Suchergebnisse

Abstract
During the Allied occupation of Austria from 1945 to 1955, hundreds of officials from the US Army, State Department, and various suborganizations worked in Vienna, Salzburg, and Washington, DC, on Austrian affairs. Their first-hand memories were recorded by the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training (ADST), which continues to interview members of the US Diplomatic Corps. The oral histories are preserved on the ADST website as well as the American Memory Collection of the Library of Congress. Highlights from the interviews specifically from the critical decade after World War II speak to both familiar and more novel facets of the US occupation and the Austrian State Treaty: Rot-Weiss-Rot radio, Voice of America, the United States Information Service (USIA), the American High Commission, trade, Llewellyn Thompson, the effects in Europe of the outbreak of the Korean War, and rivalry with the Soviet Union in the early Cold War. Included in this selection are oral histories with Walter Roberts, Halvor C. Ekern, Denise Abbey, William Lloyd Stearman, Arthur A. Bardos, Mary Seymour Olmsted, Robert J. Martens, Lloyd Jonnes, Hendrik Van Oss, and Alfred Puhan.

Advances in Austrian Economics is a research annual whose editorial policy is to publish original research articles on Austrian economics. Each volume attempts to apply the insights of Austrian economics and related approaches to topics that are of current interest in economics and cognate disciplines. Volume 21 exemplifies this focus by highlighting key research from the Austrian tradition of economics with other research traditions in economics and related areas.

Abstract
This article explores the use of Christian rhetoric by nativists in Austria and in the United States in the twenty-first century. Based on a frame analysis of right-wing ephemera, it shows that while the Austrian Freedom Party has increasingly made use of religious allusions since 2005, it references Christianity as a cultural marker rather than as a faith. Ethnicity and culture are found to play a bigger role in Austrian nativist discourse than in the United States, where faith and value dimensions emerge as more prominent. The article describes the different maneuvers nativists perform to reconcile their policies—and the use of Christian rhetoric in this context—with Christian ethics (egalitarianism, hospitality imperative, etc.). Borrowing a term coined by Verena Stolcke, I qualify some of these maneuvers as manifestations of "cultural fundamentalism," including the presentation of segregation as God's will, opposing immigration in the very name of a diligently reframed "neighbor love," and blanket definitions of culturally "indigestible" groups of immigrants. Inter-case differences are interpreted as effects from dissimilar traditions of nationalism and faith-politics relations, the distinct makeup of the two right-wing spectra, and demographic peculiarities in immigration flows.

This book is the first complete description of 13th century architecture in Austria. This period was significant for ist political and historical events and upheavels in the provinces of Austria, but at the same time for the transition from romanic to gothic style. The book is the result of the author's continuous studies in this field of architectural history for more than 35 years. Basing on his doctoral thesis of 1975 the author is outlining a completely new panorama of the development in 13th century architecture by using the results of recent investigations, reconstructions and newly interpreted historical sources. Some important results were achieved on behalf of FWF-projects under the author's direction (reconstruction of the Capella Speciosa at Klosterneuburg, research on the history of the Imperial Palace di Vienna). The results are corresponding in perfect way with the scientifical researches in neighbouring countries as Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovenia and Germany, in regard of the long range cultural communications during the Middle Ages, which in former theories were denied by presupposing a distinct stylistic retard in Austrian architecture. Highly important was the author's proof that in the 13th century in Austria existed a contemporaneity between advanced and retarded stylistic forms. The choice of the stylistic attitude mainly depended on the client. The introduction of the book gives a survey of the actual state of research, followed by three chapters, which explicate the conditions in the 12th century, differentiated geographically (alpine regions, Danube valley) and concerning the clientage (dukes, archbishops and bishops of Salzburg and Passau) as well. By this way the general tendencies and motives (Cistercian architecture of Heiligenkreuz and Zwettl; Patavian architecture at Göttweig, Kremsmünster, Vienna, St.Pölten, Tulln; architecture at Salzburg - cathedral of archbisphop Konrad III - Gurk, Seckau, Hartberg) are outlined, which dominated the further development. In the following first main part, which is describing the first half of 13th century, the important role of the Austrian sovereigns (duke Leopold VI and duke Friedrich II) as founders and benefactors of eminent church architecture is emphasized. With these works of art most actual influences of french gothic architecture came to Austria (Capella Speciosa at Klosterneuburg, cloisters at Lilienfeld and Heiligenkreuz). The quarrel in ecclesiastical policy between the Babenberg dukes of Austria and the bishops of Passau, concerning the plan to establich a further diocesy in Austria, caused a competition in the field of architecture between the two powers. Thus the bishops of Passau reconstructed their patronage churches (St.Pölten, Kremsmünster, Ardagger) in Austria in a sumptuous way. Besides this stylistically advanced architecture there existed also a building acitivity not to be neglected, which was supported by the lower aristocracy and the duke's officials, who also founded some monasteries and churches. These buildings were constructed by local workmen, who were following the traditional patterns of late romanic style (Baumgartenberg, Wilhering, Bad Deutsch Altenburg, Petronell). At the dawn of the Babenberg dynasty an important political intervention of emperor Friedrich II. von Hohenstaufen took place. Recent researches indicate that the reconstruction of St.Stephen's church in Vienna with the famous "Riesentor" with sculptural decorations in Norman Style was initiated by the emperor, even as the foundation of the castle at the place of the later Imperial Palace, which obviously followed the type of the emperor's fortresses in Sicily. In spite of the political agitations and upheavals in the middle of the century some remarkable works of architecture were created, as the castle of Starhemberg, the fortresses at the border to Hungary (Wienertor at Hainburg), St.Virgil's chapel at Vienna and the charnel house at Tulln), where different inconological motives (links to Jerusalem) and stylistic approaches (Norman Style) can be registered. In the second half of the century under the reign of prince Ottokar Přemysl (since 1251) a new cultural direction in policies as well as in the arts was achieved. Motives, created in Bohemia, were taken over in church buildings (Dominikanerkirche, Minoritenkirche Stein, Dominikanerinnenkirche Imbach) and private houses (Gozzoburg) in and near Krems, at Marchegg and Leoben. Ottokar founded new cities but also continued the Babenberg traditions in regard of his internal policy; so he finished the monasteries at Lilienfeld and Heiligenkreuz. Recent investigations indicated that some of the most important architectural projects, which were supposed to date from the time of the early Habsburgs, already have been conceived under the reign of Ottokar (choir of Heiligenkreuz, Leechkirche at Graz, reconstrucion of the main church of Wiener Neustadt). Even after the takeover of power under Rudolph I. of Habsburg, the main lines, pronounced under Ottokar, as the promotion of mendicant architecture (Tulln, Retz, Wels, Imbach, Dürnstein, Krems, Wiener Neustadt), the maintenance of Babenberg traditions (fountain chapel at Heiligenkreuz, cloister Klosterneuburg), but also the introduction of new ideas in space structure (hall-churches at Tulln, Imbach) were continued. Nevertheless also uncommon solutions occured, as the monastery church of Stams. The sumptuously illustrated book contains many plans, graphic and computer-aided virtual reconstructions by the author. Das vorliegende Buch ist die erste architekturhistorische Gesamtdarstellung der Baukunst des 13. Jahrhunderts in Österreich, einer Periode bedeutender geschichtlicher Umwälzungen in den österreichischen Ländern und zugleich Übergangszeit von der Baukunst der Romanik zur Gotik. Das Buch ist Ergebnis einer über 35jährigen Forschungstätigkeit des Autors auf diesem Gebiet. Ausgehend von den Erkenntnissen, die er 1975 in seiner Dissertation dargelegt hat, ist es dem Verfasser gelungen, die Entwicklung der Baukunst durch Auswertung laufender bauhistorischer Forschungen, Einzeluntersuchungen und neu ausgewerteter historischer Quellen in ein völlig neues Gesamtbild zu bringen. Eine Reihe wichtiger Erkenntnisse wurden im Rahmen von FWF-Projekten unter der Leitung des Autors erarbeitet (Rekonstruktion der Capella Speciosa, Forschungen zur Wiener Hofburg). Die Ergebnisse korrespondieren überzeugend mit den Forschungen in den österreichischen Nachbarländern (Tschechien, Ungarn, Slowenien, Deutschland), indem sie die aktuellen überregionalen Kulturbeziehungen im Mittelalter bestätigen, die in früheren Theorien von einem stilgeschichtlichen Entwicklungsrückstand in Österreich negiert worden waren. Eine wichtige Erkenntnis der Forschungen des Verfassers ist, dass sich die Gleichzeitigkeit avancierter und rückständiger Stilformen nachweisen lässt, wobei die jeweilige Stilwahl von der Auftraggeberschaft abhängig war. Eingeleitet wird das Buch mit einem Überblick über die Entwicklung der Forschungslage, daran schließen drei Kapitel an, die die Voraussetzungen im 12. Jahrhundert behandeln, wobei der Überblick sowohl geographisch differenziert wird (Alpenländer, Donauraum) als auch hinsichtlich der Auftraggeber (Landesfürsten, Bischöfe von Salzburg und Passau). Dabei werden wichtige Leitlinien aufgezeigt, die die weitere Entwicklung nachhaltig bestimmten (Zisterzienserarchitektur in Heiligenkreuz und Zwettl, Passauer Bautätigkeit in Göttweig, Kremsmünster, Wien, St.Pölten und Tulln, Salzburger Bautätigkeit am Dom Konrads III. in Salzburg, in Gurk, Seckau, Hartberg). Im folgenden ersten Hauptabschnitt wird für die erste Hälfte des 13. Jahrhunderts in den Donauländern und der Steiermark die Rolle der Landesfürsten (Leopold VI. und Friedrich II. von Babenberg) als Stifter bedeutender Sakralbauten hervorgehoben. Mit diesen Werken gelangten hochaktuelle Errungenschaften der französischen Gotik nach Österreich (Capella Speciosa in Klosterneuburg, Klosteranlagen Lilienfeld, Heiligenkreuz). Der kirchenpolitische Machtkampf der Babenberger gegen das Bistum Passau um die Errichtung eines eigenen Landesbistums in Österreich führte zu einem baulichen Wettstreit, wobei die Passauer Bischöfe ihre Eigenkirchen in Österreich durch aufwändige Umbauten aktualisierten (St.Pölten, Kremsmünster, Ardagger). Im Schatten dieser stilgeschichtlich avancierten Baukunst bestand daneben noch eine nicht geringe Bautätigkeit, die von Adeligen und landesfürstlichen Ministerialen getragen wurde und in deren Klosterstiftungen und Patronatskirchen Ausdruck fand. Diese Werke wurden allerdings von lokalen Baugruppen errichtet, die noch länger an den traditionellen spätromanischen Stilformen festhielten (Baumgartenberg, Wilhering, Bad Deutsch Altenburg, Petronell). Am Ende der Babenbergerherrschaft kommt es zu einer politischen Intervention Kaiser Friedrichs II. in Österreich, auf die nach neuesten Forschungen sowohl die Initiative zum Umbau der Wiener Stephanskirche mit dem "normannischen" Riesentor als auch der Bau der Wiener Hofburg nach dem Vorbild einer staufisch-sizilianischen Kastellburg zurückgehen. Trotz der politischen Unruhen kommt es vor der Jahrhundertmitte zu bemerkenswerten Architekturschöpfungen (Umbau der Burg Starhemberg, Grenzbefestigungen, Wienertor in Hainburg, Virgilkapelle in Wien, Karner in Tulln), in denen sich unterschiedlichste stilistische und architekturikonologische Motive ("normannische" Bauplastik, Jerusalem-Bezüge) ausdrücken. In der zweiten Jahrhunderthälfte erfolgt unter dem seit 1251 in Österreich regierenden Přemyslidenfürsten Ottokar II. zu einer Neuorientierung sowohl in der Politik wie in der Baukunst nach Vorbildern Böhmens, die sich in Bauten im Raum von Krems (Dominikanerkirche Krems, Minoritenkirche Stein, Dominikanerinnenkloster Imbach, Gozzoburg Krems), in Marchegg und Leoben erkennen lassen. Ottokar tritt als Städtegründer auf, setzt aber gleichzeitig aus Gründen seiner Machtpolitik die Traditionen aus der Babenbergerzeit fort, was sich in der Vollendung der Klosterbauten in Lilienfeld und Heiligenkreuz ausdrückt. Jüngste Forschungen haben gezeigt, dass die Entwurfsphase bedeutender Sakralbauten, dis bisher in die Regierungszeit der ersten Habsburger datiert wurden, bereits in die Herrschaftsperiode Ottokars fällt (Hallenchor Heiligenkreuz, Leechkirche Graz, Umbauten an der Liebfrauenkirche Wiener Neustadt). Auch nach dem Machtwechsel unter Rudolf I. von Habsburg werden die von Ottokar geprägten Leitlinien, wie die Förderung der Bettelordensarchitektur (Tulln, Retz, Wels, Imbach, Dürnstein, Krems, Wiener Neustadt), die Kontinuität der Traditionen aus der Babenbergerzeit (Brunnenhaus Heiligenkreuz, Kreuzgang Klosterneuburg) aber auch die Aufnahme neuer Raumkonzepte (Hallenkirchen in Tulln und Imbach) ungebrochen fortgesetzt, daneben kommen vereinzelt auch ganz ungewöhnliche Gestaltungslösungen zur Ausführung (Klosterkirche Stams). Das reich bebilderte Buch enthält neben Photos zahlreiche Planzeichnungen, zeichnerische und computergraphische Rekonstruktionen des Verfassers.

Abstract
This article assesses the activities of US intelligence services in early Cold War Austria along four separate, albeit linked axes. The organizations under observation, namely, Office of Strategic Services (OSS) and Strategic Services Unit (SSU) Austria, as well as (to a lesser extent) Central Intelligence Group (CIG) Austria, are explored differently than as in the past, cast not as cogs within a larger intelligence machinery directed from Washington, DC (headquarters) but rather as relatively autonomous producers of regional intelligence that was disseminated locally, laterally, and up the inner-organizational chain of command ("the field"). Key to discovering how OSS, SSU, and CIG evolved in Austria (rather than as the result of changes effected in Washington, DC, or its surroundings) are the interactions between middle management in Austria and senior leadership in Washington, several of whom were former "field" men (or women) themselves. Austrian-based staffing and reporting, operational successes and failures, as well as biographical sketches of several key individuals in question are presented, allowing for fresh insights into how each organization actually operated in Austria to be gained. Through studying these aspects jointly, the authors posit the emergence of a unique intelligence culture among US intelligence officers shaped by their shared Austrian experience, perhaps denoting a more efficient and fruitful approach to local and regional peculiarities.

Abstract
Kurt Rudolf Fischer was, perhaps more than anyone else in the postwar era, the person who connected the University of Vienna and Austrian students to American intellectual and academic life. He was a beloved teacher and a remarkable human being, who made many friends in both Austria and the United States. On May 12, 2022, the philosophy department of the University of Vienna celebrated 100 years since Kurt's birth. The following essay was one of the presentations at this international conference.

Seventh-day Adventism, a young American-based denomination, encountered strenuous opposition when it first reached Europe in the second half of the nineteenth century. This was especially true in Austria, where traditional allegiance to Roman Catholicism, linked with a strong emphasis on cultural continuity, constituted the tenor of social life. Although the Adventist church has been present in Austria for almost a hundred years, its influence and size have remained insignificant. Baptists and Methodists have had the same disappointing experience. Austria is certainly one of the most difficult countries for evangelical mission outreach in Europe. This dissertation not only describes the history of Seventh-day Adventism in Austria but also examines the relationship of the denomination to its political and religious milieu. How did the Austrian Adventists conduct themselves under the shadow of the predominant Catholic Church? How did they relate to the different forms of government such as monarchy, fascism, and National Socialism? Which missionary methods were employed to counteract the influence of alargely hostile church and state and to adapt to the environment? These and related questions are explored with the anticipation that this study may furnish valuable insights to stimulate further discussion of church-state relationships and to provide a basis for continuing investigation of the dynamics involved in encounters of minority religions with hostile socio-cultural settings. Chapter I sketches the origin and progress of the Adventist mission in Central Europe, dealing with the contributions of missionaries such as M. B. Czechowski, J. N. Andrews, and L. R. Conradi. Chapter II treats the difficult beginnings of Adventist mission work in Austria-Hungary. Chapter III describes Adventism during the interwar period. Chapter IV deals with Adventism in the corporative state and its adaptation during the Nazi period. Chapter V discusses the post-war development of Adventism until 1975. In overview, the Adventist church's adaptability from the outset of its existence in Austria facilitated denominational growth. The negative side of this approach was revealed during the Third Reich by the misuse of adaptability in making certain unwarranted concessions and compromises. Today flexibility still seems necessary to meet societal changes in Austria.

The articles presents a short outline of the history of the Biological Computer Laboratory created in 1958 as a special research unit within the Department for Electrical Engineering of the University of Illinois, Urbana. The founder of the laboratory, the Austrian-born Heinz von Foerster, part of the cybernetics-movement of the 1940ies and 1950ies, tried to develop and to "apply" findings of the so-called Macy-group to biology with a special emphasis to problems of perception. The consequent transdisciplinary approach of the BCL led to certain conflicts with the main stream in the fields involved. Other conflicts emerged on grounds of teaching experiments undertaken since the late 1960ies. In the seventies the laboratory failed in substituting diminishing research funds from military research ressources. In the consequence, the BCL was closed. Ideas produced there had a major impact on other cognitive domains especially on the social sciences in Europe. ; The articles presents a short outline of the history of the Biological Computer Laboratory created in 1958 as a special research unit within the Department for Electrical Engineering of the University of Illinois, Urbana. The founder of the laboratory, the Austrian-born Heinz von Foerster, part of the cybernetics-movement of the 1940ies and 1950ies, tried to develop and to "apply" findings of the so-called Macy-group to biology with a special emphasis to problems of perception. The consequent transdisciplinary approach of the BCL led to certain conflicts with the main stream in the fields involved. Other conflicts emerged on grounds of teaching experiments undertaken since the late 1960ies. In the seventies the laboratory failed in substituting diminishing research funds from military research ressources. In the consequence, the BCL was closed. Ideas produced there had a major impact on other cognitive domains especially on the social sciences in Europe.

Der erste Band der fünfbändigen Buchreihe stellt den jüngeren Sohn aus landsässiger Tiroler Adelsfamilie als einen umtriebig um Aufstieg bemühten Junker vor. Nach unsteten Jahren als adeliger Krieger, Kreuzfahrer und Verwaltungsfachmann beim Bischof von Brixen gewinnt er mit seiner Aufnahme in die Dienste König Sigmunds von Luxemburg eine Sonderstellung zwischen dem Reichsoberhaupt und dem gegen seinen österreichischen Landesfürsten rebellierenden Tiroler Adel. ; The first of five volumes presents the younger son of Tyrolean country gentry as a squire bustling striving for social advancement. After unsteady years as a noble warrior, crusader and expert for public administration with the Bishop of Brixen, with his admittance to the Service of King Sigmund of Luxemburg he achieves a special role between the sovereign of the Holy Roman Empire and the Tyrolean nobility which rebelled against his Austrian Duke Friedrich IV.

This article investigates the policing measures of the Habsburg Empire against the exiled defeated revolutionaries in the Mediterranean after the 1848–1849 revolutions. The examination of this counter-revolutionary policy reveals the pioneering role Austria played in international policing. It shows, in particular, that Vienna invested more heavily in policing in the Mediterranean after 1848 than it did in other regions, such as Western Europe, due to the multitude of 'Forty-Eighters' settled there and the alleged inadequacy of the local polities (e.g., the Ottoman Empire, Greece) to satisfactorily deal with the refugee question themselves. The article explains that Austria made use of a wide array of both official and unofficial techniques to contain these allegedly dangerous political dissidents. These methods ranged from official police collaboration with Greece and the Ottoman Empire to more subtle regional information exchanges with Naples and Russia. However, they also included purely unilateral methods exercised by the Austrian consuls, Austrian Lloyd sailors and ship captains, and ad hoc recruited secret agents to monitor the émigrés at large. Overall, the article argues that Austrian policymakers in the aftermath of 1848 invented new policing formulas and reshaped different pre-existing institutions (e.g., consuls, Austrian Lloyd), channelling them against their opponents in exile. Therefore, apart from surveying early modes of international policing, this study also adds to the discussion about Austrian (and European) state-building and, furthermore, to the more specific discussion of how European states dealt with political dissidents abroad in the nineteenth century.

Celebrated today for his groundbreaking work in logic and the foundations of mathematics, Bernard Bolzano (1781-1848) was best known in his own time as a leader of the reform movement in his homeland (Bohemia, then part of the Austrian Empire). As professor of religious science at the Charles University in Prague from 1805 to 1819, Bolzano was a highly visible public intellectual, a courageous and determined critic of abuses in Church and State. Based in large part on a carefully argued utilitarian practical philosophy, he developed a non-violent program for the reform of the authoritarian institutions of the Empire, which he himself set in motion through his teaching and other activities. Rarely has a philosopher had such a great impact on the political culture of his homeland. This volume contains a substantial collection of Bolzano's writings on ethics and politics, translated into English for the first time. It includes a complete translation of the treatise On the Best State , his principal writings on ethics, an essay on the contemporary situation in Ireland, and a selection of his Exhortations, dealing with such topics as enlightenment, civil disobedience, the status of women, anti-Semitism and Czech-German relations in Bohemia. It will be of particular interest to students of central European philosophy and history, and more generally to philosophers and historians of ideas.

Abstract
Evelyn Tucker, a Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives (MFA&A) representative, worked in the US military–occupied zone of Austria, investigating and restituting Nazi-plundered, Austrian-owned cultural property between 1946 and 1949. Her experiences remain hidden despite passing references in the scholarship covering Allied restitution of Nazi-looted, Jewish-owned cultural property, as the literature focuses on postwar Germany, not Austria. She attempted to openly criticize the US Army for the thefts by blaming the Army's appalling behavior on its lack of understanding US restitution efforts. However, she was incapable of stopping this gross negligence, and her condemnation of the Army led to her dismissal. I argue that contentious political divisions within the Allies' policymaking in occupied Austria stalled Tucker's restitution investigations, thus her work deserves critical investigation. Tucker defied expectations, and a thoughtful analysis of her contributions to the restitution process helps us gain a clearer appreciation of the political and cultural chaos of occupied Austria. In relationship to that gap, my archival research sheds light on the underappreciated role of Eve Tucker in her fight for rightful restitution.

Abstract
In order to integrate the (in part) highly industrialized Austrian and Bohemian economies into the German autarky and war economy it was very important for the German government to take control of all relevant Austrian and Bohemian industrial concerns, that is, big industry in these countries had tobe "Aryanized" and/or "Germanized". At the time of invasion, many of the major Austrian and Bohemian companies were under the control of Austrian and Czechoslovakian banks respectively. Therefore, the realignment of the finance industry of the occupied territories became a precondition for the intended takeover of these industrial concerns. Simultaneously, it offered the German great banks excellent prospects for expansion. On the other hand, the deep economic crisis of the early 1930s had not yet been overcome in both countries and the German great banks faced substantial risks when they took over the more important native banks. Therefore, the strategies by which the great banks penetrated the Austrian and Bohemian markets differed substantially. This article explains the logic behind the respective strategies of Deutsche Bank, Dresdner Bank and Commerzbank as well as the intensions of the German authorities and assesses the relative success of the respective strategies.