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[Second of a two-paper series] Class struggle, Bichler and Nitzan observe, is a part of all hierarchical societies. But capitalism is the first social order to quantify this struggle. It does so through prices, which Bichler and Nitzan propose indicate power. Stock prices, Bichler and Nitzan argue, indicate the power of owners to earn income. If we're interested in class struggle, we want to compare this capitalist power to the power of workers. Here's a simple way to do so. We compare the price of stocks to the price of wage labor. Bichler and Nitzan call this ratio the 'power index'. My goal here is to test Bichler and Nitzan's thesis. Does the power index quantify US class struggle? Although a simple ratio of two prices, the power index, Bichler and Nitzan claim, tells us about class conflict at large. When the power index falls, workers are winning the struggle. When the power index rises, capitalists are winning. Is Bichler and Nitzan's claim true? In this post, I look at the evidence. I test how three different indicators of class struggle relate to the power index. Here's what I find. When workers strike more, win a living minimum wage, and get government to progressively tax the rich, the stock market declines relative to wages. My conclusion is that Bichler and Nitzan are onto something. The history of class struggle does seem to be written on the stock market. [The first paper, 'Stocks are Up. Wages are Down. What Does it Mean?' (September 4,, 2020), is here: http://bnarchives.yorku.ca/657/]

In 1887 Henry Carter Adams produced a study demonstrating that the ownership of government bonds was heavily concentrated in the hands of a 'bondholding class' that lent to and, in Adams's view, controlled the government like dominant shareholders control a corporation. The interests of this bondholding class clashed with the interests of the masses, whose burdensome taxes financed the interest payments on government bonds. Since the late nineteenth century there has been plenty of debate about the ownership of the public debt. But the empirical evidence offered to support the various arguments has been scant. As a result, political economists have few answers to questions first raised by Adams over a century ago: how has the pattern of public debt ownership changed? Can we still speak of a powerful 'bondholding class'? Does public debt redistribute income from taxpayers to public creditors? This article develops a new framework to address these questions. Anchored within a 'capital as power' approach, the research indicates a staggering pattern of concentration in the ownership of US public debt in the hands of the top one per cent of US households over the past three decades. Accordingly, the bondholding class is still alive and well in contemporary US capitalism.

The Confederate Graves Survey Archive of the Texas Division, Sons of Confederate Veterans consists of surveys of cemeteries throughout Texas, and portions of Oklahoma and New Mexico. The surveys document the interment of Confederate States of America military veterans. United States of America (Union) veterans, as well as able-bodied men at the time of the Civil War, are also documented. 13 boxes entitled "Grave Surveys" contain grave surveys listed county-by-county, 3 boxes of "Unit Files" list surveyed individuals by their military unit. Finally, 17 boxes contain "Veteran Files" that document each veteran by name in "last name, first name, middle initial" format. An index that cross-references each of the collection series (Grave Surveys, Unit Files, and Veteran Files) is included, as are institutions to surveyors on how and what to document while conducting surveys. ; Oak Hill Cemetery #284, Lampasas, Lampasas County, Texas | Veterans Interred: Clark, J. H. ; Colorado City Cemetery #872, Colorado City, Mitchell County, Texas | Veterans Interred: Avery, Peter E.

The Confederate Graves Survey Archive of the Texas Division, Sons of Confederate Veterans consists of surveys of cemeteries throughout Texas, and portions of Oklahoma and New Mexico. The surveys document the interment of Confederate States of America military veterans. United States of America (Union) veterans, as well as able-bodied men at the time of the Civil War, are also documented. 13 boxes entitled "Grave Surveys" contain grave surveys listed county-by-county, 3 boxes of "Unit Files" list surveyed individuals by their military unit. Finally, 17 boxes contain "Veteran Files" that document each veteran by name in "last name, first name, middle initial" format. An index that cross-references each of the collection series (Grave Surveys, Unit Files, and Veteran Files) is included, as are institutions to surveyors on how and what to document while conducting surveys. ; Pleasant Hill Cemetery #5, Nolanville, Bell County, Texas | Veterans Interred: Spratt, Elam McKnight. ; Hillcrest Cemetery #6, Temple, Bell County, Texas | Veterans Interred: Carothers, Sim D. ; Hillcrest Cemetery #6, Temple, Bell County, Texas | Veterans Interred: Crenshaw, W. T. ; N. Belton Cemetery #1, Belton, Bell County, Texas | Veterans Interred: Holliday, Andrew J. ; Abilene Cemetery #138, Abilene, Taylor County, Texas | Veterans Interred: Stinckcomb, J. D. ; Rehobeth Cemetery #768, Hunt County, Texas | Veterans Interred: Pyle, Thos. Jefferson.

FROM THE ARTICLE: "Contrary to the usual assumption that government debt is widely held, Mr Hager's data suggests ownership has become far more concentrated recently, echoing a wider concentration of wealth in the US. . . . [E]ven if you disagree with Mr Hager's leftwing political bent, the data certainly casts a new light on the political dynamic in the current fiscal rows. To the wealthy elites in the US who hold government bonds, it seems self-evident that the government needs to preserve the sanctity and value of Treasuries; this group has a strong incentive to ensure this happens via fiscal reform (particularly if this entails budget cuts, rather than higher taxes.) But what is rarely debated is that millions of poor Americans have far less (or no) skin in the Treasuries game. Little wonder, then, that the fiscal debate is so polarised, and unlikely to become any less so any time soon."

The Confederate Graves Survey Archive of the Texas Division, Sons of Confederate Veterans consists of surveys of cemeteries throughout Texas, and portions of Oklahoma and New Mexico. The surveys document the interment of Confederate States of America military veterans. United States of America (Union) veterans, as well as able-bodied men at the time of the Civil War, are also documented. 13 boxes entitled "Grave Surveys" contain grave surveys listed county-by-county, 3 boxes of "Unit Files" list surveyed individuals by their military unit. Finally, 17 boxes contain "Veteran Files" that document each veteran by name in "last name, first name, middle initial" format. An index that cross-references each of the collection series (Grave Surveys, Unit Files, and Veteran Files) is included, as are institutions to surveyors on how and what to document while conducting surveys. ; Hillcrest Cemetery #6, Temple, Bell County, Texas | Veterans Interred: Maxwell, W. R., Rev. ; Hillcrest Cemetery #6, Temple, Bell County, Texas | Veterans Interred: Whitley, W. Columbus. ; Hopewell Cemetery #594, Hunt County, Texas | Veterans Interred: Cole, John. ; Greenbrier Cemetery #802, Coryell County, Texas | Veterans Interred: Franks, Henry. ; Hillcrest Cemetery #6, Temple, Bell County, Texas | Veterans Interred: Whitley, W. Columbus. ; Willow Cemetery #444, Haskell, Haskell County, Texas | Veterans Interred: Merchant, C. H. B. ; Hillcrest Cemetery #6, Temple, Bell County, Texas | Veterans Interred: Whitley, W. Columbus.