Throughout this text we intend to develop the idea that there is a close structural connection between categories like will, reason, autonomy, freedom, and causality within Kant's practical philosophy. Thus, starting from the identification of will and reason, we will try to demonstrate that this parallelism is possible only through the purification of the will and the attribution of a practical function to reason. However, only the purification of the will not yet be enough to allow the identification between will and reason. In fact, to identify them, we must demonstrate how to pass from the freedom of will, from, therefore, the freedom considered negatively, to the freedom of practical reason, as the freedom in the positive sense.
O presente estudo teve como principal problemática o exame da autonomia da escola pública. Procuramos investigar os fatores que influenciam essa autonomia a fim de constatar se existem mais possibilidades ou mais limites. Para isto priorizou-se a pesquisa bibliográfica e, a fim de considerar a prática e ter dados empíricos para análise, foram realizadas duas entrevistas com profissionais da educação de diferentes instituições: um da unidade escolar e outro da Diretoria de Ensino. Os dados mostraram que, apesar da legislação garantir maior autonomia para a escola, esta continua sofrendo um controle exagerado dos órgãos superiores. Conclui-se que a luta por uma escola mais autônoma e igualitária é árdua, porém constitui-se como um processo possível de realização.
O presente trabalho aborda como as novas tecnologias de informação e comunicação podem promover a autonomia de aprendizes de língua inglesa. Nesse sentindo, o papel desempenhado por alunos e professores adquire um novo significado. Expressões como "aprendizagem colaborativa" e "construção de conhecimento" são empregadas de modo a esclarecer ao leitor a importância de recursos da Web que privilegiem a visão dialógica. Desse modo, alunos tornam-se protagonistas na construção do conhecimento. O estudo finaliza atentando para a formação do sujeito social e a potencialização de suas múltiplas inteligências através do contexto digital.
The Red Devils, chocolate or beer and the King, such is the typical answers given to the oft-asked question of what is still holding Belgium together. To these three symbols, two extra elements are often added: the debt and Brussels, the capital of the country and of the Flemish Region/Community, the French Community (politically but not constitutionally the Wallonia-Brussels Federation), the European Union (to be more specific, one of the three capitals, along with Strasbourg and Luxemburg), while being as well the seat of the Brussels Capital Region. Generally, the list of factors of unity in Belgium ends with this short list. Is it already too long, or on the contrary, is it really too short? This is the main question of this chapter. Paradoxically, although this question often arises, there are very few scientific writings analyzing it. To do so, this chapter will discuss six sets of factors: historical, identity, socio-economic, political, international and symbolic. Nonetheless, it is important to take into account that such enterprise seeks to be informative and not prescriptive. This chapter does not assume that Belgium should be united. There are several points of view about what Belgium should be, and this contribution merely wishes to nurture the political debate by conveying an original approach on six types of factors.
Objective: To unveil the subjectivity present in family care for the child with a stoma, from the understanding of the construction of his autonomy. Method: A descriptive and exploratory study using a script of interviews with qualitative analysis with 07 mothers of children with a stoma. The place was a university pediatric hospital located in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The data collection took place from September to November 2011. Results: The interpretation of the speech was made through the Thematic Analysis. After categorization of the speeches, emerged the following category, the subjectivity of families in child care with a stoma. Conclusion: The experience of families facing a new reality imposed by the treatment makes reflections of sensations, which we consider as subjectivity. The maternal senses in relation to care and child development are based on subjectivity, in which are involved cultural nuances inherent in every being, becoming important the alliance of knowledge between professional and client.
Objective: To present review on the book "Pedagogy of Autonomy: Knowledge Required for Educational Practice." Method: A critical analysis. Results: the book's central idea of teacher education permeated by reflection on educational practice in favor of autonomy be the students. Conclusion: The book is required reading in reverse and very important for all professionals who move in educational practice, whatever the political option educator: critical or conservative. ; Objective: To present review on the book "Pedagogy of Autonomy: Knowledge Required for Educational Practice." Method: A critical analysis. Results: the book's central idea of teacher education permeated by reflection on educational practice in favor of autonomy be the students. Conclusion: The book is required reading in reverse and very important for all professionals who move in educational practice, whatever the political option educator: critical or conservative.
Forest-dwellers in the Brazilian Amazon public forests share the management of the territory and natural resources with governmental agencies, subjecting themselves to State rules. This study aims to evaluate the perception of stakeholders about the autonomy of traditional communities to carry out community timber forest management (CFM) in two federal protected areas. A Swot analysis revealed mismatches in priorities among stakeholder groups (Communities, Government and Partners). Four autonomy parameters were evaluated by 111 stakeholders using a satisfaction questionnaire. Communities and Government had similar perceptions of the autonomy of communities to develop CFM, while Partners were pessimistic. Stakeholders showed greater satisfaction with communities' social organization than with their business management ability. Licensing, operational tools and administrative knowledge were perceived as bottlenecks for community enterprises. Nevertheless, targeted public policies and a minimum regulatory requirement for CFM may guarantee community autonomy to maintain their way of life and make their forest enterprises viable. ; Forest-dwellers in the Brazilian Amazon public forests share the management of the territory and natural resources with governmental agencies, subjecting themselves to State rules. This study aims to evaluate the perception of stakeholders about the autonomy of traditional communities to carry out community timber forest management (CFM) in two federal protected areas. A Swot analysis revealed mismatches in priorities among stakeholder groups (Communities, Government and Partners). Four autonomy parameters were evaluated by 111 stakeholders using a satisfaction questionnaire. Communities and Government had similar perceptions of the autonomy of communities to develop CFM, while Partners were pessimistic. Stakeholders showed greater satisfaction with communities' social organization than with their business management ability. Licensing, operational tools and administrative knowledge were perceived as bottlenecks for community enterprises. Nevertheless, targeted public policies and a minimum regulatory requirement for CFM may guarantee community autonomy to maintain their way of life and make their forest enterprises viable. ; Forest-dwellers in the Brazilian Amazon public forests share the management of the territory and natural resources with governmental agencies, subjecting themselves to State rules. This study aims to evaluate the perception of stakeholders about the autonomy of traditional communities to carry out community timber forest management (CFM) in two federal protected areas. A Swot analysis revealed mismatches in priorities among stakeholder groups (Communities, Government and Partners). Four autonomy parameters were evaluated by 111 stakeholders using a satisfaction questionnaire. Communities and Government had similar perceptions of the autonomy of communities to develop CFM, while Partners were pessimistic. Stakeholders showed greater satisfaction with communities' social organization than with their business management ability. Licensing, operational tools and administrative knowledge were perceived as bottlenecks for community enterprises. Nevertheless, targeted public policies and a minimum regulatory requirement for CFM may guarantee community autonomy to maintain their way of life and make their forest enterprises viable. ; Forest-dwellers in the Brazilian Amazon public forests share the management of the territory and natural resources with governmental agencies, subjecting themselves to State rules. This study aims to evaluate the perception of stakeholders about the autonomy of traditional communities to carry out community timber forest management (CFM) in two federal protected areas. A Swot analysis revealed mismatches in priorities among stakeholder groups (Communities, Government and Partners). Four autonomy parameters were evaluated by 111 stakeholders using a satisfaction questionnaire. Communities and Government had similar perceptions of the autonomy of communities to develop CFM, while Partners were pessimistic. Stakeholders showed greater satisfaction with communities' social organization than with their business management ability. Licensing, operational tools and administrative knowledge were perceived as bottlenecks for community enterprises. Nevertheless, targeted public policies and a minimum regulatory requirement for CFM may guarantee community autonomy to maintain their way of life and make their forest enterprises viable.
Este artigo busca trazer para o debate alguns caminhos que tenho percorrido na busca de compreender, por meio dos encontros e das conversas com professoras, as relações políticaspráticas de currículos pensadospraticados tecidos cotidianamente e como estes contribuem para entender que existem diferentes situações, mesmo que sejam controversas e de regulação, em que diferentes produções curriculares são viabilizadas. A partir de uma conversa sobre autonomia docente e prática cotidiana partimos da ideia de que as políticaspráticas de currículos estão entrelaçadas aos cotidianos de cada uma das docentes, às suas posições políticas de compreensão do que é a escola e de como tecem seus currículos cotidianamente. ; This article seeks to bring to the debate some paths that I have been pursued to understand, through encounters and conversation with teachers, the policiespractices relations of thoughtpracticed curricula woven daily, and how they contribute to understand that there are distinct situations, although controversial and of regulation, in which different curricular productions are enabled. From a conversation on teaching autonomy and daily practice, we start from the idea that the curricular policiespractices are intertwined to the daily life of each teacher, to their political positions of understanding what is the school and how they weave their curricula every day.
A partir da premissa de que a efetivação de iniciativas de educação a distância (EaD) tem mantido práticas instrucionistas características da educação tradicional, com a pouca participação e envolvimento dos alunos para a consecução dos modelos pedagógicos progressistas nos quais estes mesmos projetos se baseiam, investigamos o conceito de aprendizagem participativa, a partir de suas concepções teóricas, assim como das estratégias para sua implementação. Além de promover a autonomia dos estudantes, tais princípios se justificam pela redução dos índices de evasão e de falta de motivação característicos desta modalidade. Especificamente, buscamos evidenciar as práticas dialógicas e comunicacionais, no contexto da interatividade dos ambientes tecnológicos como fonte de engajamento dos estudantes no processo de ensino-aprendizagem.
Este estudo analisou se os regulamentos do manejo florestal comunitário (MFC) madeireiro em unidades de conservação (UC) federais na Amazônia brasileira interferem na autonomia das populações tradicionais em executarem suas atividades produtivas. Constatou-se que os regulamentos do MFC madeireiro em UC são constituídos por regras de dimensões territoriais, procedimentais e técnicas, que interferem na autonomia comunitária na gestão do recurso florestal, no processo de obtenção da licença do MFC e nas técnicas de execução da atividade. O não cumprimento da determinação legal de elaboração de planos de manejo florestal sustentável diferenciados para comunidades tem condicionado as populações tradicionais a exigências de licenciamento e técnicas padronizadas em detrimento do reconhecimento constitucional e legal atribuído a um grupo culturalmente diferenciado. Além disso, o licenciamento do MFC está também condicionado ao cumprimento de obrigações prévias do próprio órgão ambiental. Concluiu-se que a autonomia das populações tradicionais no MFC madeireiro em UC é condicionada desde o início, pois a forma comunitária de uso e gestão dos recursos naturais não é o elemento orientador das estruturas legais do MFC madeireiro em UC. A simplificação e a adequação à legislação de alguns instrumentos normativos poderiam aumentar o grau de autonomia comunitária no MFC madeireiro, facilitando sua multiplicação na Amazônia. Algumas mudanças prioritárias nos regulamentos foram propostas neste estudo. ; This study analyzed whether the legal framework of the timber community forest management (CFM) in federal protected areas (PA) of the Brazilian Amazon interferes in the autonomy of the traditional populations in carrying out their productive activities. It was verified that the legal framework of the CFM in PA, constituted by rules of territorial, procedural and technical dimensions, interfere in the community's autonomy in the management of the forest resource, in the process of obtaining the CFM license and in the logging techniques used. The failure to comply with the legal determination to elaborate differentiated sustainable forest management plans for communities has conditioned traditional populations to standardized requirements to the detriment of the constitutional and legal recognition attributed to a culturally distinct social group. In addition, the licensing of CFM is also conditional on the fulfillment of previous obligations of the environmental agency itself. It was concluded that the autonomy of the traditional populations in the CFM is conditioned from its beginning, since the way of use and manage the natural resources by communities is not the guiding of the legal framework of CFM. The simplification and adaptation to the legislation of some normative instruments could increase the degree of community autonomy in CFM, enhancing its multiplication in the Amazon. Some priority changes in the regulations were proposed in this study.
O artigo teve como objetivo analisar se as Instituições Federais de Ensino Superior (IFES) exercem sua autonomia de gestão financeira assegurada na Constituição Federal de 1988, diante das diversas mudanças nas regras gerais do processo orçamentário do governo federal. Pretendeu ainda focar no quanto as universidades federais têm autonomia para executar os recursos angariados com seus esforços para financiar seu custeio e investimento. Este estudo teve como cerne a Emenda Constitucional nº 95, de 2016, e suas implicações no orçamento das IFES, na execução de fontes próprias, na redução de verbas e na sua utilização pelo Governo Michel Temer, para contingenciar recursos financeiros de custeio e das fontes próprias das IFES. ; The purpose of this article is to analyze if the Federal Institutions of Higher Education (FIHE) exercise their financial management autonomy assured in the Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1988, in face of the diverse changes in the general rules of the budgetary process of the federal government. It also intends to focus on how much autonomy the federal universities have to execute the resources raised with their efforts to finance their cost and investment. This study is based on the Constitutional Amendment 95 of 2016 and its implications in the FIHE budget, in the execution of their own sources, the reduction of funds and its use by the Michel Temer Government to contingent funding financial resources and FIHE's own sources. ; El artículo tiene como objetivo analizar si las Instituciones Federales de Enseñanza Superior (IFES) ejercen su autonomía de gestión financiera asegurada en la Constitución Federal de 1988, frente a los diversos cambios en las reglas generales del proceso presupuestario del gobierno federal. También pretende enfocarse en cuanto las universidades federales tienen autonomía para ejecutar los recursos recaudados con sus esfuerzos para financiar su costeo e inversión. Este estudio tiene como base la Enmienda Constitucional 95 de 2016, y sus implicaciones en el presupuesto de las IFES, la ejecución de fuentes propias, la reducción de fondos y su utilización por el Gobierno de Michel Temer, para contingenciar recursos financieros de costeo y de las propias fuentes IFES.
Although assured by the 1988 Constitution, municipal autonomy, according to some authors, has been threatened by a recentralization process in Brazilian federalism. In the case of cultural policies, such problematization is particularly relevant, since several researches have been published in recent years seeking to systematize the Brazilian experience, often highlighting experiences such as the National Culture Plan, the National Culture System and the Cultura Viva Program, [all of them] institutionalized at the national level, considered as fundamental contributions to the formulation and implementation of those policies. Thus, is there room for [the exercise of] municipal autonomy in the production of local cultural policies? To address this question, this paper discusses [considers] the recent experience of the Grande ABC territory, which encompasses seven municipalities (Santo André, São Bernardo do Campo, São Caetano do Sul, Diadema, Mauá, Ribeirão Pires e Rio Grande da Serra) located in the metropolitan region of São Paulo - the largest Brazilian city; with specific intention of understanding the scope and limits of local government action in this policy arena. To that end, our research methods encompasses literature review on local municipal experiences [over the past thirty years], the mapping of local cultural actions linked to federal programs - especially the Cultura Viva Program, the survey of institutional structures associated with the formulation and implementation of local cultural policies and the systematization of current state-society arrangements for operationalization of these policies in the referred seven cities. From this panorama, we propose to identify where local governments and federal governments engage in the production of these policies, as well as an indication towards applicable remaining spaces of autonomy, envisioning novel agendas for future studies. ; Embora assegurada pela Constituição de 1988, a autonomia municipal, de acordo com alguns autores, vem sendo ameaçada por um processo de recentralização no federalismo brasileiro. No caso das políticas públicas culturais, essa problematização é particularmente relevante, uma vez que diversos trabalhos têm sido publicados nos últimos anos procurando sistematizar a experiência brasileira, frequentemente destacando experiências como o Plano Nacional de Cultura, o Sistema Nacional de Cultura e o Programa Cultura Viva, institucionalizados no âmbito nacional, como contribuições fundamentais para a formulação e implementação dessas políticas públicas. Afinal, resta espaço para o exercício da autonomia municipal na produção de políticas públicas de cultura? Para responder a esta pergunta, este trabalho busca discutir a experiência recente do território do Grande ABC, que abrange sete municípios localizados na região metropolitana de São Paulo – a maior cidade brasileira; com interesse específico em compreender os alcances e limites da atuação de governos locais nesta arena de políticas públicas. Para isso, foram realizados trabalhos de revisão de literatura acerca de experiências municipais locais, o mapeamento de ações culturais locais vinculadas a programas federais – especialmente o Programa Cultura Viva, o levantamento das estruturas institucionais associadas à formulação e implementação de políticas públicas de cultura e a sistematização dos arranjos entre Estado e Sociedade presentes para a operacionalização destas políticas nas sete cidades. A partir deste panorama, propomos os encontros governos locais e governo federal na produção destas políticas públicas, bem como vislumbramos os espaços de autonomia que permanecem, vislumbrando novas agendas para estudos futuros.
This article aims to discuss, based on different records, the grammar present in the discourse of Zapatista Movement official reports, with specific regard to zapatista education, especially from the notion of autonomy as a way of organizing this dimension of life in society, understanding the autonomy as resistance to the tutelage of the State in the management of the school and, micropolitically, the rupture of the tutelage of the educational process by the promoter of education. We observe, based on the study of the Statements of the Selva Lancadona and Escuelita Zapatista, that these are based on a criticism of state models of government in education, refuting the intercultural perspective, defending pluridiversity. This way of understanding the educational process, and the way of practicing care, leads us to a broader understanding of psychology, reflecting on possibilities of connection between new psi inventions at work with children and the psychology of education. ; Este artículo tiene como objetivo discutir, a partir de diferentes registros, la gramática presente en el discurso de los informes oficiales del Movimiento Zapatista, con respecto específicamente a la educación zapatista, especialmente desde la noción de autonomía como una forma de organizar esta dimensión de la vida en sociedad, entendiendo la autonomía como resistencia a la tutela del Estado en la gestión de la escuela y, micropolíticamente, la ruptura de la tutela del proceso educativo por parte del promotor de la educación. Observamos, a partir del estudio de las Declaraciones de la Selva Lancadona y Escuelita Zapatista, que estos se basan en una crítica a los modelos estatales de gobierno en educación, refutando la perspectiva intercultural, defendiendo la pluridiversidad. Esta forma de entender el proceso educativo, y la forma de practicar el cuidado, nos lleva a una comprensión más amplia de la psicología, reflexionando sobre las posibilidades de conexión entre los nuevos inventos psi en el trabajo con los niños y la psicología de la educación. ; Este artigo tem como objetivo discutir, com bases em diferentes registros, a gramática presente na discursividade de informes oficiais do Movimento Zapatista, no que tange especificamente à educação zapatista, em especial desde a noção de autonomia como modo de organizar esta dimensão da vida em sociedade, entendendo a autonomia como resistência à tutela do Estado na gestão da escola e, micropoliticamente, a ruptura da tutela do processo educativo pelo promotor de educação. Observamos, a partir do estudo das Declarações da Selva Lancadona e da Escuelita Zapatista, que estas fundam-se numa crítica aos modelos estatais de governo da educação, refutando a perspectiva intercultural, defendendo a pluridiversidade. Este modo de compreender o processo educativo, e o modo de praticar o cuidado nos leva a uma compreensão mais ampla para a psicologia, refletindo sobre possibilidades de conexão entre novas invenções psi no trabalho junto à infância e à psicologia da educação.
The European Commission's role seems to have declined in the past few years. However, the autonomy & the influence of the European Commission cannot be properly evaluated by classical integration theories. New European studies are establishing new theoretical models & new conceptual frameworks to correct biases that may result from a statocentric analysis. Integration studies are being replaced by governance studies. This change in focus allows for more pertinent evaluation of the relative weight of European institutions, lamely the European Commission, consolidating its central position in he communitarian system. References. Adapted from the source document.
