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What are the implications for the teacher of a stated desire to develop the autonomy of his/her students? We propose to approach this issue in terms of design and support from a two complementary perspective: that of 'competent action located' and that offered by the socio-constructivist approach. It will lead us to question the place and role of mentoring, learning strategies, social and emotional strategies, motivation and collaborative work in the development of autonomy on the part of the teacher, the learner or peers. ; International audience ; What are the implications for the teacher of a stated desire to develop the autonomy of his/her students? We propose to approach this issue in terms of design and support from a two complementary perspective: that of 'competent action located' and that offered by the socio-constructivist approach. It will lead us to question the place and role of mentoring, learning strategies, social and emotional strategies, motivation and collaborative work in the development of autonomy on the part of the teacher, the learner or peers. ; Quelles sont les incidences, pour l'enseignant, d'une volonté affirmée de développer l'autonomie de ses étudiants ? Nous nous proposons d'approcher cette question sur le plan de la conception et celui de l'accompagnement dans une double perspective complémentaire, celle de l' " agir compétent situé " et celle offerte par l'approche socio-constructiviste. Elle nous amènera à nous interroger, du côté de l'enseignant, de l'apprenant ou des pairs, sur la place et le rôle de l'étayage, des stratégies d'apprentissage, sociales et affectives en particulier, de la motivation ainsi que du travail collaboratif dans le développement de l'autonomie.

Very large subject limited here to the psychiatric praxis. Today, can the therapist practise his function as he intends it and think his practice out of prevailing ideologies that are hangering on it ? Can he be subject and not object, not having the possibility of keeping his practice at a distance in order to look at it ? In the same way, how must he consider all up-to-date technologies at his disposition? To him, are they a way and not an aim, depriving the patients that he cares of and denying them their status of person ? Facing the scientific, economic and political restraints that subject him, which requirements must he refer to ? Therapist freedom is bound to concepts of independence and autonomy, such as Kant has defined them in Critique de la raison pratique. But it is also revealing his ethical attitude, that is êthos, accuracy of relation with oneself, with the others, with the world. However, the therapist freedom is indissociable from patient freedom. Consider him as a person implies to acknowledge what founds him such, that is his alterity and his autonomy. Does'nt the therapist reponsability consist of revealing the peculiar freedom of the patient? But has he today autonomy enough for being in the other's service? Can his time be with and for the other ? ; Le thérapeute peut-il aujourd'hui exercer sa fonction comme il l'entend et penser sa pratique en la portant hors du champ des idéologies dominantes qui la parasitent ? Peut-il en être sujet et non objet, n'ayant plus alors la possibilité de s'en distancier pour pouvoir la regarder ? De même, quelle position adopte-t-il face aux différentes techniques de soins dont il dispose ? Les considère-t-il toujours comme un moyen et non une fin, aliénant ceux dont il prend soin et leur déniant le statut de personne ? Face aux différentes contraintes (scientifiques, économiques, politiques) qui l'assujettissent, à quels impératifs doit-il se référer ? La liberté du thérapeute met en question les deux concepts qui la sous-tendent : indépendance et ...

Very large subject limited here to the psychiatric praxis. Today, can the therapist practise his function as he intends it and think his practice out of prevailing ideologies that are hangering on it ? Can he be subject and not object, not having the possibility of keeping his practice at a distance in order to look at it ? In the same way, how must he consider all up-to-date technologies at his disposition? To him, are they a way and not an aim, depriving the patients that he cares of and denying them their status of person ? Facing the scientific, economic and political restraints that subject him, which requirements must he refer to ? Therapist freedom is bound to concepts of independence and autonomy, such as Kant has defined them in Critique de la raison pratique. But it is also revealing his ethical attitude, that is êthos, accuracy of relation with oneself, with the others, with the world. However, the therapist freedom is indissociable from patient freedom. Consider him as a person implies to acknowledge what founds him such, that is his alterity and his autonomy. Does'nt the therapist reponsability consist of revealing the peculiar freedom of the patient? But has he today autonomy enough for being in the other's service? Can his time be with and for the other ? ; Le thérapeute peut-il aujourd'hui exercer sa fonction comme il l'entend et penser sa pratique en la portant hors du champ des idéologies dominantes qui la parasitent ? Peut-il en être sujet et non objet, n'ayant plus alors la possibilité de s'en distancier pour pouvoir la regarder ? De même, quelle position adopte-t-il face aux différentes techniques de soins dont il dispose ? Les considère-t-il toujours comme un moyen et non une fin, aliénant ceux dont il prend soin et leur déniant le statut de personne ? Face aux différentes contraintes (scientifiques, économiques, politiques) qui l'assujettissent, à quels impératifs doit-il se référer ? La liberté du thérapeute met en question les deux concepts qui la sous-tendent : indépendance et autonomie, tels que les définit Kant dans sa Critique de la raison pratique. Mais elle dévoile aussi l'éthique de sa position, en tant qu'êthos, justesse de son rapport à soi, à autrui et au monde. Toutefois, la liberté du thérapeute est indissociable de celle du patient. Le considérer en tant que personne implique de reconnaître ce qui le fonde comme tel, c'est-à-dire son altérité et son autonomie. La responsabilité du thérapeute n'est-elle pas de révéler la liberté singulière de celui qu'il rencontre ? Mais a-t-il aujourd'hui suffisamment d'autonomie pour la mettre à son service et faire du temps dont il dispose un temps avec et pour l'autre ?

Academic freedom finds a consecration in the freedom of science, protected by the German Constitution. The freedom of science ensures to the individual exercising research and teaching , a space free from any interference by the public authorities. The German university tradition is marked by the Humboldtian principles of the early nineteenth century, including the principle of unity of research and education. Wilhelm von Humboldt, founder of the University of Berlin in 1810, insists on the importance of the practice of freedom with regard to personal autonomy .The "university law" in France makes it difficult to maintain guarantees benefiting the scientist, the group of academics or the institution as a whole. If the exercise of science requires significant financial resources, it must be preserved from all societal and political objectification . ; Les libertés académiques trouvent une consécration dans la liberté de la science, protégée par la Loi fondamentale allemande. La liberté de la science assure à l'individu exerçant de la recherche et de l'enseignement au sens large, un espace libre de toute ingérence des pouvoirs publics. La tradition universitaire allemande est marquée par les principes humboldtiens du début du XIXéme siècle, parmi lesquels trône le principe de l'unité de la recherche et de l'enseignement. Wilhelm von Humboldt, fondateur de l'Université de Berlin en 1810, insiste sur l'importance de la pratique de la liberté eu égard à l'autonomie personnelle. Le « droit universitaire » en France permet difficilement de maintenir des garanties bénéficiant au scientifique, au groupe des universitaires ou à l'institution dans son ensemble. Si l'exercice de la science nécessite des ressources financières importantes , il faut la préserver de toute objectivisation sociétale et politique.

International audience ; The adjective autonomous is increasingly used in the engineering sector to refer to machines whose behaviour is both unpredictable and efficient. For example, we now talk about cars, robots, weapons, or even autonomous agents. These are regularly in the news because of their novelty and, above all, because of the anxiety they arouse: it is feared that they will emancipate themselves from the guardianship of the men who created them and turn against them. As an illustration, we read in the newspapers that autonomous cars will likely be programmed to sacrifice the lives of their passengers in order to save the lives of the more numerous passers-by who cross at the green light. In a similar but even more worrying vein, open letters signed by tens of thousands of people are calling for a moratorium on autonomous weapons, which are considered to be the third great revolution in the art of warfare after gunpowder and the atomic bomb; in response to this fear, on 12 September 2018 the European Parliament passed a resolution calling on the European governments to take a common position to regulate, or even ban, autonomous weapons. All this leads to clarifying what the concept of autonomy means in the technology and in philosophy. ; L'adjectif autonome est de plus en plus souvent employé dans le secteur de l'ingénierie pour désigner des machines dont le comportement se révèle à la fois imprédictible et efficace. Ainsi, parle-ton aujourd'hui de voitures, de robots, d'armes ou même d'agents autonomes. Ceux-ci défraient régulièrement la chronique par leur nouveauté et surtout par l'inquiétude qu'ils suscitent : on craint qu'ils s'émancipent de la tutelle des hommes qui les ont créés et se retournent contre eux. À titre d'illustration, on lit dans les journaux que les voitures autonomes seront vraisemblablement programmées pour sacrifier la vie de leurs passagers afin de sauver celles des passants, plus nombreux, qui traversent malencontreusement au feu vert. Dans un ordre d'idées analogue, mais plus ...

International audience ; The adjective autonomous is increasingly used in the engineering sector to refer to machines whose behaviour is both unpredictable and efficient. For example, we now talk about cars, robots, weapons, or even autonomous agents. These are regularly in the news because of their novelty and, above all, because of the anxiety they arouse: it is feared that they will emancipate themselves from the guardianship of the men who created them and turn against them. As an illustration, we read in the newspapers that autonomous cars will likely be programmed to sacrifice the lives of their passengers in order to save the lives of the more numerous passers-by who cross at the green light. In a similar but even more worrying vein, open letters signed by tens of thousands of people are calling for a moratorium on autonomous weapons, which are considered to be the third great revolution in the art of warfare after gunpowder and the atomic bomb; in response to this fear, on 12 September 2018 the European Parliament passed a resolution calling on the European governments to take a common position to regulate, or even ban, autonomous weapons. All this leads to clarifying what the concept of autonomy means in the technology and in philosophy. ; L'adjectif autonome est de plus en plus souvent employé dans le secteur de l'ingénierie pour désigner des machines dont le comportement se révèle à la fois imprédictible et efficace. Ainsi, parle-ton aujourd'hui de voitures, de robots, d'armes ou même d'agents autonomes. Ceux-ci défraient régulièrement la chronique par leur nouveauté et surtout par l'inquiétude qu'ils suscitent : on craint qu'ils s'émancipent de la tutelle des hommes qui les ont créés et se retournent contre eux. À titre d'illustration, on lit dans les journaux que les voitures autonomes seront vraisemblablement programmées pour sacrifier la vie de leurs passagers afin de sauver celles des passants, plus nombreux, qui traversent malencontreusement au feu vert. Dans un ordre d'idées analogue, mais plus ...

The success of the car is largely explained by its autonomy, which itself has several dimensions. The first is the ability to produce mobility oneself, without being dependent on the transport services offered by the community or transport undertakings. The second is the flexibility offered by the personal vehicle as regards the choice of timetables, destinations, accompanying persons and the possibility of changing their itinerary at any time. The third aspect of autonomy is control over the driving of the vehicle. The desire for autonomy also makes it possible to explain the increase in the number of households' motor vehicles over several decades, and the resulting increase in traffic, mainly as a result of the spread of multi-equipment, which has enabled women to gain access to autonomous mobility, linked to the increase in female activity. The car is particularly popular by women in the middle of their life cycle, at a time when the combination of work and family constraints leads to increased mobility, due to the possibility of easily connecting journeys for various reasons, including work and school coaching, by limiting the time spent in transport. However, car ownership and use have shown signs of slowing down in France and most developed countries over the last few years, such as the stabilisation of multi-equipment, the reduction in car mobility in large urban areas and the capping of traffic at national level. This change is due in particular to the increase in the general cost of mobility, in view of the increase in fuel prices and the deterioration in transport times, as a result of travel policies (speed moderation, green lanes, parking restrictions and charges, etc.) which reduce real speeds and make car use more difficult. Attitudes towards cars also tend to be rationalised in the new generations, for which car is becoming a mere means of transport among others, fuelling new mobility services (car sharing, carpooling, car rental between private individuals, etc.) based on the use rather than ...

Among the names traditionally considered as event names [NEV], i.e. which can serve as a nucleus for an SN subject to take place, a distinction is made between two types of N. Autonomous NEVs (e.g. concert, avalanche) are sufficient to describe events, while dependent EVOs (e.g. increase, dismantling) require additional information to identify events. The distinction between these two types of N is not the same as that proposed by Grimshaw (1990) between 'simple NOMinals event' and 'complex event NOMinals'. It is established that the distribution between autonomous and dependent EVNs is not based on strictly morphological or syntax properties, and that the semantic structure, i.e. all relevant semantic traits, is not the same for all EVs. The assumption is made that the autonomy or dependence of VNEs may be a condition for the type of event that is descored. ; Two categories of nouns denoting events [ENs], i.e. of nouns which can be the subject of avoir lieu ('take place'), can be distinguished. Autonomous ENs (e.g. concert 'concert', avalanche 'avalanche') provide a sufficient description of events, whereas dependent ENs (e.g. augmentation 'increase', démantèlement 'dismantling'), need a complement to denote events. The distinction between these two categories is not equivalent to the one proposed by Grimshaw (1990), between " simple event nominals " and " complex event nominals ". It is shown that the distribution between autonomous and dependent ENs does not rely on pure syntactic or morphological properties, and that the semantic structure, i.e. the relevant semantic features, is not the same for all ENs. Furthermore, the autonomy or dependency of ENs may determine the ontological type of events denoted by ENs. ; Among the names traditionally considered as event names [NEV], i.e. which can serve as a nucleus for an SN subject to take place, a distinction is made between two types of N. Autonomous NEVs (e.g. concert, avalanche) are sufficient to describe events, while dependent EVOs (e.g. increase, ...

Les règlements de l'Union européenne adoptés dans le domaine du droit international privé laissent une place de plus en plus importante à la volonté des parties dans le règlement des litiges transfrontières. Phénomène généralisé du droit international privé contemporain, l'autonomie de la volonté s'accroît dans un domaine qui lui était traditionnellement étranger : le domaine du droit de la famille, entendu au sens large (droit patrimonial et extra patrimonial). L'essor de l'autonomie de la volonté en droit de l'Union européenne soulève de nombreuses questions : quel doit être aujourd'hui le domaine de l'autonomie de la volonté ? Comment confronter l'autonomie de la volonté avec les lois de police ? Quelle place faut-il accorder aux ordres publics nationaux ? Quel rôle doivent jouer les droits fondamentaux (moteur ou limite) ? Au-delà de ces questions théoriques, l'ouvrage tente également de répondre aux interrogations pratiques : comment les avocats et les notaires peuvent-ils aider leurs clients à mettre en œuvre l'autonomie de la volonté que leur concède l'Union européenne ? Qu'implique aujourd'hui leur devoir de conseil ? Confrontés à une clause de choix de loi en matière familiale, ou peut-être demain, à une clause d'élection de for, quels doivent être les réflexes des magistrats ?

As the complexity of large civilian and military Systems of Systems and system federations increases, new system architecture and engineering challenge emerge. This complexity is mainly due to intricate management structures and a long lifecycle, and needs to be mastered from the early stages of architecting. All engineering stakeholders need to identify the key aspects of the enterprise and gain confidence in its ability to fulfill its missions. To ensure that the enterprise is able to satisfy its objectives despite evolving situations, there is a need to focus on its capability to adapt through reconfiguration. New engineering approaches emphasize architecture modelling and simulation to tackle the complexity of the enterprise in all stages of its lifecycle in a flexible and global way. In the context of such an approach named IDEA, we updated the architecture description language to include concepts and mechanisms dedicated to the adaptability and reconfiguration of the enterprise. We also focused on ensuring model consistency. The results were experimented through prototyping and application on industrial affairs. ; La complexité croissante des Systèmes de Systèmes et autres grandes fédérations d'acteurs pose de nouvelles problématiques de conception et de réalisation. Cette complexité, induite par des structures de management toujours plus sophistiquées et un cycle de vie long, doit être maîtrisée au plus tôt dans la conception des entreprises. Cette maîtrise permet à l'ensemble des intervenants au cours du cycle de vie d'une entreprise d'identifier ses points clés et de prendre confiance en sa capacité à atteindre ses objectifs. En particulier, il importe de savoir estimer les capacités de l'entreprise à s'adapter à des situations imprévues ou exceptionnelles afin d'assurer ses missions en toutes circonstances. En réaction, de nouvelles démarches d'ingénierie émergent. Elles s'appuient sur la modélisation et la simulation de l'architecture de ces systèmes aux différents stades de leur développement et de ...

As the complexity of large civilian and military Systems of Systems and system federations increases, new system architecture and engineering challenge emerge. This complexity is mainly due to intricate management structures and a long lifecycle, and needs to be mastered from the early stages of architecting. All engineering stakeholders need to identify the key aspects of the enterprise and gain confidence in its ability to fulfill its missions. To ensure that the enterprise is able to satisfy its objectives despite evolving situations, there is a need to focus on its capability to adapt through reconfiguration. New engineering approaches emphasize architecture modelling and simulation to tackle the complexity of the enterprise in all stages of its lifecycle in a flexible and global way. In the context of such an approach named IDEA, we updated the architecture description language to include concepts and mechanisms dedicated to the adaptability and reconfiguration of the enterprise. We also focused on ensuring model consistency. The results were experimented through prototyping and application on industrial affairs. ; La complexité croissante des Systèmes de Systèmes et autres grandes fédérations d'acteurs pose de nouvelles problématiques de conception et de réalisation. Cette complexité, induite par des structures de management toujours plus sophistiquées et un cycle de vie long, doit être maîtrisée au plus tôt dans la conception des entreprises. Cette maîtrise permet à l'ensemble des intervenants au cours du cycle de vie d'une entreprise d'identifier ses points clés et de prendre confiance en sa capacité à atteindre ses objectifs. En particulier, il importe de savoir estimer les capacités de l'entreprise à s'adapter à des situations imprévues ou exceptionnelles afin d'assurer ses missions en toutes circonstances. En réaction, de nouvelles démarches d'ingénierie émergent. Elles s'appuient sur la modélisation et la simulation de l'architecture de ces systèmes aux différents stades de leur développement et de ...

As the complexity of large civilian and military Systems of Systems and system federations increases, new system architecture and engineering challenge emerge. This complexity is mainly due to intricate management structures and a long lifecycle, and needs to be mastered from the early stages of architecting. All engineering stakeholders need to identify the key aspects of the enterprise and gain confidence in its ability to fulfill its missions. To ensure that the enterprise is able to satisfy its objectives despite evolving situations, there is a need to focus on its capability to adapt through reconfiguration. New engineering approaches emphasize architecture modelling and simulation to tackle the complexity of the enterprise in all stages of its lifecycle in a flexible and global way. In the context of such an approach named IDEA, we updated the architecture description language to include concepts and mechanisms dedicated to the adaptability and reconfiguration of the enterprise. We also focused on ensuring model consistency. The results were experimented through prototyping and application on industrial affairs. ; La complexité croissante des Systèmes de Systèmes et autres grandes fédérations d'acteurs pose de nouvelles problématiques de conception et de réalisation. Cette complexité, induite par des structures de management toujours plus sophistiquées et un cycle de vie long, doit être maîtrisée au plus tôt dans la conception des entreprises. Cette maîtrise permet à l'ensemble des intervenants au cours du cycle de vie d'une entreprise d'identifier ses points clés et de prendre confiance en sa capacité à atteindre ses objectifs. En particulier, il importe de savoir estimer les capacités de l'entreprise à s'adapter à des situations imprévues ou exceptionnelles afin d'assurer ses missions en toutes circonstances. En réaction, de nouvelles démarches d'ingénierie émergent. Elles s'appuient sur la modélisation et la simulation de l'architecture de ces systèmes aux différents stades de leur développement et de ...

Organizational efficiency is the result of a myriad of micro decisions taken as close as possible from the place and time at which contextual interference emerges. The Toyota Production System, on the management level, and the boom of the Apple Corporation, on the level of the intuitive tools for personal productivity, demonstrate this evolution where thought and action are no more segregated. Proof is the path taken by the main actors of the digital revolution : the founders of Linux, Yahoo!, Wikipedia, Amazon.com, Google or Facebook. It did not begin from a classroom theory, but by a trial and error approach that never disconnected the mind from the act.This virtuous pragmatism is also found in Bavaria, Flanders, Scotland, Euskadi, Catalonia, Lombardy, Veneto . Indeed, these regions have an autonomy - including and particularly at the cultural level - similar to that of the German Länder or the Swiss cantons. On the contrary, Jacobin France followed the opposite path: the eradication of regional and minority languages in which sensory contact with things remained in the sign systems.But today, the rise of complexity, even saturating the significant power of the concept itself, brings the conditions for the return of the sign. ; L'efficience organisationnelle résulte d'une myriade de microdécisions prises au plus près possible du lieu et du temps d'où émerge la perturbation contextuelle. Le Toyota Production System, au niveau du management, ou l'essor d'Apple Corporation, au niveau des outils pratiques de productivité individuelle, témoignent de cette évolution où la pensée n'est plus séparée de l'action. A preuve, les itinéraires des principaux acteurs de la révolution numérique : les fondateurs de Linux, de Yahoo!, de Wikipédia, d'Amazon.com, de Google ou de Facebook. Ils ne sont pas partis d'une théorie apprise sur les bancs d'une institution scolaire. Procédant par essais et par erreurs, ils n'ont jamais séparé la pensée de l'action. On retrouve ce pragmatisme vertueux en Bavière, Flandre, Ecosse, Euzkadi, ...

Organizational efficiency is the result of a myriad of micro decisions taken as close as possible from the place and time at which contextual interference emerges. The Toyota Production System, on the management level, and the boom of the Apple Corporation, on the level of the intuitive tools for personal productivity, demonstrate this evolution where thought and action are no more segregated. Proof is the path taken by the main actors of the digital revolution : the founders of Linux, Yahoo!, Wikipedia, Amazon.com, Google or Facebook. It did not begin from a classroom theory, but by a trial and error approach that never disconnected the mind from the act.This virtuous pragmatism is also found in Bavaria, Flanders, Scotland, Euskadi, Catalonia, Lombardy, Veneto . Indeed, these regions have an autonomy - including and particularly at the cultural level - similar to that of the German Länder or the Swiss cantons. On the contrary, Jacobin France followed the opposite path: the eradication of regional and minority languages in which sensory contact with things remained in the sign systems.But today, the rise of complexity, even saturating the significant power of the concept itself, brings the conditions for the return of the sign. ; L'efficience organisationnelle résulte d'une myriade de microdécisions prises au plus près possible du lieu et du temps d'où émerge la perturbation contextuelle. Le Toyota Production System, au niveau du management, ou l'essor d'Apple Corporation, au niveau des outils pratiques de productivité individuelle, témoignent de cette évolution où la pensée n'est plus séparée de l'action. A preuve, les itinéraires des principaux acteurs de la révolution numérique : les fondateurs de Linux, de Yahoo!, de Wikipédia, d'Amazon.com, de Google ou de Facebook. Ils ne sont pas partis d'une théorie apprise sur les bancs d'une institution scolaire. Procédant par essais et par erreurs, ils n'ont jamais séparé la pensée de l'action. On retrouve ce pragmatisme vertueux en Bavière, Flandre, Ecosse, Euzkadi, ...

Like many European countries, most French-speaking black African states have endorsed the worldwide concept of local autonomy, through changes to their fundamental Laws. For its part, the Cameroonian Constitution Act of 18 January 1996 clearly dedicated territorial decentralization as the main mode of management of the Republic. Y are announced, all the great fundamental principles underlying the territorial decentralization, notably the legal personality of public law of local councils, self-government by elected councils, the administrative and financial autonomy for the management of regional and local interests.The constitutional principle of autonomy, as the case declined in self-administration and / or financial buzzword, but surprisingly overlooked by the literature and subject of intense controversy about its implementation, establishes the relevance of this study. The ambition is to clear a juridical concept from the expressions of administrative and financial autonomy, to endow the different interested actors, notably the unitary state Cameroon, with measuring instruments that could allow an effective implementation of strength of local autonomy subject to so many passions in political rhetoric from all sides. ; Comme de nombreux pays européens, la plupart des Etats d'Afrique noire francophone ont souscrit au concept mondial de l'autonomie locale, à travers des modifications de leurs Lois fondamentales. Pour sa part, la Loi constitutionnelle camerounaise du 18 janvier 1996 consacre clairement la décentralisation territoriale comme mode principal de gestion de la République. Y sont proclamés, tous les grands principes fondamentaux qui sous-tendent la décentralisation territoriale, notamment la personnalité morale de droit public des collectivités territoriales, la libre administration par des conseils élus, l'autonomie administrative et financière pour la gestion des intérêts régionaux et locaux.Le principe constitutionnel de l'autonomie, décliné selon les cas en autonomie administrative et/ou financière, concept à la mode, mais paradoxalement oublié par la doctrine et objet de vives controverses quant à sa mise en oeuvre, fonde l'intérêt de cette étude. L'ambition est de dégager un concept juridique à partir des expressions d'autonomie administrative et financière, afin de doter les différents acteurs intéressés, notamment l'Etat unitaire Cameroun, d'instruments de mesure susceptibles de permettre une mise en oeuvre effective de la force d'autonomie locale sujette à tant de passions dans les discours politiques de tous bords.