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Ferdinand Ebner is next to Ludwig Wittgenstein the most important Austrian philosopher of language in the 20th century. In his main work Das Wort und die geistigen Realitäten. Pneumatologische Fragmente Ebner produces a new form of anthropology, which is based on a dialogic orientated understanding of human beings. Beside his philosophical works Ebner wrote many letters and diaries. One of the 14 existing diaries is the so-called "Mohlauer Tagebuch" from the 23rd of July to the 28 th of August 1920, which is kept on the "Brenner Archiv" in Innsbruck together with the philosophical texts and the letters. In this diary Ebner writes about his stay in Mühlau, a village near Innsbruck, where he was a guest of Ludwig von Ficker for one month and which was the beginning of a long friendship with the publisher of the Brenner. Ficker, who had already published some articles of Ebner in the Brenner, printed the Fragmente 1921, two years after Ebner wrote them. In this way Ficker became the publisher, promoter and friend of Ebner. According to some passages of the diary, Ebner experienced in Ficker a kind of acceptance and security, which he did not know before. This feeling of well-being is also a part of the deep impressions of nature, which Ebner got on many walks through the surrounding of Innsbruck. Although he was a thinker, who always emphasized the meaning of the word, these impressions showed him the limits of language. Ebner's basic opinions are presentated very clearly in his meetings with different members of the Brenner-circle and in the confrontation with the intellectual movements of the time. An example are his talks with Paul Bargehr about Buddhism, who was newly rediscovered in Europe in those days. Ebner understood the good will of Bargehr, but he cannot accept Buddhism as a solution for the big problems of the Europeans. In spite of Ebners turn to Christianity some years before the diary also shows the difficulties in the relation between Ebner and the Catholic church. Of special interest is Ebner's meeting with the painter Erich Lechleitner. In front of Lechleitner's pictures he has doubts about his radical pessimism concerning art and culture.


The text of the diary is followed by a commentary, which explains the biographical, literary, philosophical, historical, etc. connections of passages in the diary. The three essays following the commentary give an overview of Ebners biographical, philosophical and cultural background. Monika Seekircher's essay includes a short biography of Ebner and describes the most important personal relations in his life as well as his intellectual developement. Richard Hörmann tries to show the connections between the diary and the Fragmente, because many entries of the diary can only be understood on the basis of the main thoughts of the Fragmente. The topic of Walter Methlagl's essay is the local cultural context, in which the diary is embedded. Special attention is given to the intellectual movements within the Brenner-circle. The numerous photos depict persons, who are mentioned in the diary, places as they then looked and the pictures by painters named in the diary. - Ferdinand Ebner (1882-1931) ist neben Ludwig Wittgenstein der bedeutendste österreichische Sprachdenker des 20. Jahrhunderts. In seinem Hauptwerk Das Wort und die geistigen Realitäten. Pneumatologische Fragmente entwickelt Ebner eine neue Form von Anthropologie, die auf einem dialogisch geprägten Verständnis des Menschen basiert. Neben seinen philosophischen Schriften verfaßte Ebner aber auch unzählige Briefe und war zudem ein intensiver Tagebuchschreiber. Das sogenannte "Mühlauer Tagebuch" vom 23.7. bis 28.8.1920 ist eines von insgesamt 14 erhaltenen Tagebüchern Ebners, welche neben dem philosophischem Nachlaß und den Briefen am Brenner-Archiv aufbewahrt werden. In diesem Tagebuch schildert Ebner seinen einmonatigen Aufenthalt bei Ludwig von Ficker in Mühlau bei Innsbruck, der der Beginn einer jahrelangen Freundschaft ist. Ficker, der bereits einige Aufsätze Ebners in seiner Zeitschrift Der Brenner publiziert hat, läßt 1921 auch Ebners bereits 1919 fertiggestellte Fragmente im Brenner-Verlag erscheinen. So wird Ficker Ebners Verleger, Förderer und Freund. Aus mehreren Tagebucheintragungen geht hervor, daß Ebner bei Ficker eine Akzeptanz und Freundlichkeit erfährt, die ihm bisher fremd waren. Dieses für Ebner so seltene Gefühl des Wohlbefindens erfährt er auch bei seinen zahlreichen Spaziergängen mit Ficker, die zu intensiven Naturerlebnissen führen, sodaß Ebner, der die Bedeutung des Wortes immer wieder betont, auch Grenzen der sprachlichen Möglichkeiten wahrnimmt. Ebners geistige Einstellung tritt ganz klar und markant in der Begegnung mit verschiedenen Persönlichkeiten aus dem Brenner-Kreis und in der Auseinandersetzung mit den verschiedenen geistigen Strömungen zu dieser Zeit hervor. So wird er z.B. in der Person von Paul Bargehr mit dem Buddhismus konfrontiert, dem gegenüber er sich wenn auch nicht verständnislos so doch skeptisch äußert. Immer wieder zeigt sich auch seine Ablehnung der katholischen Amtskirche trotz seiner erst einige Jahre zuvor erfolgten Hinwendung zum Christenturn. Besonders interessant ist Ebners Begegnung mit dem Maler Erich Lechleitner. Angesichts seiner Bilder gerät er in einen Zwiespalt mit seinem eigenen rigorosen Kulturpessimismus.

Dem Tagebuchtext folgt ein Einzelstellenkommentar, in dem biographische, literarische, philosophische, historische u.a. Anspielungen geklärt werden. Die drei Aufsätze, die an den Einzelstellenkommentar anschließen, sind als Flächenkommentar zu verstehen, d.h. sie stellen eine breitere Form der Kommentierung dar, wobei der biographische, der philosophische und der kulturelle Hintergrund Ebners aufgezeigt wird. Monika Seekircher liefert eine etwas umfassendere Kurzbiographie Ebners, wobei neben Ebners Lebensdaten auch seine wichtigsten persönlichen Beziehungen und seine geistige Entwicklung kurz dargestellt werden. Richard Hörmann versucht in seinem Aufsatz, den Zusammenhang des Tagebuchs mit Ebners Fragmenten aufzuzeigen, da sehr viele Stellen des Tagebuchs nur vor dem Hintergrund der Fragmente richtig zu verstehen sind. Walter Methlagl bettet das Tagebuch in den lokalen kulturellen Kontext ein, wobei er insbesondere auf die geistigen Strömungen im Brenner-Kreis eingeht. Das umfangreiche Bildmaterial dient der Veranschaulichung und ermöglicht somit eine konkrete Vorstellung von den im Tagebuch erwähnten Personen, den Örtlichkeiten zu dieser Zeit und von den Bildern der im Tagebuch genannten Maler.

This wide-ranging collection of essays contains eighteen original articles by authors representing some of the most important recent work on Wittgenstein. It deals with questions pertaining to both the interpretation and application of Wittgenstein's thought and the editing of his works. Regarding the latter, it also addresses issues concerning scholarly electronic publishing. The collection is accompanied by a comprehensive introduction which lays out the content and arguments of each contribution. Contributors: Knut Erik Tranøy, Lars Hertzberg, Georg Henrik von Wright, Marie McGinn, Cora Diamond, James Conant, David G. Stern, Eike von Savigny, P.M.S. Hacker, Hans-Johann Glock, Allan Janik, Kristóf Nyíri, Antonia Soulez, Brian McGuinness, Anthony Kenny, Joachim Schulte, Herbert Hrachovec, Cameron McEwen..

Wittgenstein and the relation between life and philosophy / Knut Erik Tranøy -- Trying to keep philosophy honest / Lars Hertzberg -- Remarks on Wittgenstein's use of the terms "sinn", "sinnlos", "unsinnig", "wahr", and "gedanke" in the Tractatus / Georg Henrik von Wright -- Wittgenstein's early philosophy of language and the idea of 'the single great problem' / Marie McGinn -- Peter Winch on the Tractatus and the unity of Wittgenstein's philosophy / Cora Diamond -- Wittgenstein's later criticism of the Tractatus / James Conant -- How many Wittgensteins? / David G. Stern -- Taking avowals seriously: the soul a public afffair / Eike von Savigny -- Of knowledge and of knowing that someone is in pain / P.M.S. Hacker -- Wittgenstein and history / Hans-Johann Glock -- Impure reason vindicated / Allan Janik -- Wittgenstein's philosophy of pictures / Kristóf Nyíri -- A case of early Wittgenstein dialogism: stances on the impossibility of "red and green in the same place" / Antonia Soulez -- Wittgenstein: philosophy and literature / Brian McGuinness -- A brief history of Wittgenstein editing / Anthony Kenny -- What is a work by Wittgenstein? / Joachim Schulte -- Evaluating the Bergen Electronic Edition / Herbert Hrachovec -- Wittgenstein in digital form: perspectives for the future / Cameron McEwen.

Today, it is often forgotten that the socialist calculation debate of the 1920s and 1930s was not only about whether market societies were more economically efficient than planned ones; more crucially, Ludwig von Mises and his disciple Friedrich Hayek depicted economic planning as a threat to the moral and political order of "Western civilization." A planned economy, these early neoliberals argued, would override the "democracy of consumers" through which individuals registered their own preferences on the market and threaten individual freedom and social peace. This article argues that early neoliberal thinkers mobilized a racialized argument against economic planning, which they depicted as a threat from "the East" and a regression to a "primitive" pre-capitalist, egalitarian morality. Against this neoliberal argument, I retrieve the Austrian philosopher Otto Neurath's argument that a capitalist market economy is inherently violent and requires the suppression of non-market forms of life.

Более 60 лет назад была опубликована работа австрийского философа Карла Поппера «Открытое общество и его враги», ставшая этапной для философско-политической мысли ХХ в. В статье рассматриваются ключевые положения данной концепции и их научная значимость. Цель статьи: исследовать значение теории Поппера для формирования современной парадигмы развития международных отношений. В заключении автор приходит к выводу о том, что К. Попперу удалось предвидеть, что итогом борьбы «открытого» и «закрытого» общества станет формирование современных модификаций авторитаризма и усиления их роли в политике. ; More than 60 years ago was published by the Austrian philosopher Karl Popper's the open society and its enemies», which became a turning point for the philosophical and political thought of XX century the article considers The key provisions of the concept and their scientific significance. The purpose of this article to explore the value of Popper's theory for formation of the modern paradigm of international relations. In conclusion, the author comes to the conclusion of K. Popper been anticipated: the result of the struggle of «open» and «closed» society is shaping the modern modifications of authoritarianism and the strengthening of their role in politics.

Celebrated today for his groundbreaking work in logic and the foundations of mathematics, Bernard Bolzano (1781-1848) was best known in his own time as a leader of the reform movement in his homeland (Bohemia, then part of the Austrian Empire). As professor of religious science at the Charles University in Prague from 1805 to 1819, Bolzano was a highly visible public intellectual, a courageous and determined critic of abuses in Church and State. Based in large part on a carefully argued utilitarian practical philosophy, he developed a non-violent program for the reform of the authoritarian institutions of the Empire, which he himself set in motion through his teaching and other activities. Rarely has a philosopher had such a great impact on the political culture of his homeland. This volume contains a substantial collection of Bolzano's writings on ethics and politics, translated into English for the first time. It includes a complete translation of the treatise On the Best State , his principal writings on ethics, an essay on the contemporary situation in Ireland, and a selection of his Exhortations, dealing with such topics as enlightenment, civil disobedience, the status of women, anti-Semitism and Czech-German relations in Bohemia. It will be of particular interest to students of central European philosophy and history, and more generally to philosophers and historians of ideas.

The aim of this paper is to review the possible influence of John Maynard Keynes, Frank Ramsey, Piero Sraffa and, through the latter, Antonio Gramsci, on the transition of the philosophical thought of Ludwig Wittgenstein. The work reconstructs, from specialized literature, the relationship of the Austrian philosopher with the economists he met at Cambridge and proposes that these may have permeated the philosophical work of Wittgenstein and, in particular, the way in which the anthropological perspective of the philosophical problems, possibly inspired by Gramsci and transmitted by Sraffa, was received and developed by Wittgenstein in his Philosophical Investigations, in the development of concepts such as form of life and language games. It is concluded that Gramsci's theories about hegemony and linguistic alienation bear a certain similarity to Wittgenstein's philosophy of everyday language. ; El artículo tiene por objeto revisar la posible influencia de John Maynard Keynes, Frank Ramsey, Piero Sraffa y, por intermedio de este último, Antonio Gramsci, sobre la transición del pensamiento filosófico de Ludwig Wittgenstein. El trabajo reconstruye, a partir de la literatura especializada, la relación del filósofo austriaco con los economistas que conoció en Cambridge y propone que estos pudieron haber permeado el quehacer filosófico de Wittgenstein y, en particular, la forma en que la perspectiva antropológica de los problemas filosóficos, posiblemente inspirada en Gramsci y transmitida por Sraffa, fue recibida y desarrollada por Wittgenstein en sus Investigaciones Filosóficas, en el desarrollo de conceptos como las formas de vida y los juegos del lenguaje. Se concluye que las teorías de Gramsci sobre la hegemonía y la alienación lingüística tienen cierta similitud con la propuesta de filosofía del lenguaje cotidiano de Wittgenstein.

"Written in code under constant threat of battle, Wittgenstein's searing and illuminating diaries finally emerge in this first-ever English translation. During the pandemic, Marjorie Perloff, one of our foremost scholars of global literature, found her mind ineluctably drawn to the profound commentary on life and death in the wartime diaries of eminent philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951). Upon learning that these notebooks, which richly contextualize the early stages of his magnum opus, the Tractatus-Logico-Philosophicus, had never before been published in English, the Viennese-born Perloff determinedly set about translating them. Beginning with the anxious summer of 1914, this historic, en-face edition presents the first-person recollections of a foot soldier in the Austrian Army, fresh from his days as a philosophy student at Cambridge, who must grapple with the hazing of his fellow soldiers, the stirrings of a forbidden sexuality, and the formation of an explosive analytical philosophy that seemed to draw meaning from his endless brushes with death. Much like Tolstoy's The Gospel in Brief, Private Notebooks takes us on a personal journey to discovery as it augments our knowledge of Wittgenstein himself"--

Erstmals in deutscher Übersetzung liegt hiermit die frühe Schrift "Economic Science and the Austrian Method" des Ökonomen und Philosophen Hans Hermann Hoppe vor. Aufbauend auf den Werken von Ludwig von Mises entwickelt Hoppe ein Verständnis der Ökonomik als einer apriorischen Wissenschaft vom menschlichen Handeln. Ein grundlegender Beitrag zur Methodik der Österreichischen Schule und ein Klassiker der Wissenschaftstheorie und Epistemologie.

There is by now broad consensus in the critical literature that neoliberalism and social conservatism have frequently coexisted in practice. Yet the alt-right fits none of the previously identified alliances: this is not the neoliberal neoconservatism of the Reagan and Bush years, nor the neoliberal communitarianism of the Third Way, nor even a form of neoliberal authoritarianism. Instead, the alt-right claims intellectual descent from economic libertarianism, on the one hand, and paleo- (as opposed to neo-) conservatism on the other. This paper traces the contours of this 'paleolibertarian' alliance, first by following the volatile political trajectory of Murray Rothbard, the foremost philosopher of American libertarianism, and, second, by uncovering precedents in the longer history of the American far right. It will be argued that paleoconservatism makes for a uniquely powerful ally because it offers a workable response to libertarianism's intrinsic contradictions.

This article provides an analysis of the relations and influences between a forgotten protagonist of transnational communism in the twentieth century, the Austrian Franz Marek, and the Italian Communist Party (PCI). By tracing these very relations, it is possible to understand the importance of transnational political and intellectual networks for the international communist movement. Focusing on the period ranging from 1945 to Marek's death in 1979, the article interprets the importance of Marek as a Marxist intellectual and political figure in Europe. From his prominent role in the Austrian Communist Party, to his engagement in theoretical discussions, Marek's life was that of a fervent Marxist. Whether as a political interlocutor or Marxist philosopher and theorist, in both cases the PCI was interested in the words of Franz Marek and fascinated by his theoretical thoughts. His studies of Gramsci were the proverbial cherry on the cake. Not only did he not become an outlaw when ousted from the Austrian Communist Party in 1970, the exchange continued to intensify, and he was involved to some extent in all theoretical discussions of the PCI, even though this posed a problem for many a brother party.

Bernard Bolzano (1781–1848) during his time as a professor of religious studies (1805–1820) had to give a speech to the whole community of students every sunday during the academic year. This was a very influential position which also caused his dismissal in 1820. Here we have the textual edition of the lectures or sermons he gave during his period of office. The critical edition involves the missing sermons found in Prague archives. The complete edition of Bolzano's sermons will be published in the Bolzano-Gesamtausgabe Frommann Holzboog, 2A15–25. - Der große böhmische Philosoph - "Böhme deutscher Zunge" nach eigener Definition - Bernard Bolzano (1781-1848) wurde 1805 zum Priester geweiht und an der Karl-Ferdinandischen Universität Prag zum Professor für Religionslehre ernannt. Diese ernennung aufgrund eines Dekrets von Kaiser Franz bedeutete auch die Verpflichtung, an Sonntagen so genannte "Erbauungsreden" vor den Studenten des Philosophikums zu halten. Auf diese Weise sollten die Studenten "zu guten Christen und rechtschaffenen Bürgern" herangebildet werden. Bolzano legte in seinen Reden allerdings mehr Wert darauf, sie zum kritischen Selbstdenken anzuregen. Der unausweichliche Konflikt mit den Behörden endete mit der Absetzung des Professors 1820. Die Erbauungsreden waren der Stein des Anstoßes. Das wissenschaftliche Versäumnis, dass Bolzanos brisante Reden noch immer nicht vollständig veröffentlicht sind, kann als Spätfolge dieser Verbannung betrachtet werden. Jetzt ist es gelungen, eine wichtige Lücke zu schließen: Der österreichische Bolzano-Forscher Kurt F. Strasser hat aus in Prag liegenden Handschriften die letzten der bisher unveröffentlichten Erbauungsreden transkribiert.

The Popular Legislative Initiative (PLI) was designed by the Austrian philosopher and jurist Hans Kelsen (1881–1973) as a mechanism of indirect participation that, on the one hand, allows citizens to express their demands through the institutions and, on the other, informs parliamentarians about citizens' preferences. This article answers the question on the conditions that the mechanism must meet, focusing on the analysis of the Colombian case: What are the variables that influence the performance of the PLI and can differentiate between an efficient mechanism and a «worthless piece of paper»? Three dimensions are proposed: inclusivity (from who/m and for what can the PLI be activated); the accessibility (or ease of activation, referred to the procedural requirements); and efficacy (the parliamentary procedure, and the participation guarantees inherent to it). As conclusions, the study shows that the Colombian design of the PLI before and after the 2015 reform presents limitations that explain its low performance. Accordingly, we propose some elements for its modification. ; La Iniciativa Legislativa Popular (ILP) fue originalmente diseñada por el filósofo y jurista austríaco Hans Kelsen (1881-1973) como un mecanismo de participación indirecta que, por una parte, permitiera a los ciudadanos expresar institucionalmente sus demandas y, por otra, facilitara a los parlamentarios conocer mejor las preferencias ciudadanas y darles respuesta. Este artículo responde a la pregunta sobre las condiciones que el mecanismo debe cumplir, centrándose en el análisis del caso colombiano: ¿cuáles son las variables que influyen sobre el desempeño de una ILP y pueden diferenciar entre un mecanismo eficiente y un «papel mojado»? Se proponen tres dimensiones: la inclusividad —quiénes y para qué pueden activar una ILP—; la accesibilidad —o facilidad de activación, referido a los requisitos procedimentales—; y la eficacia —el procedimiento parlamentario y las garantías de participación inherentes a este—. Se concluye que el diseño colombiano de la ILP previo y posterior a la reforma de 2015 sigue presentando limitaciones que explican su bajo desempeño y se proponen elementos para su modificación.

The author compares two versions of generalization in social theory. The leading social philosopher of the Vienna circle Otto Neurath and social philosopher from the Austrian school of economics Alfred Schutz developed two distinctive approaches to language and, consequently, society. Both versions were, in fact, the interpretations of human communication and, above all, of ordinary language. The outcomes of these approaches, however, appeared to be incompatible, for Neurath has created the new language of pictograms, so called "ISOTYPE", while Schutz's social phenomenology has evolved into a complex theory that sought to account for interrelating contexts of social communication.Keywords: ideal type, ISOTYPE, Austrian economic school, phenomenology, physicalism, Marxism, social theory. ; Предмет статьи – сравнение двух версий обобщения в социальной теории. Первая версия была разработана ведущим социальным теоретиком «Венского кружка» Отто Нейратом, другая была создана социологом австрийской школы экономики Альфредом Шюцем. В центре и той и другой версии – истолкование коммуникации между людьми, в той и другой версии интерпретировался язык повседневного общения. Тем не менее результаты оказались совершенно несовместимыми, поскольку Нейрат создал новый язык пиктограмм, позднее названный ISOTYPE, а социальная феноменология Шюца представила социальную реальность многоуровневым переплетением контекстов социальной коммуникации.Ключевые слова: идеальный тип, ISOTYPE, австрийская экономическая школа, феноменология, физикализм, марксизм, социальная теория.