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The aim of this paper is to review the possible influence of John Maynard Keynes, Frank Ramsey, Piero Sraffa and, through the latter, Antonio Gramsci, on the transition of the philosophical thought of Ludwig Wittgenstein. The work reconstructs, from specialized literature, the relationship of the Austrian philosopher with the economists he met at Cambridge and proposes that these may have permeated the philosophical work of Wittgenstein and, in particular, the way in which the anthropological perspective of the philosophical problems, possibly inspired by Gramsci and transmitted by Sraffa, was received and developed by Wittgenstein in his Philosophical Investigations, in the development of concepts such as form of life and language games. It is concluded that Gramsci's theories about hegemony and linguistic alienation bear a certain similarity to Wittgenstein's philosophy of everyday language. ; El artículo tiene por objeto revisar la posible influencia de John Maynard Keynes, Frank Ramsey, Piero Sraffa y, por intermedio de este último, Antonio Gramsci, sobre la transición del pensamiento filosófico de Ludwig Wittgenstein. El trabajo reconstruye, a partir de la literatura especializada, la relación del filósofo austriaco con los economistas que conoció en Cambridge y propone que estos pudieron haber permeado el quehacer filosófico de Wittgenstein y, en particular, la forma en que la perspectiva antropológica de los problemas filosóficos, posiblemente inspirada en Gramsci y transmitida por Sraffa, fue recibida y desarrollada por Wittgenstein en sus Investigaciones Filosóficas, en el desarrollo de conceptos como las formas de vida y los juegos del lenguaje. Se concluye que las teorías de Gramsci sobre la hegemonía y la alienación lingüística tienen cierta similitud con la propuesta de filosofía del lenguaje cotidiano de Wittgenstein.

"Written in code under constant threat of battle, Wittgenstein's searing and illuminating diaries finally emerge in this first-ever English translation. During the pandemic, Marjorie Perloff, one of our foremost scholars of global literature, found her mind ineluctably drawn to the profound commentary on life and death in the wartime diaries of eminent philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951). Upon learning that these notebooks, which richly contextualize the early stages of his magnum opus, the Tractatus-Logico-Philosophicus, had never before been published in English, the Viennese-born Perloff determinedly set about translating them. Beginning with the anxious summer of 1914, this historic, en-face edition presents the first-person recollections of a foot soldier in the Austrian Army, fresh from his days as a philosophy student at Cambridge, who must grapple with the hazing of his fellow soldiers, the stirrings of a forbidden sexuality, and the formation of an explosive analytical philosophy that seemed to draw meaning from his endless brushes with death. Much like Tolstoy's The Gospel in Brief, Private Notebooks takes us on a personal journey to discovery as it augments our knowledge of Wittgenstein himself"--

Erstmals in deutscher Übersetzung liegt hiermit die frühe Schrift "Economic Science and the Austrian Method" des Ökonomen und Philosophen Hans Hermann Hoppe vor. Aufbauend auf den Werken von Ludwig von Mises entwickelt Hoppe ein Verständnis der Ökonomik als einer apriorischen Wissenschaft vom menschlichen Handeln. Ein grundlegender Beitrag zur Methodik der Österreichischen Schule und ein Klassiker der Wissenschaftstheorie und Epistemologie.

There is by now broad consensus in the critical literature that neoliberalism and social conservatism have frequently coexisted in practice. Yet the alt-right fits none of the previously identified alliances: this is not the neoliberal neoconservatism of the Reagan and Bush years, nor the neoliberal communitarianism of the Third Way, nor even a form of neoliberal authoritarianism. Instead, the alt-right claims intellectual descent from economic libertarianism, on the one hand, and paleo- (as opposed to neo-) conservatism on the other. This paper traces the contours of this 'paleolibertarian' alliance, first by following the volatile political trajectory of Murray Rothbard, the foremost philosopher of American libertarianism, and, second, by uncovering precedents in the longer history of the American far right. It will be argued that paleoconservatism makes for a uniquely powerful ally because it offers a workable response to libertarianism's intrinsic contradictions.

This article provides an analysis of the relations and influences between a forgotten protagonist of transnational communism in the twentieth century, the Austrian Franz Marek, and the Italian Communist Party (PCI). By tracing these very relations, it is possible to understand the importance of transnational political and intellectual networks for the international communist movement. Focusing on the period ranging from 1945 to Marek's death in 1979, the article interprets the importance of Marek as a Marxist intellectual and political figure in Europe. From his prominent role in the Austrian Communist Party, to his engagement in theoretical discussions, Marek's life was that of a fervent Marxist. Whether as a political interlocutor or Marxist philosopher and theorist, in both cases the PCI was interested in the words of Franz Marek and fascinated by his theoretical thoughts. His studies of Gramsci were the proverbial cherry on the cake. Not only did he not become an outlaw when ousted from the Austrian Communist Party in 1970, the exchange continued to intensify, and he was involved to some extent in all theoretical discussions of the PCI, even though this posed a problem for many a brother party.

Bernard Bolzano (1781–1848) during his time as a professor of religious studies (1805–1820) had to give a speech to the whole community of students every sunday during the academic year. This was a very influential position which also caused his dismissal in 1820. Here we have the textual edition of the lectures or sermons he gave during his period of office. The critical edition involves the missing sermons found in Prague archives. The complete edition of Bolzano's sermons will be published in the Bolzano-Gesamtausgabe Frommann Holzboog, 2A15–25. - Der große böhmische Philosoph - "Böhme deutscher Zunge" nach eigener Definition - Bernard Bolzano (1781-1848) wurde 1805 zum Priester geweiht und an der Karl-Ferdinandischen Universität Prag zum Professor für Religionslehre ernannt. Diese ernennung aufgrund eines Dekrets von Kaiser Franz bedeutete auch die Verpflichtung, an Sonntagen so genannte "Erbauungsreden" vor den Studenten des Philosophikums zu halten. Auf diese Weise sollten die Studenten "zu guten Christen und rechtschaffenen Bürgern" herangebildet werden. Bolzano legte in seinen Reden allerdings mehr Wert darauf, sie zum kritischen Selbstdenken anzuregen. Der unausweichliche Konflikt mit den Behörden endete mit der Absetzung des Professors 1820. Die Erbauungsreden waren der Stein des Anstoßes. Das wissenschaftliche Versäumnis, dass Bolzanos brisante Reden noch immer nicht vollständig veröffentlicht sind, kann als Spätfolge dieser Verbannung betrachtet werden. Jetzt ist es gelungen, eine wichtige Lücke zu schließen: Der österreichische Bolzano-Forscher Kurt F. Strasser hat aus in Prag liegenden Handschriften die letzten der bisher unveröffentlichten Erbauungsreden transkribiert.

The Popular Legislative Initiative (PLI) was designed by the Austrian philosopher and jurist Hans Kelsen (1881–1973) as a mechanism of indirect participation that, on the one hand, allows citizens to express their demands through the institutions and, on the other, informs parliamentarians about citizens' preferences. This article answers the question on the conditions that the mechanism must meet, focusing on the analysis of the Colombian case: What are the variables that influence the performance of the PLI and can differentiate between an efficient mechanism and a «worthless piece of paper»? Three dimensions are proposed: inclusivity (from who/m and for what can the PLI be activated); the accessibility (or ease of activation, referred to the procedural requirements); and efficacy (the parliamentary procedure, and the participation guarantees inherent to it). As conclusions, the study shows that the Colombian design of the PLI before and after the 2015 reform presents limitations that explain its low performance. Accordingly, we propose some elements for its modification. ; La Iniciativa Legislativa Popular (ILP) fue originalmente diseñada por el filósofo y jurista austríaco Hans Kelsen (1881-1973) como un mecanismo de participación indirecta que, por una parte, permitiera a los ciudadanos expresar institucionalmente sus demandas y, por otra, facilitara a los parlamentarios conocer mejor las preferencias ciudadanas y darles respuesta. Este artículo responde a la pregunta sobre las condiciones que el mecanismo debe cumplir, centrándose en el análisis del caso colombiano: ¿cuáles son las variables que influyen sobre el desempeño de una ILP y pueden diferenciar entre un mecanismo eficiente y un «papel mojado»? Se proponen tres dimensiones: la inclusividad —quiénes y para qué pueden activar una ILP—; la accesibilidad —o facilidad de activación, referido a los requisitos procedimentales—; y la eficacia —el procedimiento parlamentario y las garantías de participación inherentes a este—. Se concluye que el diseño colombiano de la ILP previo y posterior a la reforma de 2015 sigue presentando limitaciones que explican su bajo desempeño y se proponen elementos para su modificación.

The author compares two versions of generalization in social theory. The leading social philosopher of the Vienna circle Otto Neurath and social philosopher from the Austrian school of economics Alfred Schutz developed two distinctive approaches to language and, consequently, society. Both versions were, in fact, the interpretations of human communication and, above all, of ordinary language. The outcomes of these approaches, however, appeared to be incompatible, for Neurath has created the new language of pictograms, so called "ISOTYPE", while Schutz's social phenomenology has evolved into a complex theory that sought to account for interrelating contexts of social communication.Keywords: ideal type, ISOTYPE, Austrian economic school, phenomenology, physicalism, Marxism, social theory. ; Предмет статьи – сравнение двух версий обобщения в социальной теории. Первая версия была разработана ведущим социальным теоретиком «Венского кружка» Отто Нейратом, другая была создана социологом австрийской школы экономики Альфредом Шюцем. В центре и той и другой версии – истолкование коммуникации между людьми, в той и другой версии интерпретировался язык повседневного общения. Тем не менее результаты оказались совершенно несовместимыми, поскольку Нейрат создал новый язык пиктограмм, позднее названный ISOTYPE, а социальная феноменология Шюца представила социальную реальность многоуровневым переплетением контекстов социальной коммуникации.Ключевые слова: идеальный тип, ISOTYPE, австрийская экономическая школа, феноменология, физикализм, марксизм, социальная теория.

Der große böhmische Philosoph - "Böhme deutscher Zunge" nach eigener Definition - Bernard Bolzano (1781-1848) wurde 1805 zum Priester geweiht und an der Karl-Ferdinandischen Universität Prag zum Professor für Religionslehre ernannt. Diese ernennung aufgrund eines Dekrets von Kaiser Franz bedeutete auch die Verpflichtung, an Sonntagen so genannte "Erbauungsreden" vor den Studenten des Philosophikums zu halten. Auf diese Weise sollten die Studenten "zu guten Christen und rechtschaffenen Bürgern" herangebildet werden. Bolzano legte in seinen Reden allerdings mehr Wert darauf, sie zum kritischen Selbstdenken anzuregen. Der unausweichliche Konflikt mit den Behörden endete mit der Absetzung des Professors 1820. Die Erbauungsreden waren der Stein des Anstoßes. Das wissenschaftliche Versäumnis, dass Bolzanos brisante Reden noch immer nicht vollständig veröffentlicht sind, kann als Spätfolge dieser Verbannung betrachtet werden. Jetzt ist es gelungen, eine wichtige Lücke zu schließen: Der österreichische Bolzano-Forscher Kurt F. Strasser hat aus in Prag liegenden Handschriften die letzten der bisher unveröffentlichten Erbauungsreden transkribiert. ; Bernard Bolzano (1781–1848) during his time as a professor of religious studies (1805–1820) had to give a speech to the whole community of students every sunday during the academic year. This was a very influential position which also caused his dismissal in 1820. Here we have the textual edition of the lectures or sermons he gave during his period of office. The critical edition involves the missing sermons found in Prague archives. The complete edition of Bolzano's sermons will be published in the Bolzano-Gesamtausgabe Frommann Holzboog, 2A15–25.

Wittgenstein, possibly the most influential philosopher of the twentieth century, is often labelled a Neopositivist, a New-Kantian, even a Sceptic. Questions on Wittgenstein, first published in 1988, presents a selection of nine essays investigating a matter of vital philosophical importance: Wittgenstein's relationship to his Austrian predecessors and peers. The intention throughout is to determine the precise contours of Wittgenstein's own thought by situating it within its formative context.Although it remains of particular interest to Anglo-Saxon philosophers, special familiarity with Aust

Think tanks are institutions that create knowledge which influence public opinion & policy making processes. In fact, neoliberalism can look back on a long tradition in this respect. Beginning with the Mont Pelerin Society, founded by the Austrian economist & philosopher Friedrich v. Hayek in 1947, there arised fust in England, then in other countries numerous institutions whose intention were to oppose the Keynesean afterward consensus. Hayek called Western democracies "unrestricted democracies" that would be inconsistent with a liberal order. In his view they would finally lead to "The Road to Serfdom," that is the title of his famous book published in 1944. The Viennese Hayek Institute wants to support the worldwide renaissance of the Austrian School of Economics & tries to make its ideas useful for public affairs activities. Starting with giving an overview of the basic ideas of Hayek the article first outlines the neoliberal think tank scene on a broad scale, also in a historical perspective, & tries to evaluate the significance of the Austrian School within this network; then it deals with the activities of the Hayek Institute & analyzes the connections with both national economic & political elites & a transnational neoliberal community. References. Adapted from the source document.

Hayek's work can be located halfway between the liberal and conservative thesis. However, many of its exegete emphasize the first of these aspects and come to devalue its conservative imprint, or even go without it. Herein may have influenced the fact that Hayek's himself works to mark the distance with conservatism. The objective of this analysis is to highlight that other side of the famous Austrian-British philosopher, in order to contribute to the overall picture offered by his legacy to be more in line with reality. Adapted from the source document.

The German-Austrian social theorist and philosopher Leo Kofler (1907-1995) represents what Oskar Negt once called ?unmutilated, living Marxism?. Throughout his life he dealt with issues of history and modernity, Marxist philosophy and the critique of ideology, philosophical anthropology and aesthetics. In this volume, author and Kofler biographer Christoph Jünke elucidates the contours of his philosophy of praxis, traces an arc from the socialist classics to postmodernism, and outlines the socialist humanist thinker?s enduring relevance. The book also includes six essays by Leo Kofler published in English for the first time.00The main work was first published in German as 'Leo Koflers Philosophie der Praxis: Eine Einführung in sein Denken' by Laika Verlag, 2015

A transdisciplinary approach to literacy research, practice, and policy
Patriann Smith, Associate Professor at the University of South Florida's Department of Teaching and Learning, discusses transdisciplinarity and how it could inform approaches to literacy research, practice, and policy. Transdisciplinarity, defined as 'that which is at once between the disciplines, across the different disciplines, and beyond all disciplines' (Nicolescu, 2010, p. 22), was first identified in the research of Jean Piaget (1986-1980), a Swiss philosopher and psychologist. Emerging then as that which existed 'between' and 'across' disciplines, and later by Austrian thinker Erich Jantsch as that which existed 'within' disciplines, transdisciplinarity eventually came to connote freedom of thought as espoused by Edgar Morin.

The global lockdown following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic is likely to generate all sorts of consequences: psychological, social, economic, and political. To hypothesize about what will emerge from the present situation is at this point both premature and impossible. The impossibility comes primarily from the gravity and vastness of this emergency and from the lack of intellectual resources to deal with the challenge. At the same time, however, the need to get a grasp of the condition in which we have found ourselves is both understandable and irresistible. One way of responding, at least partially, to the demand and its possible consequences may be to refer to the concept of abstract society, an idea formulated 75 years ago by the Austrian-British philosopher Karl Popper.