If charity begins at home, scholarship on the charitable deduction has stayed at home. In the vast legal literature, few authors have engaged the distinction between charitable contributions that are meant to be used within the United States and charitable contributions that are meant to be used abroad. Yet these two types of contributions are treated very differently in the Code and raise very different policy issues. As Americans' giving patterns and the U.S. nonprofit sector grow increasingly international, the distinction will only become more salient. This Article offers the first exploration of how theories of the charitable deduction apply to internationally targeted donations. In so doing, the Article aims to contribute not only to a methodological shift in nonprofit tax scholarship (a strategic remapping), but also to a reappraisal of the deduction literature (an analytic remapping): just as existing theories of the deduction can inform our understanding of foreign charity, considerations of foreign charity can shed light back on the existing theories. I argue that the standard rationales are underdetermined and undertheorized, and propose a new, integrated approach to the charitable deduction. Internationally targeted donations emerge from the analysis holding a strong claim to deductibility – often a stronger claim than domestically targeted donations hold – on almost every relevant dimension, which calls into question current regulations that privilege domestic giving. Oversight and foreign policy concerns, however, complicate the ideal of geographic neutrality and illuminate the charitable deduction's role as an instrument of statecraft. Admitting foreign charity into the debate over the deduction thus changes the debate's terms; it gives deduction theory new urgency as well as new complexity.
In Wallonia, the zones of economic activities have been developing since just after the Second World War and have always contributed to both economic development and good regional planning. Originally reserved for large-scale industries of the fordist type, the formula was extended to include small and medium-sized companies, except retail business, and even generated specialised spaces like science parks, multi-modal transport centres and business parks. Throughout its development the success of the zones and the parks has scarcely weakened: there are over 200 in the region today in which over 4,500 companies can be found totalling over 20% of private employment in Wallonia. The companies present correspond to the large majority of the new industries and activities of the heavy service sector and also to a very large number of transfers of activities that were long ago located in the urban towns. Nevertheless, the recent expansion of zones raises an increasing number of questions: should their expansion be encouraged, or should it instead be slowed by more efficient management? This article studies these questions and suggests avenues for reflections and suggestions that cross the divide between the zones themselves and, more globally, the policies of planning and development. ; En Wallonie, les zones d'activités économiques ont été développées depuis le lendemain de la seconde guerre mondiale et ont toujours contribué à la fois au développement économique et au bon aménagement du territoire. Réservée au départ à l'accueil des grandes industries de type fordiste, la formule s'est élargie aux petites et moyennes entreprises à l'exception du commerce de détail et a même engendré des espaces spécialisés comme les parcs scientifiques, les plateformes multimodales et les parcs d'affaires. Tout au long de son développement le succès des zones et des parcs n'a guère faibli : la région en compte aujourd'hui plus de 200 où se retrouvent plus de 4 500 entreprises totalisant plus de 20 % de l'emploi privé wallon. Les firmes présentes correspondent à l'immense majorité des nouvelles industries et activités du tertiaire lourd et aussi à de très nombreux transferts d'activités jadis localisées dans les agglomérations urbaines. Toutefois l'expansion récente des zones suscite de plus en plus de questions : faut-il continuer à favoriser leur extension, faut-il au contraire la freiner par une gestion plus efficace? L'article se penche sur ces questions et propose des pistes de réflexions et des propositions qui touchent à la fois les zones elles-mêmes et de manière plus globale les politiques d'aménagement et de développement. ; Peer reviewed
This book addresses the socio-economic impacts of rapid economic development due to a global mining boom. It reviews the efforts taken by communities, governments and companies in Australia to deliver enduring benefits while minimising the negative consequences of rapid growth. In particular, the effects and tensions of new workforce arrangements, worker mobility and condensed mine life cycles on communities and economies are explored. Split into two parts, the first part of the book details various issues related to the socio-economic impacts of Labour Force Mobility and Rapid Economic Growth, while the second part focuses on measuring the socio-economic impacts of Rapid Economic Growth. Chapter contributors have technical and scientific backgrounds which have been informed by social perspectives. They understand the technical and economic spheres of the resources industries and recognize the gaps in the public policy which hinder regional economic development during a period of extraordinary growth and opportunity. The book is a useful resource for practitioners in the public policy, resources, community planning and economic development sectors as well as students in business, regional planning and human resources.
In Chapter 1, we analyze the determinants of the internal mobility of refugees in Turkey. We track down this mobility relying on geolocalized mobile phone calls data and bring these measures to a micro-founded gravity model in order to estimate the main drivers of refugee mobility across 26 regions in 2017. Our results show that the movements of refugees are sensitive to income differentials and contribute therefore to a more efficient allocation of labor across space. Comparing these findings with those of individuals with a non-refugee status, we find that refugees are more sensitive to variations of income at origin and to distance, while less responsive to changes in income at destination. These findings are robust to the way mobility is inferred from phone data and to the choice of the geographical unit of investigation. Further, we provide evidence against some alternative explanations of mobility such as the propensity to leave refugee camps, transit through Turkey, social magnet effects and sensitivity to agricultural business cycles. In Chapter 2, we exploit annual variations in the presence of refugees to approximate the resulting changes in diversity in the refugee-hosting areas across 23 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. We then assess the relationship between the refugee-corrected diversity indices and the likelihood of conflict between 2005 and 2016. In line with our theoretical framework, the refugee-corrected polarization exacerbates the risk of conflict. A one standard deviation increase in the polarization index raises the incidence of violent conflict by 5 percentage points. Such an effect corresponds to a 10 percent increase, at the mean. The opposite effect is found for the fractionalization index. Our results should not be interpreted as evidence that refugees per se impact the likelihood of violence. Indeed, we do not find any significant correlation between the number of refugees and the occurrence of conflict. Instead, our results point to the risk of conflict when refugees exacerbate ethnic polarization in the hosting communities. On the contrary, a situation where refugee flows raises the level of ethnic fractionalization is likely to see an attenuated risk of violence. This certainly calls for specific interventions in refugee-hosting and polarized communities. We also conduct additional analysis based on individual data and recent COVID-related protests. Results tend to support aggregate results. Refugee-corrected polarization raises the likelihood of experiencing physical assault and interpersonal crime by 2.7 resp. 4.2 percentage points, while no effect can be found for ethnic attachment and trust. Finally, the relevance of our results in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic is explored. In Chapter 3, we study the impact of independent media networks on political accountability during the Arab Spring across the Middle East and North Africa region. The study focuses on two major media networks in the Arab world: Al Jazeera and Al Arabiya. Political accountability is proxied using principally a measure of protests. Data on both political accountability measures and the media networks derive from the Arab Barometer surveys. The regional-level analysis is based on Jordan, Lebanon and Palestine due to data availability. The study uses regional ruggedness as an instrumental variable for the non-random use of independent media among individuals. Results are estimated using a Two-Stage least Squares (2SLS) regression analysis and indicate a positive and significant impact of independent media on political accountability. Several extensions are performed. First, the analysis is replicated for the impact of state media networks and results suggest a significant negative impact on participation to protests. Second, the impact of using independent media for public sector workers' participation to protests is compared with non-public workers. While a significant positive impact of using independent media is found among non-public workers, independent media among public workers seem not to affect their participation to protests. Some channels are tested using additional outcomes such as governmental trust, political alignment, signing petitions and general trust as proxies for political accountability.
Facility for Investment Climate Advisory Services (FIAS) ; Since investment climate reforms in developing countries started gaining traction in the 1990s, most efforts have focused on issues at the national level, achieving varying degrees of success for reasons that are relatively well understood. This handbook provides an overview of efforts and achievements in subnational investment climate reforms. It is organized as follows. Chapter 2 reviews a number of countries experiences with subnational reforms, noting both success stories and disappointments and pointing toward lessons learned. Chapter 3 sets out the basic principles of subnational revenue, including business taxation. Chapter 4 describes sound licensing practices for subnational governments, including establishing licensing fees. Chapter 5 provides recommendations for subnational reform projects where both the regulatory authority and taxation require attention, which is the most common situation. Finally, the Appendix offers nine case studies covering subnational reform efforts in the following countries: Canada (British Columbia), The Russian Federation, China, Kenya, Tanzania, Peru (Lima), The Balkans (Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina), Tajikistan, and Zambia.
"Middle managers--those with responsibility for managers or sizeable teams/divisions beneath them and who directly answer to senior management--make up a large portion of a corporation. The Outstanding Middle Manager, co-authored by business psychologists Gordon Tinline and Cary Cooper offers a fresh perspective on the role of the middle manager in the 21st century. Taking a holistic view of the position, Tinline and Cooper first situate the role in the changing work paradigm: flatter organizations, new working practices and expectations, cross-cultural and intra-generational factors in management. They then address the unique pressures and challenges middle managers face including: -managing work pressures of overload, resource shortages, and limited control -building resilience -influencing where you have limited power -getting the best out of both the team and overseers -developing a mid-level career -life management and how to achieve a healthy work-life balance With a focus on lateral development and progression, this book empowers middle managers to take control of their career and become more fulfilled, resilient, and satisfied"--
In Neutral Accent, A. Aneesh employs India's call centers as useful sites for studying global change. The horizon of global economic shift, the consequences of global integration, and the ways in which call center work "neutralizes" racial, ethnic, and national identities become visible from the confines of their cubicles. In his interviews with call service workers and in his own work in a call center in the high tech metropolis of Gurgoan, India, Aneesh observed the difficulties these workers face in bridging cultures, laws, and economies: having to speak in an accent that does not betray their ethnicity, location, or social background; learning foreign social norms; and working graveyard shifts to accommodate international customers. Call center work is cast as independent of place, space, and time, and its neutrality--which Aneesh defines as indifference to difference--has become normal business practice in a global economy. The work of call center employees in the globally integrated marketplace comes at a cost, however, as they become disconnected from the local interactions and personal relationships that make their lives anything but neutral
The object of research is the e-commerce market. The development of e-commerce allows to carry out business activities on a global scale, to offer enterprises goods and services regardless of spatial and temporal constraints, to reduce the costs of conducting and maintaining operations. This, respectively, allows to reduce prices and get a leading position in the global market. One of the problem areas is identification of those trends that have developed in foreign markets, which of this at the moment is in Ukraine. And, accordingly, what kind of experience can be adopted by them in order to more actively introduce the sphere of electronic commerce in all areas of economic activity.The analysis of the approaches to the definition of the concept of «electronic commerce» is carried out, the state of legislative regulation of the e-commerce sphere is determined at both the global and national levels. It is determined that, based on the interaction of business entities in the Internet environment, various types of e-commerce can be distinguished, the main participants of which are consumers, business and government.Statistical analysis of the development of e-commerce in the world has proved that today this area is rapidly increasing its volumes. The world leaders, of course, are the countries that have the highest level of implementation of information technologies in all areas of activity, however, Ukraine has become Europe's leader in the development of e-commerce.It is proved that Ukraine has the potential to expand the influence of e-commerce companies. Since the Internet is still not used by 35 % of the population, and a large number of users prefer foreign services due to distrust of national enterprises and an imperfect legislative base. In addition, Ukrainian companies are mainly based on the principles of the «business-to-consumer» model, which, accordingly, enables other enterprises to occupy those market segments in which services are not offered at all through e-commerce services. ; Объектом исследования является рынок электронной коммерции. Развитие электронной коммерции позволяет осуществлять хозяйственную деятельность в мировом масштабе, предлагать предприятиям товары и услуги независимо от пространственных и временных ограничений, уменьшать расходы на проведение и обслуживание операций. Это, соответственно, позволяет снижать цены и получать лидирующие позиции на мировом рынке. Одним из проблемных мест является определение тех тенденций, которые сложились на зарубежных рынках, что из этого на данный момент есть в Украине. И, соответственно, какой опыт может быть перенят с целью более активного внедрения сферы электронной коммерции во все направления экономической деятельности.Проведен анализ подходов к определению понятия «электронная коммерция», определено состояние законодательного урегулирования сферы электронной коммерции как на глобальном, так и на национальном уровнях. Определено, что на основе взаимодействия субъектов хозяйствования в среде Интернет можно выделить различные типы электронной коммерции, основными участниками которых выступают потребители, бизнес и правительство.Статистический анализ развития электронной коммерции в мире доказал, что на сегодня данная сфера стремительно наращивает свои объемы. Мировыми лидерами, безусловно, выступают страны, которые имеют наибольший уровень внедрения информационных технологий во все сферы деятельности, однако, Украина стала лидером Европы по динамике развития электронной коммерции.Доказано, что в Украине есть потенциал к расширению влияния компаний сферы электронной коммерции. Так как Интернетом еще не пользуется 35 % населения, а большое количество пользователей предпочитают зарубежные сервисы из-за недоверия к национальным предприятиям и несовершенную законодательную базу. К тому же, украинские компании, в основном, базируются на принципах модели «бизнес-к-потребителю», что, соответственно, дает возможность другим предприятиям занимать те сегменты рынка, на которых вообще не предлагаются услуги через сервисы электронной коммерции. ; Об'єктом дослідження є ринок електронної комерції. Розвиток електронної комерції дозволяє здійснювати господарську діяльність у світовому масштабі, пропонувати підприємствам товари та послуги незалежно від просторових та часових обмежень, зменшувати витрати на проведення та обслуговування операцій. Це, відповідно, дозволяє знижувати ціни та отримувати лідируючі позиції на світовому ринку. Одним із проблемних місць є визначення тих тенденцій, які склалися на зарубіжних ринках, що з цього на даний момент є в Україні. І, відповідно, який досвід може бути перейнятий нею з метою більш активного впровадження сфери електронної комерції в усі напрями економічної діяльності.Проведено аналіз підходів до визначення поняття «електронна комерція», визначено стан законодавчого врегулювання сфери електронної комерції як на глобальному, так і на національному рівнях. Визначено, що на основі взаємодії суб'єктів господарювання в середовищі Інтернет можна виокремити різні типи електронної комерції, основними учасниками яких виступають споживачі, бізнес та уряд.Статистичний аналіз стану розвитку електронної комерції в світі довів, що на сьогодні дана сфера стрімко нарощує свої обсяги. Світовими лідерами, звісно, виступають країни, які мають найбільший рівень впровадження інформаційних технологій в усі сфери діяльності, проте, Україна стала лідером Європи за динамікою розвитку електронної комерції.Доведено, що в України є потенціал до розширення впливу компаній сфери електронної комерції. Так як Інтернетом ще не користується 35 % населення, а велика кількість користувачів надають перевагу зарубіжним сервісам через недовіру до національних підприємств та недосконалу законодавчу базу. До того ж, українські компанії, в основному, базуються на принципах моделі «бізнес-до-споживача», що, відповідно, дає можливість іншим підприємствам займати ті сегменти ринку, на яких взагалі не пропонуються послуги через сервіси електронної комерції.
The object of research is the e-commerce market. The development of e-commerce allows to carry out business activities on a global scale, to offer enterprises goods and services regardless of spatial and temporal constraints, to reduce the costs of conducting and maintaining operations. This, respectively, allows to reduce prices and get a leading position in the global market. One of the problem areas is identification of those trends that have developed in foreign markets, which of this at the moment is in Ukraine. And, accordingly, what kind of experience can be adopted by them in order to more actively introduce the sphere of electronic commerce in all areas of economic activity.The analysis of the approaches to the definition of the concept of «electronic commerce» is carried out, the state of legislative regulation of the e-commerce sphere is determined at both the global and national levels. It is determined that, based on the interaction of business entities in the Internet environment, various types of e-commerce can be distinguished, the main participants of which are consumers, business and government.Statistical analysis of the development of e-commerce in the world has proved that today this area is rapidly increasing its volumes. The world leaders, of course, are the countries that have the highest level of implementation of information technologies in all areas of activity, however, Ukraine has become Europe's leader in the development of e-commerce.It is proved that Ukraine has the potential to expand the influence of e-commerce companies. Since the Internet is still not used by 35 % of the population, and a large number of users prefer foreign services due to distrust of national enterprises and an imperfect legislative base. In addition, Ukrainian companies are mainly based on the principles of the «business-to-consumer» model, which, accordingly, enables other enterprises to occupy those market segments in which services are not offered at all through e-commerce services. ; Объектом исследования является рынок электронной коммерции. Развитие электронной коммерции позволяет осуществлять хозяйственную деятельность в мировом масштабе, предлагать предприятиям товары и услуги независимо от пространственных и временных ограничений, уменьшать расходы на проведение и обслуживание операций. Это, соответственно, позволяет снижать цены и получать лидирующие позиции на мировом рынке. Одним из проблемных мест является определение тех тенденций, которые сложились на зарубежных рынках, что из этого на данный момент есть в Украине. И, соответственно, какой опыт может быть перенят с целью более активного внедрения сферы электронной коммерции во все направления экономической деятельности.Проведен анализ подходов к определению понятия «электронная коммерция», определено состояние законодательного урегулирования сферы электронной коммерции как на глобальном, так и на национальном уровнях. Определено, что на основе взаимодействия субъектов хозяйствования в среде Интернет можно выделить различные типы электронной коммерции, основными участниками которых выступают потребители, бизнес и правительство.Статистический анализ развития электронной коммерции в мире доказал, что на сегодня данная сфера стремительно наращивает свои объемы. Мировыми лидерами, безусловно, выступают страны, которые имеют наибольший уровень внедрения информационных технологий во все сферы деятельности, однако, Украина стала лидером Европы по динамике развития электронной коммерции.Доказано, что в Украине есть потенциал к расширению влияния компаний сферы электронной коммерции. Так как Интернетом еще не пользуется 35 % населения, а большое количество пользователей предпочитают зарубежные сервисы из-за недоверия к национальным предприятиям и несовершенную законодательную базу. К тому же, украинские компании, в основном, базируются на принципах модели «бизнес-к-потребителю», что, соответственно, дает возможность другим предприятиям занимать те сегменты рынка, на которых вообще не предлагаются услуги через сервисы электронной коммерции. ; Об'єктом дослідження є ринок електронної комерції. Розвиток електронної комерції дозволяє здійснювати господарську діяльність у світовому масштабі, пропонувати підприємствам товари та послуги незалежно від просторових та часових обмежень, зменшувати витрати на проведення та обслуговування операцій. Це, відповідно, дозволяє знижувати ціни та отримувати лідируючі позиції на світовому ринку. Одним із проблемних місць є визначення тих тенденцій, які склалися на зарубіжних ринках, що з цього на даний момент є в Україні. І, відповідно, який досвід може бути перейнятий нею з метою більш активного впровадження сфери електронної комерції в усі напрями економічної діяльності.Проведено аналіз підходів до визначення поняття «електронна комерція», визначено стан законодавчого врегулювання сфери електронної комерції як на глобальному, так і на національному рівнях. Визначено, що на основі взаємодії суб'єктів господарювання в середовищі Інтернет можна виокремити різні типи електронної комерції, основними учасниками яких виступають споживачі, бізнес та уряд.Статистичний аналіз стану розвитку електронної комерції в світі довів, що на сьогодні дана сфера стрімко нарощує свої обсяги. Світовими лідерами, звісно, виступають країни, які мають найбільший рівень впровадження інформаційних технологій в усі сфери діяльності, проте, Україна стала лідером Європи за динамікою розвитку електронної комерції.Доведено, що в України є потенціал до розширення впливу компаній сфери електронної комерції. Так як Інтернетом ще не користується 35 % населення, а велика кількість користувачів надають перевагу зарубіжним сервісам через недовіру до національних підприємств та недосконалу законодавчу базу. До того ж, українські компанії, в основному, базуються на принципах моделі «бізнес-до-споживача», що, відповідно, дає можливість іншим підприємствам займати ті сегменти ринку, на яких взагалі не пропонуються послуги через сервіси електронної комерції.
Cover -- Contents -- 1 Introduction -- PART I: TRENDS IN MACROECONOMIC CONDITIONS AND YOUTH VIOLENCE -- 2 The Net Effect of the Business Cycle on Crime and Violence -- 3 Are the Criminogenic Consequences of Economic Downturns Conditional? Assessing Potential Moderators of the Link between Adverse Economic Conditions and Crime Rates -- 4 Economic Conditions and Violent Victimization Trends among Youth: Guns, Violence, and Homicide, 1973-2005 -- PART II: THE NEIGHBORHOOD CONTEXT -- 5 The Nonlinear Effect of Neighborhood Disadvantage on Youth Violence: Neighborhood Effects on Youth Violence -- 6 Aggravated Inequality: Neighborhood Economics, Schools, and Juvenile Delinquency -- 7 Street Markets, Adolescent Identity, and Violence: A Generative Dynamic -- 8 Incarceration and the Economic Fortunes of Urban Neighborhoods -- PART III: CHILD DEVELOPMENT, FAMILIES, AND YOUTH VIOLENCE -- 9 Macroeconomic Factors, Youth Violence, and the Developing Child -- 10 Macroeconomic Factors and Inequities in Youth Violence: The Cyclical Relationship between Community Conditions, Family Factors, and Youth Violence -- PART IV: LOOKING TO THE FUTURE -- 11 Economic Opportunity and Youth Violence: Conclusions and Implications for Future Research -- About the Contributors -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y -- Z.
The recent economic crisis has created a heightened interest in economics and greater demand for economics experts. The media has played an important role in meeting this demand as mediated expertise is relied upon to understand the complex relationships within society (Albaek, Christiansen and Togeby 2003; Beck 1992; Boyce 2006; Giddens 1990). Such interactions of experts with media are a key element of the knowledge flows within society (Sturdy et al. 2009) and so have attracted research attention (Ekstrom and Lundell 2011; Hutchby 2006; Montgomery 2008). This paper contributes to this literature by focusing on the under-researched area of the expert interview (Montgomery 2008), and in particular on the less-studied interview with the social science expert (Cassidy, 2008). The management experts chosen – economists – are key to the knowledge flows about business. Using discourse analysis we examined interactions on a prominent Irish radio news programme, building on previous literature which analyses radio interaction (Fitzgerald and Housley 2002; Hutchby 2006). Interviews with a well-known economist are analysed. This provides insights into how discursive tools are used to construct and preserve an expert identity in media interactions and how this influences the construction of the economy in knowledge flows.
Chapter 1 Universities and regional development in peripheral regions Paul Benneworth & Lisa Nieth Chapter 2 Universities and neo-endogenous peripheral development: towards a systematic classification Paul Benneworth & Lisa Nieth Chapter 3 Towards a strategic alignment: Regional challenges and university tensions in peripheral geographies Rómulo Pinheiro Chapter 4 University roles in a peripheral Southern European region: Between traditional and 'engaged' roles through the provision of knowledge intensive business services Hugo Pinto, Elvira Uyarra, Manuel Fernandez-Esquinas Chapter 5 'Strange bird': A peripheral university college in a complex, peripheral region James Karlsen Chapter 6 Universities and Regional Economic Development: Engaging with the Periphery Nina Kyllingstad Chapter 7 Vysocina region: from a remote rural region straight into the virtual world Libor Prudký, Michaela Šmídová Chapter 8 Ústí region: learning hard about industry modernisation Inna Čábelková & Jan Kohoutek Chapter 9 Higher education institutions at the periphery of the periphery: creating sustainable economic development in Estonia Anne Keerberg Chapter 10 Universities and regional economic development in cross-border regions Jos van den Broek, Franziska Eckardt & Paul Benneworth Chapter 11 Constructing Regional Resilience in a Knowledge Economy Crisis -- the case of the Nokia-led ICT Industry in Tampere Heli Kurikka, Jari Kolehmainen & Markku Sotarauta Chapter 12 Conceptualising the university-region economic development interface in peripheral regions Paul Benneworth and Lisa Nieth Chapter 13 Future perspectives on universities and peripheral regional development Lisa Nieth and Paul Benneworth
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