Suchergebnisse

The aim of the research is to ground the statement that exile memoirs changed from documentary and political works to subjective ones, analyzing personal problems. The object of the work is the memoirs by exile writers. Analytical, descriptive and hermeneutical methods are used. The theory of autobiography by French theoretician Philippe Lejeune (1989) and the theoretical insights while analyzing autobiographical texts by Vytautas Kavolis (1998) were chosen as the theoretical background. In the research, the memoir books were divided into memoirs and genre transformations. Memoirs are subdivided into documentary and literary. The documentary memoirs start dominating around 1940, when Lithuanian was occupied by soviets. This fact is commented by the writers-politicians V. Krėvė, L. Dovydėnas and I. Šeinius, who closely observed the situation. Their memoirs are distinct because of relevant topics for the time, i.e. the abundance of facts, historical events and political details. Around 1950-1965, politics in the memoirs is changed by the problem of the relationship between the person and time or history. A distinctive feature of these texts is the abundance of tropes, figurative details, fictional elements and they are quite subjective (M. Vaitkus, J. Aistis, St. Yla, etc). The research emphasizes that at the end of the XX century (1965-2000) subjectivity becomes the main feature in order to describe memoirs. In the memory books, the focus is on the person and other people; the peculiarities of personal life get the most attention and change history and politics (J. Narūnė, M. Aukštaitė, E. Juodvalkė ir kt.). The transformations of the memoir genre (Pulgis Andriušis, J. Savickis, P. Orintaitė, B. Raila) are more common in the 6-7 decades of the XX century. This means the development of the usual genre, when the term memoirs is not sufficient to define the genre of the books. Fictionality and a double expression of the events, memoir and autobiography, essay or diary, are common for the texts.

The aim of the research is to ground the statement that exile memoirs changed from documentary and political works to subjective ones, analyzing personal problems. The object of the work is the memoirs by exile writers. Analytical, descriptive and hermeneutical methods are used. The theory of autobiography by French theoretician Philippe Lejeune (1989) and the theoretical insights while analyzing autobiographical texts by Vytautas Kavolis (1998) were chosen as the theoretical background. In the research, the memoir books were divided into memoirs and genre transformations. Memoirs are subdivided into documentary and literary. The documentary memoirs start dominating around 1940, when Lithuanian was occupied by soviets. This fact is commented by the writers-politicians V. Krėvė, L. Dovydėnas and I. Šeinius, who closely observed the situation. Their memoirs are distinct because of relevant topics for the time, i.e. the abundance of facts, historical events and political details. Around 1950-1965, politics in the memoirs is changed by the problem of the relationship between the person and time or history. A distinctive feature of these texts is the abundance of tropes, figurative details, fictional elements and they are quite subjective (M. Vaitkus, J. Aistis, St. Yla, etc). The research emphasizes that at the end of the XX century (1965-2000) subjectivity becomes the main feature in order to describe memoirs. In the memory books, the focus is on the person and other people; the peculiarities of personal life get the most attention and change history and politics (J. Narūnė, M. Aukštaitė, E. Juodvalkė ir kt.). The transformations of the memoir genre (Pulgis Andriušis, J. Savickis, P. Orintaitė, B. Raila) are more common in the 6-7 decades of the XX century. This means the development of the usual genre, when the term memoirs is not sufficient to define the genre of the books. Fictionality and a double expression of the events, memoir and autobiography, essay or diary, are common for the texts.

The aim of the research is to ground the statement that exile memoirs changed from documentary and political works to subjective ones, analyzing personal problems. The object of the work is the memoirs by exile writers. Analytical, descriptive and hermeneutical methods are used. The theory of autobiography by French theoretician Philippe Lejeune (1989) and the theoretical insights while analyzing autobiographical texts by Vytautas Kavolis (1998) were chosen as the theoretical background. In the research, the memoir books were divided into memoirs and genre transformations. Memoirs are subdivided into documentary and literary. The documentary memoirs start dominating around 1940, when Lithuanian was occupied by soviets. This fact is commented by the writers-politicians V. Krėvė, L. Dovydėnas and I. Šeinius, who closely observed the situation. Their memoirs are distinct because of relevant topics for the time, i.e. the abundance of facts, historical events and political details. Around 1950-1965, politics in the memoirs is changed by the problem of the relationship between the person and time or history. A distinctive feature of these texts is the abundance of tropes, figurative details, fictional elements and they are quite subjective (M. Vaitkus, J. Aistis, St. Yla, etc). The research emphasizes that at the end of the XX century (1965-2000) subjectivity becomes the main feature in order to describe memoirs. In the memory books, the focus is on the person and other people; the peculiarities of personal life get the most attention and change history and politics (J. Narūnė, M. Aukštaitė, E. Juodvalkė ir kt.). The transformations of the memoir genre (Pulgis Andriušis, J. Savickis, P. Orintaitė, B. Raila) are more common in the 6-7 decades of the XX century. This means the development of the usual genre, when the term memoirs is not sufficient to define the genre of the books. Fictionality and a double expression of the events, memoir and autobiography, essay or diary, are common for the texts.

The aim of the research is to ground the statement that exile memoirs changed from documentary and political works to subjective ones, analyzing personal problems. The object of the work is the memoirs by exile writers. Analytical, descriptive and hermeneutical methods are used. The theory of autobiography by French theoretician Philippe Lejeune (1989) and the theoretical insights while analyzing autobiographical texts by Vytautas Kavolis (1998) were chosen as the theoretical background. In the research, the memoir books were divided into memoirs and genre transformations. Memoirs are subdivided into documentary and literary. The documentary memoirs start dominating around 1940, when Lithuanian was occupied by soviets. This fact is commented by the writers-politicians V. Krėvė, L. Dovydėnas and I. Šeinius, who closely observed the situation. Their memoirs are distinct because of relevant topics for the time, i.e. the abundance of facts, historical events and political details. Around 1950-1965, politics in the memoirs is changed by the problem of the relationship between the person and time or history. A distinctive feature of these texts is the abundance of tropes, figurative details, fictional elements and they are quite subjective (M. Vaitkus, J. Aistis, St. Yla, etc). The research emphasizes that at the end of the XX century (1965-2000) subjectivity becomes the main feature in order to describe memoirs. In the memory books, the focus is on the person and other people; the peculiarities of personal life get the most attention and change history and politics (J. Narūnė, M. Aukštaitė, E. Juodvalkė ir kt.). The transformations of the memoir genre (Pulgis Andriušis, J. Savickis, P. Orintaitė, B. Raila) are more common in the 6-7 decades of the XX century. This means the development of the usual genre, when the term memoirs is not sufficient to define the genre of the books. Fictionality and a double expression of the events, memoir and autobiography, essay or diary, are common for the texts.

The aim of the research is to ground the statement that exile memoirs changed from documentary and political works to subjective ones, analyzing personal problems. The object of the work is the memoirs by exile writers. Analytical, descriptive and hermeneutical methods are used. The theory of autobiography by French theoretician Philippe Lejeune (1989) and the theoretical insights while analyzing autobiographical texts by Vytautas Kavolis (1998) were chosen as the theoretical background. In the research, the memoir books were divided into memoirs and genre transformations. Memoirs are subdivided into documentary and literary. The documentary memoirs start dominating around 1940, when Lithuanian was occupied by soviets. This fact is commented by the writers-politicians V. Krėvė, L. Dovydėnas and I. Šeinius, who closely observed the situation. Their memoirs are distinct because of relevant topics for the time, i.e. the abundance of facts, historical events and political details. Around 1950-1965, politics in the memoirs is changed by the problem of the relationship between the person and time or history. A distinctive feature of these texts is the abundance of tropes, figurative details, fictional elements and they are quite subjective (M. Vaitkus, J. Aistis, St. Yla, etc). The research emphasizes that at the end of the XX century (1965-2000) subjectivity becomes the main feature in order to describe memoirs. In the memory books, the focus is on the person and other people; the peculiarities of personal life get the most attention and change history and politics (J. Narūnė, M. Aukštaitė, E. Juodvalkė ir kt.). The transformations of the memoir genre (Pulgis Andriušis, J. Savickis, P. Orintaitė, B. Raila) are more common in the 6-7 decades of the XX century. This means the development of the usual genre, when the term memoirs is not sufficient to define the genre of the books. Fictionality and a double expression of the events, memoir and autobiography, essay or diary, are common for the texts.

The aim of the research is to ground the statement that exile memoirs changed from documentary and political works to subjective ones, analyzing personal problems. The object of the work is the memoirs by exile writers. Analytical, descriptive and hermeneutical methods are used. The theory of autobiography by French theoretician Philippe Lejeune (1989) and the theoretical insights while analyzing autobiographical texts by Vytautas Kavolis (1998) were chosen as the theoretical background. In the research, the memoir books were divided into memoirs and genre transformations. Memoirs are subdivided into documentary and literary. The documentary memoirs start dominating around 1940, when Lithuanian was occupied by soviets. This fact is commented by the writers-politicians V. Krėvė, L. Dovydėnas and I. Šeinius, who closely observed the situation. Their memoirs are distinct because of relevant topics for the time, i.e. the abundance of facts, historical events and political details. Around 1950-1965, politics in the memoirs is changed by the problem of the relationship between the person and time or history. A distinctive feature of these texts is the abundance of tropes, figurative details, fictional elements and they are quite subjective (M. Vaitkus, J. Aistis, St. Yla, etc). The research emphasizes that at the end of the XX century (1965-2000) subjectivity becomes the main feature in order to describe memoirs. In the memory books, the focus is on the person and other people; the peculiarities of personal life get the most attention and change history and politics (J. Narūnė, M. Aukštaitė, E. Juodvalkė ir kt.). The transformations of the memoir genre (Pulgis Andriušis, J. Savickis, P. Orintaitė, B. Raila) are more common in the 6-7 decades of the XX century. This means the development of the usual genre, when the term memoirs is not sufficient to define the genre of the books. Fictionality and a double expression of the events, memoir and autobiography, essay or diary, are common for the texts.

Doctor Jonas Basanavičius (1851–1927) was the patriarch of the Lithuanian nation, activist in the Lithuanian national revival, a physician, politician, scholar, and editor of the first Lithuanian-language newspaper Auszra. In his autobiography "The Chronicle of My Life and the History of a Nervous Disease" (1851–1922), Basanavičius not only presented the realities of social, political, cultural and academic life of the second half of the XIXth and the beginning of the XXth centuries in Lithuania and Europe but also depicted and analyzed symptoms of his nervous system disease. J. Basanavičius suffered from various episodic ailments – headache, insomnia, deafness, olfactory and gustatory impairments, cardiac arrhythmias, leg pain, paraesthesias, and urinary disorders which he attributed to neurasthenia. In this article we present Basanavičius's complaints, symptoms, and diseases in chronological order. Medical terms, diagnoses and treatment methods are analyzed in the context of the described historical period and compared to how the terms are used today.

Doctor Jonas Basanavičius (1851–1927) was the patriarch of the Lithuanian nation, activist in the Lithuanian national revival, a physician, politician, scholar, and editor of the first Lithuanian-language newspaper Auszra. In his autobiography "The Chronicle of My Life and the History of a Nervous Disease" (1851–1922), Basanavičius not only presented the realities of social, political, cultural and academic life of the second half of the XIXth and the beginning of the XXth centuries in Lithuania and Europe but also depicted and analyzed symptoms of his nervous system disease. J. Basanavičius suffered from various episodic ailments – headache, insomnia, deafness, olfactory and gustatory impairments, cardiac arrhythmias, leg pain, paraesthesias, and urinary disorders which he attributed to neurasthenia. In this article we present Basanavičius's complaints, symptoms, and diseases in chronological order. Medical terms, diagnoses and treatment methods are analyzed in the context of the described historical period and compared to how the terms are used today.

Doctor Jonas Basanavičius (1851–1927) was the patriarch of the Lithuanian nation, activist in the Lithuanian national revival, a physician, politician, scholar, and editor of the first Lithuanian-language newspaper Auszra. In his autobiography "The Chronicle of My Life and the History of a Nervous Disease" (1851–1922), Basanavičius not only presented the realities of social, political, cultural and academic life of the second half of the XIXth and the beginning of the XXth centuries in Lithuania and Europe but also depicted and analyzed symptoms of his nervous system disease. J. Basanavičius suffered from various episodic ailments – headache, insomnia, deafness, olfactory and gustatory impairments, cardiac arrhythmias, leg pain, paraesthesias, and urinary disorders which he attributed to neurasthenia. In this article we present Basanavičius's complaints, symptoms, and diseases in chronological order. Medical terms, diagnoses and treatment methods are analyzed in the context of the described historical period and compared to how the terms are used today.

Doctor Jonas Basanavičius (1851–1927) was the patriarch of the Lithuanian nation, activist in the Lithuanian national revival, a physician, politician, scholar, and editor of the first Lithuanian-language newspaper Auszra. In his autobiography "The Chronicle of My Life and the History of a Nervous Disease" (1851–1922), Basanavičius not only presented the realities of social, political, cultural and academic life of the second half of the XIXth and the beginning of the XXth centuries in Lithuania and Europe but also depicted and analyzed symptoms of his nervous system disease. J. Basanavičius suffered from various episodic ailments – headache, insomnia, deafness, olfactory and gustatory impairments, cardiac arrhythmias, leg pain, paraesthesias, and urinary disorders which he attributed to neurasthenia. In this article we present Basanavičius's complaints, symptoms, and diseases in chronological order. Medical terms, diagnoses and treatment methods are analyzed in the context of the described historical period and compared to how the terms are used today.

As it was foreseen in the BA paper "Paauglystės vaizdavimas Algimanto Zurbos romanuose", this paper continues analysing Algimantas Zurba's (b. 1942), who was popular during soviet times and is still creating nowadays, creation. The sociocultural aspects of Zurba's creation were extended by analysing the place of the writer by comparing the field of soviet times' and today's literature – therefore it is tend not to the artistic analysis of works, which was done in the BA paper, but to political, social, cultural contexts that determined the peculiarity of Zurba's creation. This sociocultural research of Zurba's creative work is based on the most famous French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu's literature field theory and Lithuanian literature sociologist Loreta Jakonytė's works, in which the development of Lithuanian literature field is exhaustively described. In accordance with Dr. Valdemaras Klumbys' thesis "Lietuvos kultūrinio elito elgsenos modeliai sovietmečiu" (2009), the relationships of Zurba and soviet government institutions are analysed; the emphasis is put on typical for the writer external adjustment model, which is related to publicly declared, favourable to the government, attitude, but not to ideological worldview support. Contextual analysis of works is based on the representative of French pragmatics Dominique Maingueneau's literature context theory and on the representative of French socio-criticism Pierre Barberr's works. The sources of the research are journalism of Zurba, published in various periodical publications, and autobiography "Gal taip reikėjo" (2012). With comparative point of view it is aimed to evaluate Zurba's capital and estimate the influence of the writer to the field of Lithuanian literature. It is revealed that while evaluating colleagues and the prose of the contest of the young philologists, Zurba aims to emphasise the importance of traditional-realistic literature. The paper highlights not only the official activity of writer-socialist, but also informal relationships with colleagues. Particular attention is paid to the development and the shift of the writer's self-image; it is noticed that while Lithuania was proclaiming independency rehabilitation ideas, Zurba hard maintained nation's leader's position, motivated Lithuanian identity and nurturance of national culture. After having rehabilitated independency, the field of Lithuanian literature changed substantially: the writers lost the interest and the respect of the society; lost financial support from the government. Even though Zurba, as well as the majority of famous writers during soviet times, feels uninteresting, old-fashioned and irrelevant in today's literature field, he is still creating traditional ethnocentric prose of village topics, and in both journalism and autobiography declares the resistance to the popular culture, emphasises the importance of the nurturance of traditional values.

The object of the master thesis – to representation of the North East India tribes, puting the emphasis on nagas and mizo tribes in colonial period ethnographic photography. By using interdisciplinary methods and an analysis of modern postcolonial discourse, the archive of visual ethnographic material that has been accumulated in colonial period is researched, in which the genesis of the photographs can be seen from exotic interest for a tribe to a mediated selfrepresentation. Through a dichotomic difference of biography and autobiography the intersection of problematic cultural, political and social issues is critically aknowledged, which shows the power of the colonial ethnograpy and the limitations in representing North East Indian identity. The purpose of the thesis – to analyse the archive of the North East Indian visual ethnograpy and to reveal the diversity of motives, which created the social space of the region. That is why at first I will study the theoretical changes of identity creation and representation, I will present a discursive review of the North East Indian region and analyse the archive of the tribes through a classifiction of the photos according to a theme. After the analysis it turned out that the identity is closely related to openness of the tribal society to the outside world: it is a paradox that the tribes of the nagas, being open to the influence of colonialism, became stereotypical natives, while closed tribes of mizo created a modern identity. The thesis reveals the aspect of North East Indian sociocultural space which has been only scarcely researched before. It offers a perspective for further development of the theme in a sociological perspective and can become a strong argument to carry out discursive ethnographic reaseraches in the region.

The object of the master thesis – to representation of the North East India tribes, puting the emphasis on nagas and mizo tribes in colonial period ethnographic photography. By using interdisciplinary methods and an analysis of modern postcolonial discourse, the archive of visual ethnographic material that has been accumulated in colonial period is researched, in which the genesis of the photographs can be seen from exotic interest for a tribe to a mediated selfrepresentation. Through a dichotomic difference of biography and autobiography the intersection of problematic cultural, political and social issues is critically aknowledged, which shows the power of the colonial ethnograpy and the limitations in representing North East Indian identity. The purpose of the thesis – to analyse the archive of the North East Indian visual ethnograpy and to reveal the diversity of motives, which created the social space of the region. That is why at first I will study the theoretical changes of identity creation and representation, I will present a discursive review of the North East Indian region and analyse the archive of the tribes through a classifiction of the photos according to a theme. After the analysis it turned out that the identity is closely related to openness of the tribal society to the outside world: it is a paradox that the tribes of the nagas, being open to the influence of colonialism, became stereotypical natives, while closed tribes of mizo created a modern identity. The thesis reveals the aspect of North East Indian sociocultural space which has been only scarcely researched before. It offers a perspective for further development of the theme in a sociological perspective and can become a strong argument to carry out discursive ethnographic reaseraches in the region.

The object of the master thesis – to representation of the North East India tribes, puting the emphasis on nagas and mizo tribes in colonial period ethnographic photography. By using interdisciplinary methods and an analysis of modern postcolonial discourse, the archive of visual ethnographic material that has been accumulated in colonial period is researched, in which the genesis of the photographs can be seen from exotic interest for a tribe to a mediated selfrepresentation. Through a dichotomic difference of biography and autobiography the intersection of problematic cultural, political and social issues is critically aknowledged, which shows the power of the colonial ethnograpy and the limitations in representing North East Indian identity. The purpose of the thesis – to analyse the archive of the North East Indian visual ethnograpy and to reveal the diversity of motives, which created the social space of the region. That is why at first I will study the theoretical changes of identity creation and representation, I will present a discursive review of the North East Indian region and analyse the archive of the tribes through a classifiction of the photos according to a theme. After the analysis it turned out that the identity is closely related to openness of the tribal society to the outside world: it is a paradox that the tribes of the nagas, being open to the influence of colonialism, became stereotypical natives, while closed tribes of mizo created a modern identity. The thesis reveals the aspect of North East Indian sociocultural space which has been only scarcely researched before. It offers a perspective for further development of the theme in a sociological perspective and can become a strong argument to carry out discursive ethnographic reaseraches in the region.

The object of the master thesis – to representation of the North East India tribes, puting the emphasis on nagas and mizo tribes in colonial period ethnographic photography. By using interdisciplinary methods and an analysis of modern postcolonial discourse, the archive of visual ethnographic material that has been accumulated in colonial period is researched, in which the genesis of the photographs can be seen from exotic interest for a tribe to a mediated selfrepresentation. Through a dichotomic difference of biography and autobiography the intersection of problematic cultural, political and social issues is critically aknowledged, which shows the power of the colonial ethnograpy and the limitations in representing North East Indian identity. The purpose of the thesis – to analyse the archive of the North East Indian visual ethnograpy and to reveal the diversity of motives, which created the social space of the region. That is why at first I will study the theoretical changes of identity creation and representation, I will present a discursive review of the North East Indian region and analyse the archive of the tribes through a classifiction of the photos according to a theme. After the analysis it turned out that the identity is closely related to openness of the tribal society to the outside world: it is a paradox that the tribes of the nagas, being open to the influence of colonialism, became stereotypical natives, while closed tribes of mizo created a modern identity. The thesis reveals the aspect of North East Indian sociocultural space which has been only scarcely researched before. It offers a perspective for further development of the theme in a sociological perspective and can become a strong argument to carry out discursive ethnographic reaseraches in the region.