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Forestry and wood industry have formed a foundation for Finland's national economy, yet inevitably at the expense of aquatic environments. From 1940s to 1970s, to provide energy resources for the industry sector, majority of large rivers were dammed for hydropower, blocking off their longitudinal connectivity. Concurrently, majority of the stream channels were dredged to facilitate timber transportation from headwaters to downriver factories. While most large rivers remain blocked, the timber floating ceased in the 1980s, and legislation imposing restoration as well as intensive restoration programs have been established ever since. Habitat restoration has mostly been motivated by the enhancement of recreational fisheries through the provision of better living conditions for salmonids. The measures have included construction of in-stream structures, such as weirs, flow deflectors, boulder dams and gravel beds, and recently also installation of large wood. Based on before-after-restoration measurements of physical variables and habitat-hydraulic modeling, the measures have been effective in enhancing complexity of stream beds and hydraulic conditions, thus potentially increasing the availability of suitable habitat for juvenile brown trout. The increase in habitat heterogeneity has been persistent over time, and has also shown positive signs in functional processes of stream ecosystem. Nevertheless, overall substrate variability in restored streams has remained lower than in natural streams, especially with a shortage of gravel beds for brown trout spawning. Sound ecological monitoring of restoration projects has been limited in Finland. A few long term before-after-restoration monitoring of brown trout densities, together with a meta-analytical synthesis of all good-quality monitoring data, have indicated an overall positive effect on brown trout parr densities. Yet, the absolute juvenile brown trout density in post-management streams has mainly remained lower than in natural reference streams. In addition, brown trout responses have varied strongly between restored streams. The strong context-dependency in restoration outcomes is explained mainly by catchment scale (e.g. river basin size, dominant geology) and local (potential interspecific competition, fisheries management) factors. Among the local fisheries management measures, loosely restricted fishing has diluted the positive effects of restoration, and stocking by eggs and parr have either been ineffective or affected negatively brown trout's response to restoration. Stream-specific differences have also been observed in the delivery of ecosystem services, mainly reflecting stakeholder perceptions of landscape values and fish provisioning. Yet, stream restoration in its present form has a strong public acceptance in Finland, mainly because it is considered beneficial for recreationally important fish, ecotourism, and the well-being of local people. ; peerReviewed

AbstractThis article aims to assess the economic benefits of restoring the ecological integrity of Jeonju stream, Korea and then conduct an ex post cost‐benefit analysis of the restoration. The benefits are measured by using the contingent valuation eliciting the local residents' willingness to pay (WTP) for the restoration supposing that the restoration had not been implemented. The mean yearly WTP for the restoration is calculated to be KRW 2897 (USD 2.46) per household for the next 10 years. The costs of the restoration include the costs of restoring the ecological integrity for 2 years and maintaining it for the next 50 years. The ratio of benefit over cost, the net present value and the internal rate of return are estimated as 1.1, KRW 0.5 billion (USD 0.4 million) and 6.4%, respectively, which exceed 1.0, 0 and social discount rate of 5.5%, respectively. The results show that the restoration is socially profitable.

A large number of empirical studies have discussed the revenue diversification strategy for nonprofits, but little attention has been paid to the components of revenue portfolios, even though each revenue source flows into a nonprofit with its own characteristics. Drawing on Young's benefits theory, this study tests the proposition that a nonprofit would be stronger financially if its income portfolio reflected the mix of benefits it provides. We find evidence that the benefit-based revenue strategy is associated with better financial outcomes using the data set from DataArts (2008–2016). Yet, this relationship is not linear, and the positive relationship is seen only when the share of benefit-based revenues is above a certain threshold. A detailed examination reveals that the benefit-based revenue strategy should be employed judiciously, depending on each organization's own capacity. We discuss the ways nonprofits can employ benefit-based financing while diversifying revenue streams.

The Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment (EPSDT) program, which was designed to ensure that Medicaid-eligible children receive comprehensive health services, is the only national attempt to provide a right to these services. The political factors that have shaped national EPSDT policy during the past decade are described, based on a conceptual framework developed by John W. Kingdon. The analysis focuses on the roles of two distinct sets of policy entrepreneurs: child health advocates and fiscally conservative governors. Their activities are described in relation to the larger political environment, or "political stream," from the period of the expansion of Medicaid eligibility for pregnant women and children in the late 1980s to the enactment of a new State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) in 1997. The relative saliency of eligibility and benefit issues in children's health policies had a major influence on the politics and outcomes.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- About the Authors -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Oil and Gas Industry -- 1.1.1 Influence -- 1.1.2 Challenges -- 1.1.3 Future scope -- 1.1.4 Industry knowledge -- 1.2 Petroleum Upstream -- 1.2.1 Exploration -- 1.2.2 Drilling -- 1.2.3 Production -- 1.2.4 Segment finances -- 1.2.5 Segment knowledge -- 1.3 Petroleum Midstream -- 1.3.1 Processing -- 1.3.2 Transportation -- 1.3.3 Storage -- 1.3.4 Segment knowledge -- 1.4 Petroleum Downstream -- 1.4.1 Refining and processing -- 1.4.2 Supply and trade -- 1.4.3 Marketing and retail -- 1.4.4 Segment finances -- 1.4.5 Segment knowledge -- 1.5 Big Data -- 1.5.1 Big data tools -- 1.5.2 Big data work flow -- 1.5.3 Big data applications -- 1.5.4 Big data in petroleum streams -- References -- 2 Petroleum Operations -- 2.1 Geoscience -- 2.2 Exploration and Drilling -- 2.3 Reservoir Studies -- 2.4 Production and Transportation -- 2.5 Petroleum Refinery -- 2.6 Natural Gas -- 2.7 Health and Safety -- 2.8 Finance and Financial Markets -- References -- 3 Big Data's 6Vs -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Big Data's 6Vs in Geoscience -- 3.3 Big Data's 6Vs in Exploration & -- Drilling -- 3.4 Big Data's 6Vs in Reservoir Studies -- 3.5 Big Data's 6Vs in Production and Transportation -- 3.6 Big Data's 6Vs in Petroleum Refinery -- 3.7 Big Data's 6Vs in Petroleum Natural Gas -- 3.8 Big Data's 6Vs in Petroleum Health and Safety -- 3.9 Big Data's 6Vs in Petroleum Finance and Financial Markets -- 3.10 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Benefits of Big Data -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Industry-Wide Benefits -- 4.3 Benefits of Big Data in Geoscience -- 4.4 Benefits of Big Data in Exploration and Drilling -- 4.5 Benefits of Big Data in Reservoir Studies -- 4.6 Benefits of Big Data in Production and Transportation -- 4.7 Benefits of Big Data in Petroleum Refinery.

Lee Anne Fennell (University of Chicago - Law School) has posted Property as Service Streams (Handbook on Property Law & Theory (Chris Bevan, ed., Forthcoming)) on SSRN. Here is the abstract: Property's job is to help people derive benefits from...

AbstractWithin the emerging live-streaming commerce context, streamer-consumer gender match has been considered an important topic in studies on advertising hedonic products. However, it is still under-explored how streamer-consumer gender match affects the mapping from functional benefits to advertising effectiveness when advertising utilitarian products and how the mechanism is contingent on heterogeneous price signals. To somewhat address the research gaps, we develop a number of hypotheses based on the elaboration likelihood model together with the price signaling mechanism and examine the research model drawing on a 28-day panel on 685 smartphones sold on Douyin Live Shopping. The empirical results indicate that (1) functional benefit performance has a positive effect on advertising effectiveness for utilitarian products with a middle-price signal, and the effect is stronger when the products are sold by male rather than female streamers; (2) also for advertising utilitarian products with a middle-price signal, male consumers resist male streamers when streamers leverage utilitarian information to stimulate consumers' purchase intention; and (3) functional benefit performance contributes little to advertising effectiveness for utilitarian products with a high-price or low-price signal. The evidence uncovers that gender match mainly makes a difference to appending extra hedonic cues rather than amplifying the conversion of utilitarian information in the sense of advertising utilitarian products. The findings also highlight the risk of neglecting within-category heterogeneities in the by-product-category research on live-streaming advertising.

"The book aims to provide a comprehensive dose of knowledge and information pertaining to application or implementation of big data in petroleum industry and its operations (such as exploration, production, refining and finance). The book covers intricate aspects of big data such as 6Vs, benefits, applications, implementation, research work and real-world implementation pertaining to each petroleum associated operations in a concise manner that aids the reader to apprehend the overview of big data's role in the industry. The book resonates with readers who wish to understand the intricate details of working of big data (along-with data science, machine learning and artificial intelligence) in general and how it affects and brings impact onto an entire industry. As the book builds various concepts of big data from scratch to industry level, readers who wish to gain big data associated knowledge of industry level in simple language from the very fundamentals, would find this as a wonderful read"--

In recent years, big data systems have become an active area of research and development. Stream processing is one of the potential application scenarios of big data systems where the goal is to process a continuous, high velocity flow of information items. High frequency trading (HFT) in stock markets or trending topic detection in Twitter are some examples of stream processing applications. In some cases (like, for instance, in HFT), these applications have end-to-end quality-of-service requirements and may benefit from the usage of real-time techniques. Taking this into account, the present article analyzes, from the point of view of real-time systems, a set of patterns that can be used when implementing a stream processing application. For each pattern, we discuss its advantages and disadvantages, as well as its impact in application performance, measured as response time, maximum input frequency and changes in utilization demands due to the pattern. ; This work been partially supported by Distributed Java Infrastructure for Real-Time Big Data (CAS14/00118). It has been also partially funded by eMadrid (S2013/ICE-2715), HERMES-MARTDRIVER (TIN2013-46801-C4-2-R) and AUDACity (TIN2016-77158-C4-1-R); and also by European Union's 7th Framework Program under Grant Agreement FP7-IC6-318763. We are also in debt with our anonymous reviewers that improved the quality of the article.

This paper reviews the multiple strings and benefits attached to the single most controversial gas pipeline project in Europe - the second Russian twin subsea pipeline that is currently under construction in the Baltic Sea. While much attention has been paid to the question of why and how the Russian statecontrolled energy giant seeks to circumvent Ukraine as a transit country for its delivery of gas to Western Europe, hardly any attention has been paid to the benefits gained by the companies and political entities directly involved in the preparation and construction of Nord Stream 2. The paper seeks to fill this gap in the debate by taking a closer look at the business deals and commercial actors involved in the implementation of this second Russian natural gas pipeline project in the Baltic Sea. It highlights how local and national economic interests and European energy companies' motivations for participating in the project go beyond the volumes of Russian natural gas that Gazprom expects to deliver to European customers through its Baltic Sea pipelines from 2020

This paper reviews the multiple strings and benefits attached to the single most controversial gas pipeline project in Europe - the second Russian twin subsea pipeline that is currently under construction in the Baltic Sea. While much attention has been paid to the question of why and how the Russian statecontrolled energy giant seeks to circumvent Ukraine as a transit country for its delivery of gas to Western Europe, hardly any attention has been paid to the benefits gained by the companies and political entities directly involved in the preparation and construction of Nord Stream 2. The paper seeks to fill this gap in the debate by taking a closer look at the business deals and commercial actors involved in the implementation of this second Russian natural gas pipeline project in the Baltic Sea. It highlights how local and national economic interests and European energy companies' motivations for participating in the project go beyond the volumes of Russian natural gas that Gazprom expects to deliver to European customers through its Baltic Sea pipelines from 2020

This paper reviews the multiple strings and benefits attached to the single most controversial gas pipeline project in Europe - the second Russian twin subsea pipeline that is currently under construction in the Baltic Sea. While much attention has been paid to the question of why and how the Russian statecontrolled energy giant seeks to circumvent Ukraine as a transit country for its delivery of gas to Western Europe, hardly any attention has been paid to the benefits gained by the companies and political entities directly involved in the preparation and construction of Nord Stream 2. The paper seeks to fill this gap in the debate by taking a closer look at the business deals and commercial actors involved in the implementation of this second Russian natural gas pipeline project in the Baltic Sea. It highlights how local and national economic interests and European energy companies' motivations for participating in the project go beyond the volumes of Russian natural gas that Gazprom expects to deliver to European customers through its Baltic Sea pipelines from 2020

This paper reviews the multiple strings and benefits attached to the single most controversial gas pipeline project in Europe - the second Russian twin subsea pipeline that is currently under construction in the Baltic Sea. While much attention has been paid to the question of why and how the Russian statecontrolled energy giant seeks to circumvent Ukraine as a transit country for its delivery of gas to Western Europe, hardly any attention has been paid to the benefits gained by the companies and political entities directly involved in the preparation and construction of Nord Stream 2. The paper seeks to fill this gap in the debate by taking a closer look at the business deals and commercial actors involved in the implementation of this second Russian natural gas pipeline project in the Baltic Sea. It highlights how local and national economic interests and European energy companies' motivations for participating in the project go beyond the volumes of Russian natural gas that Gazprom expects to deliver to European customers through its Baltic Sea pipelines from 2020

Abstract. Industrial side stream utilisation is generating more interest nowadays and it's is being researched more and more. By-products and wastes might be suitable material for other processes, disposing them causes additional costs and part of the production costs have sunk into them as well. Research for new applications and utilisation possibilities is important, but at least as important is to examine the economic feasibility of industrial side stream utilisation. This thesis focuses on side streams created by SMA Mineral's burnt lime and dolomite processes. Core of this work is to explore the utilisation of limestone processing side streams in the context of circular economy and examine the possible economic benefits of utilising them. Thesis aims to develop 2 or 3 value chain scenarios in which fine calcite, fine dolomite, filter ash and partly burnt lime generated in the processes is utilised. Business cases of selected scenarios are also presented, and rough financial analysis is done to estimate possible economic benefit of each case. The research methods used are qualitative and descriptive for the most part. The most important part of the empiric research was the innovation workshop, where the value chain scenarios were selected and fleshed out. Interviews were conducted to supplement the workshop before and afterwards. Business cases of each scenario were presented to estimate possible economic benefit. Theoretic foundation was built by doing a literature review on circular economy and relevant concepts such as business ecosystems and value chains. Three value chain scenarios were created and presented in this work: reactive surface structure, lake liming and granulation. Briquettes and granules showed most potential economic benefit (possible profit + disposal savings). Surface structure and lake liming were technically feasible and offered more economic benefits when compared to disposal. Results of this thesis can be used to decide the next step to improve SMA Mineral's resource efficiency. They can be used to select possible topics for further research to continue to develop a scenario or to get additional information. The results of this thesis are quite context specific. Chosen scenarios are susceptible for company location and goals. The results are also at this moment of time and they could be irrelevant in ten years because of major changes in legislation for example. However, methods used to select and depict value chain scenarios are suitable to research utilisation of other industrial side streams and analyse their economic feasibility.Kalkkikiven jalostuksen sivuvirtojen hyödyntämisen kannattavuusanalyysi. Tiivistelmä. Teollisuuden sivutuotteiden ja jätteiden hyödyntäminen on yhä tärkeämpää ja suuremman mielenkiinnon ja tutkimuksen kohteena. Sivutuotteisiin ja jätteisiin on sitoutunut arvoa tuotantoprosesseissa tuotantokulujen myötä, niiden hävittäminen aiheuttaa myös kustannuksia ja ne voivat olla vielä sinänsä kelvollista materiaalia uusien tuotteiden valmistamiseksi. Tekninen tutkimus ja tuotekehitys ovat tärkeää sivutuotteiden hyödyntämiseksi, mutta yhtä lailla on tärkeää tarkastella teollisuuden sivutuotteiden hyödyntämistä myös taloudellisesta näkökulmasta. Tämän työn aiheena ovat SMA Mineralin kalkinpoltossa ja dolomiitin murskauksessa syntyvien sivutuotteiden hyödyntäminen. Työ keskittyy tarkastelemaan sivutuotteiden käyttöä kiertotalouden periaatteiden asettamassa kontekstissa ja arvioimaan hyödyntämisen kaupallista hyötyä. Työn tavoitteena on kehittää kahdesta kolmeen lupaavaa arvoketjuskenaariota tuotantoprosesseissa syntyvien alitekalsiitin, suodatinpölyn, epäkurantin poltetun kalkin ja hienojakoisen dolomiitin hyödyntämiseksi. Lisäksi valittujen skenaarioiden business caset esitetään ja analysoidaan alustavan taloudellisen hyödyn arvioimiseksi. Työssä käytetään pääasiassa kvalitatiivisia ja deskriptiivisiä tutkimusmenetelmiä. Suurin osa työstä perustuu järjestettyyn innovaatiotyöpajaan, jossa valittiin arvoketjuskenaariot analysoitavaksi. Lisäksi haastatteluita käytettiin työpajan täydentämiseksi. Lisäksi käytettiin business case analyysia skenaarioiden taloudellisen hyödyn arvioimiseksi. Teoreettinen pohja rakennettiin perusteellisella kirjallisuuskatsauksella, jossa käsiteltiin keskeisiä teemoja teollisuuden sivuvirtojen taloudelliseen analysointiin. Työn tärkeimpänä tuloksena oli kolme arvoketjuskenaariota; reaktiivinen pintarakenne, vesistöjen kalkitus ja sivutuotteiden agglomerointi (rakeistaminen ja briketöinti). Kaupallisen hyödyn puolesta kiinnostavimpia olivat rakeistus ja briketöinti, joiden taloudellinen hyöty (tuotto + säästyneet jätekulut) olivat suurimmat. Tekniseltä kannalta tarkasteltuna pintarakenne ja vesistöjen kalkitus olivat myös toimivia ratkaisuja ja kannattavia läjitykseen verrattuna. Työn tulokset toimivat pohjana seuraaville askeleille SMA Mineralin materiaalitehokkuuden parantamisessa. Niiden avulla voidaan valita mahdollisia jatkotutkimuksen kohteita skenaarioiden jatkokehittämiseksi tai tarkempien lisätietojen saamiseksi. Työn tulokset ovat varsin spesifisiä työn kontekstille. Valitut skenaariot vaihtelevat esimerkiksi yrityksen sijainnin ja tavoitteiden mukaan. Lisäksi työ on aikasidonnainen ja tulokset voivat olla hyvin irrelevantteja esimerkiksi kymmenen vuoden päästä. Skenaarioiden valitsemiseen ja analysointiin käytetyt menetelmät soveltuvat kuitenkin muidenkin alojen sivuvirtojen hyödyntämisen analysointiin.

The designation of state and private protected areas around the world has been increasing over the past years. Belize is not an exception to this reality. To date more than 103 protected areas have been recognized into the National Protected Areas System of Belize (NPAS). Private protected areas (PPA) did not become part of Belize's NPAS until 2015. But long before its legislation, private protected areas have been contributing to conservation and development in Belize. The Golden Stream Corridor Preserve (GSCP) is one of Belize's exemplary PPA which advocates for conservation through the promotion of sustainable livelihood development and community empowerment. Using the co-evolution model by Pretzsch et al. (2014) as a conceptual framework, direct use values and benefits of the GSCP are assessed to gain insight into its social ecological system. A single case (embedded) case study design was used to execute this assessment at three buffering communities: Medina Bank, Golden Stream and Indian Creek. A total of 60 households, representing 10% of household leaders in each community were interviewed using a semi structured questionnaire. Community leaders were also interviewed to discover customary rules relating to resource use and the history of each community. The direct use value assessment revealed that the GSCP only contributes to values associated with tourism and employment. These values were disproportionately distributed across buffering communities; with Indian Creek perceiving all values associated with tourism, and Golden Stream from employment. Medina Bank saw no direct use values from the GSCP. Community forests and lands were found to be the exclusive source of direct use values associated with the utilization of forest products. Sustainable livelihood development opportunities and community empowerment were the most reported benefits arising from the management of the GSCP. The adoption and contribution of livelihood strategies were however met with positive and negative criticism by community ...