecht, Armin Eidherr, Hanno Loewy), "Kulturtransfer zwischen Wien und Palästina/Israel" (Klaus Davidowicz, Sandra Goldstein), "Wiener jüdische Milieus 1900 - 1938" (Evelyn Adunka, Peter Landesmann, Marcus G. Patka, Karin Stögner), "Frauenbewegungen in Wien" (Harriet Pass-Freidenreich, Elisabeth Malleier, Michaela Raggam-Blesch), "Identitätskrisen und Antisemitismus" (Gabriele Anderl, Elisabeth Brainin und Samy Teicher, Sander Gilman, Siegfried Mattl, Michael Laurence Miller), "Literatur und Theater im Wien der Zwischenkriegszeit" (Brigitte Dalinger, Werner Hanak, Birgit Peter), "Der Weg ins Freie auf Bühne und Leinwand" (Wolfgang Müller-Funk, Murray G. Hall, Bettina Riedmann). Mit den AutorInnen sind neben Forschungsstätten in Belgien, Deutschland, Israel den USA und Ungarn alle gegenwärtigen Forschungsstätten zur jüdischen Geschichte in Österreich (u.a. Institut für Judaistik Wien; Institut für Geschichte Salzburg; Zentrum für Jüdische Kulturgeschichte Salzburg; Institut für Geschichte der Juden in Österreich, St. Pölten; Zentrum für jüdische Studien, Graz; Institut für Zeitgeschichte Wien; Universität für darstellende Kunst Wien; Institut für Germanistik Wien; Institut für Theater-, Film- und Medienwissenschaft Wien; Jüdisches Museum der Stadt Wien) vertreten. Der Band soll mit einem Vorwort des Rektors der Universität Wien, Univ.-Prof. Dr. Georg Winckler, im Gedenkjahr 2008 erscheinen. ; The growing integration and participation of the Jewish population in politics, society, culture arts and religion shaped these spheres in Vienna during the time of the First Republic. Social dynamics of the young democracy, interplay of the different Jewish milieus, immigration from Eastern and Southeastern Europe as well as the growing cultural links with Berlin, Budapest, Paris and Prague made Austrian-Jewish culture in all areas of the development of the city of Vienna highly influential. Antidemocratic tendencies, especially antisemitism, influenced both the discourses on current events and inner-Jewish debates such as the role of Jewish religion, acculturation and Zionism. The publication "Wien und die jüdische Erfahrung 1900 - 1938. Akkulturation - Antisemitismus, Zionismus" initiated by Univ.-Prof. Frank Stern and Mag. Barbara Eichinger from the Institute for Contemporary History, University of Vienna, shows the state of the art of research on this subject. The publications focus placed on the current interdisciplinary inclusion of Austrian-Jewish cultural history. The volume of approx. 400 pages presents up-to-date research papers by the contributors as well as an academic discourse among the authors. In order to make this discourse possible, the editors organised a four day international conference in March 2007, where academics presented their research in themed panels and discussed them in an interdisciplinary framework with other experts. The contributions to this volume present this research takting into consideration the discussions among the colleagues at the conference. Those authors who did not participate in the conference and are partly working at American universities (a.o. Harriet Pass Freidenreich, Sander Gilman) provide an insight into current US American research on the subject. The contributions in German and English by 29 authors are organized into the following subject areas: "Society and politics between acculturation and tradition" (Steven Beller, Eleonore Lappin, Klaus Hödl, Albert Lichtblau), "Music between concert hall and film: Viennese composers of Jewish descent" (Peter Dusek, Karin Wagner), "Zionism in Vienna: between coffee house, cultural and political movement" (Dieter Hecht, Armin Eidherr, Hanno Loewy), "Cultural transfer between Vienna and Palestine/Israel" (Klaus Davidowicz, Sandra Goldstein), "Viennese Jewish milieus 1900 - 1938" (Evelyn Adunka, Peter Landesmann, Marcus G. Patka, Karin Stögner), "Women´s movements in Vienna"(Harriet Pass Freidenreich, Elisabeth Malleier, Michaela Raggam-Blesch), "Identity crises and antisemitism" (Gabriele Anderl, Elisabeth Brainin and Samy Teicher, Sander Gilman, Siegfried Mattl, Michael Laurence Miller), "Literature and theater in interwar Vienna" (Brigitte Dallinger, Werner Hanak, Birgit Peter), "The Road into the open on stage and screen (Wolfgang Müller-Funk, Murray G. Hall, Bettina Riedmann). The authors come from research centres in Belgium, Germany, Israel, the USA and Hungary as well as all current research centres on Jewish history in Austria (a.o. Institute for Jewish Studies, Vienna; Institute for History, Salzburg; Center for Jewish Cultural History, Salzburg; Institutte for the History of the Jews in Austria, St. Pölten; Center for Jewish Studies, Graz; Institute of Contemporary History, Vienna; University of Performing Arts, Vienna; Institut for German Studies, Vienna; Institut for Theater, Film and Media Studies, Vienna; Jewish Museum of the City of Vienna). The volume will be published in the anniversary year 2008 with a preface by the rector of the University of Vienna, Univ.-Prof. Dr. Georg Winckler.

Developments in political education in the austrian school system in the national, european, international and global context. Possible potentials through the use of digital media. History and current situation of political education in austrian schools

The remarkably high number of medieval sources on the history of Austrian Jews allows for insights into the economic, legal, and social standing of the Jews as well as into how the Christian environment treated them. The sources published in this volume show the decline in the economic and legal position of the Jews; while they were largely safe from open persecution, they were subjected to more and more restrictions that aimed at mere financial exploitation. In addition to that, the sources provide insights into the everyday interaction of Jews with the Christian majority. In Österreich ist reichhaltiges urkundliches Quellenmaterial zur mittelalterlichen Geschichte der Juden überliefert; dazu kommen zeitgenössische historiographische, literarische und theologische Texte. Die zahlreichen Quellen geben Aufschluss über die wirtschaftliche, rechtliche und persönliche Situation der Juden sowie über den Umgang der christlichen Umwelt mit ihnen. Daher wurde am Institut für jüdische Geschichte Österreichs (St. Pölten) eine Publikationsreihe in Angriff genommen, die dieses Material erstmals gesammelt in Regestenform zugänglich macht. Der vorliegende dritte Band dieser Reihe umfasst den Zeitraum von 1366 bis 1386; die darin enthaltenen Quellen geben Aufschluss über die Judenpolitik der Herzöge Albrecht III. und Leopold III. sowie der Landesfürsten der nicht von den Habsburgern regierten Territorien auf dem heutigen Bundesgebiet. Zwar war die jüdische Bevölkerung in diesem Zeitraum weitgehend sicher vor offener Verfolgung, doch lassen sich anhand der in diesem Band enthaltenen Quellen die zunehmenden obrigkeitlichen Repressalien erkennen, die vor allem auf eine steigende finanzielle Ausbeutung der Juden durch die Landesfürsten abzielten.

p. 247-275 ; This paper discusses the interactions and confrontations of the Austrian and Prussian officials with the religious community of the Russian Old Believers. They took place in two European regions: Bukovina (nowadays divided between Romania and Ukraine) and Neuostpreussen (nowadays divided between Poland and Lithuania) beginning at the end of the eighteenth century. The author discusses the officials' associations and misunderstandings regarding the Old Believers. The authorities could not easily distinguish the Old Believers from the Orthodox Christians and had problems recognising their language. In many cases, improper data resulted in failed actions. There was a constant tension between the positive assessment of the Old Believers' diligence and their refusal to fulfil the requirements of the state, like an oath-taking, military service, metrical registration, or inns' building. The consequent resistance of the communities was often stronger than the administrative enforcement, thus revealing the limits of the modern enlightened bureaucracy in practice in the countryside. ; s. 247-275 ; This paper discusses the interactions and confrontations of the Austrian and Prussian officials with the religious community of the Russian Old Believers. They took place in two European regions: Bukovina (nowadays divided between Romania and Ukraine) and Neuostpreussen (nowadays divided between Poland and Lithuania) beginning at the end of the eighteenth century. The author discusses the officials' associations and misunderstandings regarding the Old Believers. The authorities could not easily distinguish the Old Believers from the Orthodox Christians and had problems recognising their language. In many cases, improper data resulted in failed actions. There was a constant tension between the positive assessment of the Old Believers' diligence and their refusal to fulfil the requirements of the state, like an oath-taking, military service, metrical registration, or inns' building. The consequent resistance of the communities was often stronger than the administrative enforcement, thus revealing the limits of the modern enlightened bureaucracy in practice in the countryside.

The aim of this article is to shed light on some elements of the context in which the Dutch translation of the _British Merchant_ of 1728 was published. At first sight the translation appears to be a straightforward mercantile handbook. No additions are made to the English language original of 1721, other than a set of tables. Yet, precisely in this mercantile function lies a different political significance. The argument of this article, built up through contextual reconstruction and analysis of a number of pamphlets, trade handbooks and periodicals, is that the _Historie van den algemenen en bijzonderen koophandel van Groot Brittannien_ provided an instrument to its Dutch readers, presumably consisting to a large extent of merchants and politicians, for coming to grips with the reality of international commerce that had emerged following the War of the Spanish Succession. Understanding, and subsequently being able to react to, the recent history of British trade and Hanoverian commercial politics had by the 1720s become a key factor in the development of Dutch trade and of the new outlooks on international politics that were required to preserve the Republic. The article suggests that the publisher of the Dutch translation of the _British Merchant_, a Huguenot from Delft, along with other Dutch Huguenot publishers tended to translate and publish specific texts that paved the way for a commercial politics that combined allegiance to Britain and Austria with a vision of European trade that was of French origin and contrasted with British principles of foreign trade.

Throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, both Austria and Persia were each repeatedly at war with the Ottoman Turks. Diplomats travelled between the two countries in an attempt to forge an alliance against their common enemy. Although the alliance never materialized the relationship broadened to cover other concerns. Despite cultural differences, both countries tried to work together and approached each-other as equals. Contact between the countries exposed both cultures to wider influences. Their changing relationship illustrates the priorities of both parties. This thesis, for the first time, uses primary sources to view the evolution of the relationship over the two century reign of the Safavid dynasty. It charts the course of their diplomatic relationship, examines the turning point in this relationship, and explores why the alliance both sides wanted never materialized. By examining Austria's diplomatic initiatives to the east this thesis helps correct the historiographical imbalance in central European history of concentration on only European affairs, and shows that their understanding of the east was more nuanced than is often credited.

Der Aufsatz beschäftigt sich mit der Darstellung des ,Anschlussesʻ Österreich 1938 am Beispiel von Schulbüchern. Dazu werden aktuell in Österreich für den Schulgebrauch zugelassene Schulbücher aspektorientiert mit Blick auf Kapitelstrukturen, Konzeptorientierung, Deutungsmuster und Textquellen- und Bildverwendung analysiert. Die Analyse hat einen ambivalenten Umgang mit dem Anschluss ergeben. ; The article examines how the 'Anschluss' of Austria in 1938 is depicted in current history textbooks. The textbooks are analysed by looking at chapter structure, underlaying concepts, and the use of pictures and sources. The analysis showed an ambivalent portrayal of the events of 1938. ; Artykuł prezentuje, w jaki sposób podręczniki szkolne przedstawiają ʻAnschluss' Austrii z 1938 roku. Analizie poddane zostały książki aktualnie dopuszczone do kształcenia. Autorka stawia pytania o poszczególne cechy podręczników, takie jak struktura rozdziałów, koncepcja całości, wzory interpretacji i źródła tekstowe a także funkcja ilustracji. Analiza wykazała, że podręcznikowy przekaz o 'Anschlussie' w szkołach austriackich nie jest jednoznaczny.

Der Aufsatz beschäftigt sich mit der Darstellung des ,Anschlussesʻ Österreich 1938 am Beispiel von Schulbüchern. Dazu werden aktuell in Österreich für den Schulgebrauch zugelassene Schulbücher aspektorientiert mit Blick auf Kapitelstrukturen, Konzeptorientierung, Deutungsmuster und Textquellen- und Bildverwendung analysiert. Die Analyse hat einen ambivalenten Umgang mit dem Anschluss ergeben. ; The article examines how the 'Anschluss' of Austria in 1938 is depicted in current history textbooks. The textbooks are analysed by looking at chapter structure, underlaying concepts, and the use of pictures and sources. The analysis showed an ambivalent portrayal of the events of 1938. ; Artykuł prezentuje, w jaki sposób podręczniki szkolne przedstawiają ʻAnschluss' Austrii z 1938 roku. Analizie poddane zostały książki aktualnie dopuszczone do kształcenia. Autorka stawia pytania o poszczególne cechy podręczników, takie jak struktura rozdziałów, koncepcja całości, wzory interpretacji i źródła tekstowe a także funkcja ilustracji. Analiza wykazała, że podręcznikowy przekaz o 'Anschlussie' w szkołach austriackich nie jest jednoznaczny.

Das Unbehagen an der Moderne hatte um 1900 einen Namen: Neurasthenie. Dieses Buch führt in die unruhigen mentalen Landschaften Kakaniens und thematisiert als zentrale Fragen: Wie wurde die Neurasthenie in den österreichischen Ärztemilieus debattiert? Was hieß es für Patienten, mit dieser Diagnose konfrontiert zu sein? Neurasthenie stand für die Erschöpfung der modernen städtischen Gesellschaft, die sich durch eine rastlose Lebensführung überfordert sah, und machte ihre emotionalen Sensibilitäten und Sicherheitsbedürfnisse transparent. Insbesondere Männer des Bürgertums griffen auf das neue psychiatrische Deutungsangebot zurück. Die Diagnose der Neurasthenie konnte "unmännliche" Verhaltensweisen sinnstiftend erklären. Zugleich ließ sie aber auch Bedürfnisse nach deren Überwindung entstehen. Im Spiegel dieser Nervendiskurse lässt sich besser verstehen, warum 1914 der Krieg als "therapeutisches Erlebnis" und männliches Erneuerungsprojekt angepriesen wurde. Die Realitäten des modernen Maschinenkrieges setzten diesen Vorstellungen ein rasches Ende: Der Zitterer wurde zu einer massenhaft auftretenden Erscheinung, zum umstrittenen Patienten und zur Krisenfigur der Abhärtungsutopisten, die aus dem Krieg den "neuen Menschen" hervorgehen sahen. Da die Militärs in den Kriegsneurosen eine gefährliche Schwächung der Schlagkraft der Armee sahen, wurden wissenschaftliche Experten gebraucht, die rasch und effizient mit diesem Problem umgehen konnten. Die Psychiatrie befand sich dadurch in einer völlig neuen Situation, da sie nicht nur Kritik an einer gesellschaftlichen Krisensituation formulieren konnte, sondern auch Ressourcen und Instrumentarien zu deren Bewältigung bereitzustellen hatte. Welche Akzentverschiebungen ergaben sich in der psychiatrischen Wahrnehmung und Deutung sowie im Umgang mit Nervenkrankheiten? Wie lässt sich die österreichische Psychiatrie des Ersten Weltkriegs in historischer Perspektive charakterisieren? Mit Bezug auf die neuere medizinhistorische und kulturwissenschaftliche Forschung wird die Kriegspsychiatrie auf der Folie der Herausbildung der Medizin als Schlüsselwissenschaft des modernen Krieges analysiert. Dies bedeutete, dass die therapeutische Arbeit der Psychiater an den Vorgaben und Zielvorstellungen des Krieg führenden Staates ausgerichtet war. Darüber hinaus wird auf einige Problemkonstellationen des Vielvölkerstaates und deren Auswirkungen auf psychiatrisches Handeln im Krieg eingegangen. Die elektrischen Behandlungsmethoden der Psychiater werden auf der Folie der ethnisch-sprachlichen Pluralität der österreichisch-ungarischen Armee diskutiert. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit bietet solcherart eine differenzierte Analyse und Neubewertung des Phänomens der "Kriegsneurosen" wie auch der Rolle der österreichischen Psychiatrie im Ersten Weltkrieg. ; Since the 1880s neurasthenia - a term popularised by New York-physician George Beard - was discussed an a phenomenon of modernity, but over a long period of debate, psychiatry were not able to define what this "modern malady" exactly meant nor was it able to find any discernible causes for the epidemic disease. Neurasthenia was not simply a diagnostic term, which was often applied by fin de siècle-physicians to their workaday routine, but a kind of lifestyle, a sign of a certain emotional sensitivity in modern times. In the last decade historical research on neurasthenia has focused on Britain, Germany and the Netherlands. But what happened in Austria-Hungary, especially in Vienna? Focusing on Viennese psychiatry, part one of the book analyses the "invention" of Neurasthenia and the adoption of Beards thesis in Austrian medicine, bringing out various figures and alternative methods of explanations of the disease that was identified as a central, yet unwanted feature of modern manliness. Based on this the outcome of war could be seen as an instance of 'nerve-corrections'. Like many medical professionals in Austria-Hungary, psychiatrists had reacted to the war with nearly unanimous support: patriotic habits went hand in hand with high psychiatric expectations of the powerful mental effects of war. These hopes were badly disappointed. In the more recent literature on the medical and cultural history of the Great War, the phenomenon of the epidemic mental breakdowns of soldiers has been given a prominent place. 'Shellshock' and 'war neurosis' are now key words and frequent metaphors for the shattering effects of an industrialized war. In a sense these psychiatric labels symbolically represent the destructive impact of mechanized weapons on body and soul, the loss of narrative structures and the traumatic after-effects of modern warfare. How can Viennese-centred Austrian psychiatry in the First World War be characterized? With regard to new studies on the history of trauma, war and psychiatry I intend to emphasize two interpretations. Firstly, as in German and other European psychiatric war communities, models of rationalisation and modernisation are of significance when focusing on this topic. Viennese psychiatrists were neither particularly brutal nor especially tolerant in the way they dealt with the situation. Instead, as in other European countries in the Great War, they acted in keeping with military requirements and standards. Secondly, the specific political and cultural context of the Austro-Hungarian situation is of utmost importance as well. Shell-shock was a phenomenon that affected all nations, but reactions differed according to different national traditions and different medical ways of understanding, representing and acting. In a comparative cultural history of World War One, Austria-Hungary is a model of a shattered society, paralysed by ethnic conflicts and cultural differences. In this context, the therapeutic response to war neurosis was affected by language confusion, national stereotypes and malingering. The German-Austrian psychiatrists not only emerged as a group of experts who had taken responsibility for the efficient treatment of war neurosis, but also as a pressure group that intended to keep centrifugal forces of the multinational empire under control.

The theses exposed by Alexius Meinong in two newspaper articles in 1873 are taken as the paradigm of a feeling that was common to young Austrian intelligentsia. Meinong upholds a conception of life as struggle and of history as a series of struggles among nations. In his view, the defence of the interests of a people is absolute and generates conflicts among nations that will increasingly dominate future scenarios. The concept of nation has an identification function inward and one of dissociation outward. This discourse is contextualised within the framework of the various student corporations of the University of Vienna, where the new ruling class was forming which, despite different political ideas, was united by nationalism. Finally, the paper analyses the opposing views of Eric J. Hobsbawm and Anthony D. Smith on the idea of nation and suggests some similarities between the Habsburg Empire and the European Union. Keywords: War; Nation; Nationalism; Austrian history and philosophy; Meinong.

The current article explores how political changes in the past 130 years have shaped and reshaped three major museums in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). The overall aim is to describe structural processes of national museum building in BiH and the ways the museological representation of history is connected to state and nation making and to political transitions and crises. The analysed museums are the National Museum of BiH, the History Museum of BiH, and the Museum of the Republic of Srpska. The source material analysed consists of the directories and the titles of exhibitions; secondary material, which describes previous exhibitions; and virtual museum tours. The article illustrates that during the Austrian-Hungarian Empire, which established the National Museum in 1888, the museum played an important part in the representation of Bosnian identity (bosnjastvo). After World War II, in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, all three analysed museums were summoned to interpret the past in accordance with the guidelines of the communist regime. Since the 1990s, a highly ethnicized process of identity building and of the musealization of heritage, and history permeates all three museums analysed here. When it comes to the central exhibition-themes following the 1990s war, one could conclude that whereas the National Museum and the History Museum highlight the recent creation of an independent BiH and ostracize BIH-Serbs, the Museum of the Republic of Srpska asserts the ostensible distinctiveness of the Republic of Srpska and excludes the narratives about BiH as a unified and independent nation-state. If an agreement about the future of BiH and its history is to be reached, a step towards multi-vocal historical narratives has to be made from both sides. ; Eunamus

The current article explores how political changes in the past 130 years have shaped and reshaped three major museums in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). The overall aim is to describe structural processes of national museum building in BiH and the ways the museological representation of history is connected to state and nation making and to political transitions and crises. The analysed museums are the National Museum of BiH, the History Museum of BiH, and the Museum of the Republic of Srpska. The source material analysed consists of the directories and the titles of exhibitions; secondary material, which describes previous exhibitions; and virtual museum tours. The article illustrates that during the Austrian-Hungarian Empire, which established the National Museum in 1888, the museum played an important part in the representation of Bosnian identity (bosnjastvo). After World War II, in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, all three analysed museums were summoned to interpret the past in accordance with the guidelines of the communist regime. Since the 1990s, a highly ethnicized process of identity building and of the musealization of heritage, and history permeates all three museums analysed here. When it comes to the central exhibition-themes following the 1990s war, one could conclude that whereas the National Museum and the History Museum highlight the recent creation of an independent BiH and ostracize BIH-Serbs, the Museum of the Republic of Srpska asserts the ostensible distinctiveness of the Republic of Srpska and excludes the narratives about BiH as a unified and independent nation-state. If an agreement about the future of BiH and its history is to be reached, a step towards multi-vocal historical narratives has to be made from both sides. ; Eunamus

Der Tiroler Adelige Oswald von Wolkenstein (um 1376-1445), ein einzigartiger Exponent spätmittelalterlicher deutscher Lyrik, hat neben seinem künsterischen Werk Briefe, Urkunden und Akten hinterlassen, die seine persönliche ritterliche Karriere und das standestypische Leben seiner Zeit (soziale Vernetzungen, ökonomische Grundlagen, rechtliche Möglichkeiten) bezeugen. Die Texte wurden in ca. 40 Archiven ausgehoben, beschrieben, transkribiert und von Kommentaren eingeleitet. Mit dem 5. Bd. betreffend 1443 – 1447 ist das Werk abgeschlossen. ; Until today, the death of Charles VI and Maria Theresia's ascending the throne 1740 is seen as a major turning point in Austrian history. But now is the question of whether in different "layers" and "rooms" without doubt fundamental change between 1720 and 1780 not differentiated must be seen against the background of the concept of interface ("Sattelzeit"/Reinhart Koselleck). On the basis of the space "Viennese court", where the change of rulers in its effects most likely can be documented, attempts from the perspective of different disciplines (the so called "Hofkünste" – literature/poetry, arts, theatre/dance, music) point out continuities and discontinuities.

We study whether long-gone but activated history can shape social attitudes and behavior even after centuries. We exploit the case of the sieges of Vienna in 1529 and 1683, when Turkish troops pillaged individual municipalities across East Austria. In 2005, Austrian right-wing populists started to campaign against Turks and Muslims and explicitly referred to the Turkish sieges. We show that right-wing voting increased in once pillaged municipalities compared to non-pillaged municipalities after the campaigns were launched, but not before. The effects are substantial: Around one out of ten votes for the far-right in a once pillaged municipality is caused by salient history. We conclude that campaigns can act as tipping points and catalyze history in a nonlinear fashion.