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GA's midyear appropriation process can be examined in the context of two competing principles of government budgeting: flexibility & comprehensiveness. This article describes the GA midyear amendment process, identifies the patterns of agency midyear appropriation changes for the period FY 1994-2000, & assesses the extent to which the budgeting principle of comprehensiveness is violated by the state's midyear appropriation amendment. Despite the apparent violation of the comprehensiveness principle, the midyear appropriation amendment is deeply rooted in state practice. The amendment reflects the fiscal conservatism of executive & legislative leaders, serves the district & constituency needs of individual legislators, increases flexibility in budget execution, & is accepted as normal practice by state agencies. 3 Tables, 4 References. Adapted from the source document.

[24] pages ; 21 cm ; Bibliography p. [24] ; The study analyzed and compared the finances of the whole local government sector, and not local govermnents alone. This approach is neutral with regard to institutional solutions, which differ in the EU member countries and in U.S., regarding budget comprehensiveness and allows to use the same data sets, collected in EU and OECD countries according to the same methodology of national accounts. Moreover, this approach respects a variety of relations between core budgets of local governments and financial plans of many local government institutions. The EU15 and NMS countries were examined and compared. ; [24] stron ; 21 cm ; Bibliografia s. [24] ; The study analyzed and compared the finances of the whole local government sector, and not local govermnents alone. This approach is neutral with regard to institutional solutions, which differ in the EU member countries and in U.S., regarding budget comprehensiveness and allows to use the same data sets, collected in EU and OECD countries according to the same methodology of national accounts. Moreover, this approach respects a variety of relations between core budgets of local governments and financial plans of many local government institutions. The EU15 and NMS countries were examined and compared.

This paper develops an index measuring the adequacy of the institutions, rules and procedures governing the budget process in 46 African countries, presenting the most comprehensive analysis of African budget institutions hitherto conducted. The index includes the three stages of the budget process: negotiation, legislative approval, and implementation. At each stage the quality of the budget process is measured along five criteria: centralization, rules and controls, sustainability and credibility, comprehensiveness, and transparency. A wide dispersion in institutional quality is found across the continent. Furthermore, an empirical analysis based on OLS estimations shows that better budget institutions are associated with lower public external debt and a higher primary budget balance.

Studies of state fiscal and budgetary policies often use balanced budget requirements (BBRs) as explanatory variables. While current measures laid the crucial groundwork for a basic understanding of state BBRs, their lack of comprehensiveness threatens the validity of empirical work. Based on comprehensive legal research, this article offers a framework for analyzing state requirements: each state's BBRs form a coherent system for achieving budget balance through budget cycles; a fully developed BBR system offers a three‐line construct against imbalance; and the more complete, developed, and explicit a BBR system is, the more stringent it will be in achieving budgetary balance.

Intro -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations and Acronyms -- Executive Summary -- PART I. INTRODUCTION AND CONTEXT -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Macroeconomic Context for Public Expenditure Reform in Zambia -- Progress in Macroeconomic and Poverty Indicators -- Public Expenditure, Poverty and Social Outcomes -- The Scope for Increasing Government Revenue -- Key Areas for Maximizing Impact of Public Expenditure -- Summary and Conclusions -- 3. Governance and Accountability in Zambia -- Trends in Governance Indicators -- Underlying Factors for Trends in Governance -- The Accountability Framework in Zambia -- Enhancing the Oversight Role of Parliament -- PART II. PUBLIC EXPENDITURE MANAGEMENT AND FINANCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY -- 4. Budget Preparation -- Credibility of the Budget -- Comprehensiveness of the Budget -- Budget Classification -- Links Between Budgeting and Planning -- Presentation of the Budget -- 5. Budget Execution and Control -- Cash Rationing -- Revenue Controls -- Expenditure Control -- Commitment Control and the Arrears Problem -- Payroll Controls -- Capital Expenditure Controls -- Public Procurement -- 6. Accounting,Reporting,and Audit -- Legal Basis for Accounting and Reporting -- The Current System for Financial Management and Reporting -- Moving Towards Integrated Financial Management Information System (IFMIS) -- Internal Audit -- Effectiveness of External Audit -- PART III.COMPLEMENTARY POLICY MEASURES AND ISSUES -- 7. The Human Resource Challenges for Effective Budget Management -- The Problem of Low Overall Pay -- The Fragmented Salary Structure and Overuse of Allowance -- The Impact on Quality of Services -- The Link to Corruption -- Recommendations -- 8. Service Delivery in Practice:Leakages and Equity in The Flow of Funding to Education in Zambia -- Study Methodology -- Expenditure Tracking -- Leakages -- Equity.

This public financial management performance report (PFM-PR) is the first assessment of Mongolia's PFM system using the public expenditure and financial accountability (PEFA) framework. The report aims principally to establish an objective baseline measure of current PFM performance, highlighting areas of absolute and relative strength and weakness, thereby enabling a stock-taking of over a decade of PFM reforms in Mongolia and guiding the government in its reform priorities. The assessment covers PFM at the budgetary central government level. The PEFA is an evidence-based methodology that measures the performance of a country's PFM system at a particular point in time using a set of standardized indicators. The assessment is done on six dimensions of an open and orderly PFM system identified by the framework, which are: credibility of the budget; comprehensiveness and transparency; policy-based budgeting; predictability and control in budget execution; accounting, recording, and reporting; and external scrutiny and audit. This PEFA assessment will complement the considerable work that has already taken place on public expenditure management, which includes regular economic updates, public investment reviews, procurement reviews, analytic work conducted and supported by the World Bank funded technical assistance projects, as well as technical assistance mission reports of the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

The subject of the study is the practical experience of the functioning of the mechanism of public procurement of goods, works and services in the member states of the European Union, its reformation under the influence of the introduction of new EU legislative norms in the field of public procurement, and the harmonization of the national legislation of the participating countries with Directives 2014/23/EU, 2014/24/EU and 2014/25/EU. The purpose of the work is to establish the impact of the new legislative norms of the European Union in the field of public procurement on the mechanism of procurement of goods, works and services for budget funds in the European Union, to identify the advantages of applying these norms. The methodological basis of the article is a set of cognitive methods applied to the mechanism of public procurement. The research was based on general scientific methods, namely: dialectical, which implies objectivity, comprehensiveness and systematic knowledge; logical; special methods of scientific knowledge: historical, method of systematic analysis and generalization of normative documents. The general logic of the article is based on a complex and systematic approach using modern scientific apparatus. Results of the article. The article establishes the main directions of changes in the mechanism and tools of public procurement in the countries of the European Union, which took place after the implementation of the norms of Directives 2014/23/EU, 2014/24/EU and 2014/25/EU, an analysis of the advantages of their implementation in national legislation of member states. The evaluation of the efficiency of the public procurement market in the EU countries was carried out. The directions and sources of further research are substantiated, first of all, by taking into account the aspects of digitalization of the sphere of public administration and finance, social and environmental innovations. Field of application of results. The results can be used by state and local self-government bodies, territorial communities, and economic entities of various forms of ownership. Conclusions. The new norms of EU legislation in the field of public procurement, set out in Directives 2014/23/EU, 2014/24/EU and 2014/25/EU, are aimed at simplifying procedures for public procurement of goods, works and services for budget funds, which promotes the free movement of goods and services in the countries of the European Union. As a result, customers get better value for money. Thus, public procurement becomes a tool of EU strategic policy. Although it cannot be claimed that the EU's public procurement policy is flawless, the experience of all participating countries is always taken into account in the process of its development and implementation. The EU public sector can use the procurement of goods, works and services with budget funds to increase the number of jobs, growth and investment, as well as to create an economy that is more innovative, resource and energy efficient and socially inclusive.

Comparing this repeat Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability (PEFA) assessment with the original 2007 assessment reveals overall improvement across most Performance Indicators, with slippage in some areas and no change in rating for others. This 2012 PEFA report also takes place at a time of considerable transition as various PFM reforms are either newly implemented or in the process of being implemented and close to being implemented (e.g. a new chart of accounts; a new supreme audit act; adoption of the medium term expenditure framework and the implementation of a Public Financial Management (PFM) Reform Program). The purpose of the assessment is to assess the PFM system performance of the Government of Tajikistan, using the PEFA assessment methodology, and to gauge progress in strengthening performance since the last PEFA assessment conducted in 2007. The results of the assessment will principally be used by the Government to determine whether the Public Financial Management Economic Management Modernization Program (PFMMP) that it is currently implementing should be refined.

This policy brief discusses the key dimensions of military expenditure transparency and assesses them in relation to China. While spending transparency relates most obviously to the availability, reliability, detail, and comprehensiveness of information, it cannot be completely separated from broader defense policy formation issues. China has a robust framework for developing, implementing, and monitoring defense policy, budgeting, and expenditure, and producing readily-accessible budget and expenditure data in English and Chinese; however, these processes are largely carried out behind closed doors.

The most widely quoted financial statistic about the U.S. government is its annual budget deficit. This measure, usually interpreted as an indicator of the extent to which the government is shifting costs incurred in the current period to the future, can be incomplete and misleading. At the very least, informed citizens with an interest in future tax burdens or intergenerational equity need to supplement the current deficit measure with broader, more comprehensive statistics that are currently available, but which also have their own limitations. In this article, we describe some of the major omissions of the U.S. federal budget deficit and consider the additional information provided by three broader measures of fiscal shortfall: the increase in outstanding gross federal debt; the change in the government's net financial position; and the change in the fiscal gap. Effectively, we offer an evaluation of one element of the budget—the deficit—by the single criteria of its comprehensiveness as a measure of the burden of today's policies on future taxpayers and other stakeholders. Additional budget elements that could be evaluated using other criteria include budget outlays as a measure of the size of government or the effectiveness of the budget process in achieving the goals of efficiency, stability, and equity. These topics, however, are beyond the scope of this paper.

The main purpose of this paper is to assess the comprehensiveness and integrativity of the performance information of local governments in promoting public accountability to its stakeholders using the PDCA cycle model. This study primarily uses document content analysis, reviewing and analysing the information contained in strategic and operational plans, budgets and annual reports of 38 municipalities in Estonia. Results show that the annual budgeting, reporting and decision-making follow a closed-loop cycle, but the integration of strategic planning into the ongoing management process is still not disclosed to the general public, therefore also resulting in limited public accountability and poor governance arrangements

Cover -- CONTENTS -- GLOSSARY -- PREFACE -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- I. FISCAL REPORTING -- 1.1. Coverage of Fiscal Reports -- 1.2. Frequency and Timeliness of Fiscal Reporting -- 1.3. Quality of Fiscal Reports -- 1.4. Integrity of Fiscal Reports -- 1.5 Recommendations -- II. FISCAL FORECASTING AND BUDGETING -- 2.1. Comprehensiveness of Budget Documentation -- 2.2. Orderliness -- 2.3. Policy Orientation -- 2.4. Credibility -- 2.5. Recommendations -- III. FISCAL RISK ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT -- 3.1. Disclosure and Analysis -- 3.2. Fiscal Risk Management -- 3.3. Fiscal Coordination -- 3.4 Recommendations -- BOX -- 1.1. The Individual Investor Program and the National Development and Social Fund -- FIGURES -- 1.1. Public Sector Expenditure and Coverage in Fiscal Reports, 2016 -- 1.2. Coverage of Public Sector Balance Sheet in Fiscal Reports, 2016 -- 1.3. Public Sector Net Worth in Selected Countries -- 1.4. General Government Assets in Selected European Countries, 2016 -- 1.5. Public Sector Gross Liabilities in Selected European Countries -- 1.6. Other Economic Flows of General Government Financial Assets -- 1.7. Annual Revenue Loss from Tax Expenditures in Selected European Countries -- 1.8. Stock-Flow Adjustments of General Government -- 1.9. Historical Revisions between April 2013 and April 2018 EDP Notifications -- 1.10. Reconciliation of Budget Accounts with General Government Net Lending, 2016 -- 2.1. Medium-Term Macroeconomic Forecast Error for Real GDP Growth (2005-17) -- 2.2. Average Medium-Term Fiscal Forecast Error, 2005-17 -- 2.3. Medium-term Revenue and Expenditure Forecasts, 2014-18 -- 2.4. General Government Investment, 2006-17 -- 2.5. Supplementary Budgets and Outturns Relative to Approved Budget (2008-16) -- 2.6. Successive Medium-Term Budget Deficit Forecasts (2003-17) -- 3.1. Fan Charts for GDP Growth and Budget Balance.

Cover -- CONTENTS -- GLOSSARY -- PREFACE -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- I. FISCAL REPORTING -- 1.1. Coverage of Fiscal Reports -- 1.2. Frequency and Timeliness of Fiscal Reporting -- 1.3. Quality of Fiscal Reports -- 1.4. Integrity of Fiscal Reports -- Recommendations -- II. FISCAL FORECASTING AND BUDGETING -- 2.1. Comprehensiveness of Budget Documentation -- 2.2. Orderliness -- 2.3 Policy Orientation -- 2.4 Credibility -- Recommendations -- III. FISCAL RISKS -- 3.1. Risk Disclosure and Analysis -- 3.2. Fiscal Risk Management -- 3.3. Fiscal Coordination -- Recommendations -- BOXES -- 1.1. Good Practices for Statistical Revisions -- 2.1. Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs Employment Services Program -- 2.2. The Swedish Fiscal Policy Council - Effective Despite a Low Budget -- 2.3. Forecast Reconciliation -- 3.1. Determining a Robust Budget Reserve Framework -- FIGURES -- 1.1. Coverage of Public Sector Institutions in Fiscal Reports -- 1.2. Public Sector Balance Sheet Coverage in Fiscal Reports, 2016 -- 1.3. Public Sector Gross Liabilities in Selected Countries -- 1.4. Public Sector Net Worth in Selected Countries -- 1.5. Tax Expenditures in Selected Countries -- 1.6. Periodicity and Timeliness of Budgetary Reports by SDDS Subscribers -- 1.7. Timeliness of Annual Fiscal Reports in Selected Countries -- 1.8. Stock-flow Adjustment, 2016 -- 1.9. Net Lending/Borrowing for the General Government as Reported in GFMS 2001 and SNA 2008 -- 2.1. Composition of Revenue of EBAs -- 2.2. Own-Source Revenues in Selected Countries -- 2.3. Real GDP Forecasts -- 2.4. Inflation Forecasts -- 2.5. Forecast Errors for Real GDP by Forecasters -- 2.6. Budget Ceiling vs. Ceiling in Same Year MTEF -- 2.7. Cross-Country Comparison: Average Medium-Term Fiscal Forecast Error in Selected Countries, 2007-16 -- 2.8. Public Investment in Selected Countries.

Cover -- Contents -- Tables, Figures, and Boxes -- Foreword (Ayumi Konishi) -- Foreword (Li Kouqing) -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Executive Summary -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Overview of Local Public Management -- 1.2 Issues in Local Public Finance Management -- 2 Reforming Local Budgeting and Budgetary Institutions -- 2.1 Local Budget Management -- 2.2 Local Debt Management -- 3 Local Tax Reforms -- 3.1 Residential Property Tax -- 3.2 Environmental Taxes -- 4 Conclusion -- Appendixes -- References -- Tables, Figures, and Boxes -- Tables -- 1 Expenditure Assignment in the PRC -- 2 Tax Assignment in the People's Republic of China (%) -- 3 Features of Alternate Budget Formats -- 4 Performance Budget Payoffs -- 5 Spectrum of Performance Budgeting Reforms -- 6 Vertical Fiscal Gap in the PRC-2011 -- 7 Subnational Revenues by Source, 2010 (%) -- 8 Sources of Subnational Capital Financing (%) -- 9 Revenues of Prefecture-Level Cities, 2010 (%) -- 10 Comprehensiveness of Local Budget Using Data from Jiangyin Muncipality, 2009 -- 11 The PRC's Local Budgetary Revenues and Land Leasing Income -- 12 Local Government Debt, Sources of Finance and Disposition of Borrowed Funds, 2010 (CNY billion) -- 13 Local Bond Financing, 2005-2013 (CNY billion) -- 14 Sources of Capital Financing by Type of Investment and Fiscal Capacity of Local Government -- 15 Fiscal Risk Matrix, Local Government Exposures -- 16 Real Property Tax in an International Context -- 17 Approaches to Property Valuation -- 18 Decision Criteria Regarding the Choice of Public Policy Instrument for Environmental Protection -- 19 Energy Subsidies in the People's Republic of China, 2011 -- A1 Basic Elements of Public Finance Management Framework -- A2 Debt Affordability in the United States, by State -- A3 Moody's Rating Criteria for Credit Worthiness.