La idea de la "curación" de la sociedad tiene sus raíces en los tiempos más remotos de la historia conocida. Si la medicina más básica se enfocaba en la necesidad de combatir a la enfermedad como un símbolo del mal que atacaba al organismo biológico, no era difícil extender esta visión hacia el combate a los males que afectaban al organismo social. "Combinada con la idea del progreso, la utopía de la humanidad sana llegó a prevalecer sobre el ideal de modelos concretos y específicos de funcionamiento característicos de cada tribu o polis" (Illich, s/f). No es casual que todas las civilizaciones hayan adaptado un sistema conceptual médico al discurso político, con la finalidad de explicar el funcionamiento de la sociedad y designar sus principales falencias. De este modo, a lo largo de los siglos hemos acumulado y estructurado un conjunto de términos médicos comúnmente aplicados al mundo de la política y de la sociología: crisis, cáncer, lacra, descomposición, contagio, enfermedad, infección, remediación, paliativo, paños de agua tibia,… simbólicamente, la medicina extiende sus dominios al campo de las ciencias sociales.
This article delves into the problem of socioeconomic polarization of Honduran society, whose productive force and modernity has been concentrated in just a couple of urban and industrial development poles, at the expense of the majority of internal regions, where high levels of inequality and postponement are suffered. An explanation of its causes and consequences is proposed from a historical perspective that reviews a period from 1899 to date, which allows us to reflect on the implications of the political decisions and economic development models adopted by the ruling class in the future of time, to efficiently lead to equitable development. The study reveals the influence that this combination of aspects is inherent in the decision making of the highest level plays a decisive role in shaping our current map of asymmetries between country regions, which today weakens efforts towards an inclusive economic takeoff of our society. Information of valuable importance is sustained in development planning in the face of the enormous challenges of globalization in which we are immersed. ; Este artículo incursiona en el problema de polarización socioeconómica de la sociedad hondureña, cuya fuerza productiva y modernidad se han concentrado en apenas un par de polos urbanísticos e industriales de desarrollo2, a expensas del resto mayoritario de regiones internas, donde se padecen altos grados de desigualdad y postergación. Se propone una explicación de sus causas y consecuencias, desde una perspectiva histórica que revisa un período a partir de 1899 hasta la fecha, reflexionando sobre las implicaciones que tuvieron las decisiones de política y los modelos de desarrollo económico adoptados por la clase gobernante en el devenir del tiempo para encausar un desarrollo equitativo. El estudio revela la influencia que esta combinación de aspectos inherentes a la toma de decisiones de más alto nivel jugó un rol determinante para moldear nuestro actual mapa de asimetrías entre regiones internas de país; que hoy día debilita esfuerzos hacia un despegue económico inclusivo de nuestra sociedad. Se sustenta una información de valiosa importancia en la planificación del desarrollo frente a los ingentes desafíos de la globalización en la que estamos inmersos.
En la actualidad, con el auge de la tecnología, cada vez son más los gobiernos utilizan las TIC para la realización de trámites, procesos y sobre todo acciones colaborativas y/o participativas con una alta influencia directa en la toma de decisiones gubernamentales. Esto conlleva a que los servicios tecnológicos soporten grandes cantidades de información y datos personales de los ciudadanos. En estas circunstancias, la confianza resulta un aspecto altamente crítico. En este trabajo presentamos una revisión bibliográfica de aspectos de gobiernos electrónicos, confianza y la relación existente entre ellas. Esta revisión sirve de base para la representación de un modelo propuesto, que ha sido diseñado utilizando la metodología Design Science Research (DSR). El modelo muestra una visión de la influencia de diversos factores que inciden en la confianza sobre los gobiernos electrónicos. Posteriormente, se realiza una validación a través de un análisis de casos efectuado sobre tres proyectos de e-gobierno orientados hacia la participación ciudadana ; Currently, with the rise of technology, more and more governments are using ICT to carry out procedures, processes and above all collaborative and / or participatory actions with a high direct influence on the decision-making of governments. This leads to technological services supporting large amounts of information and personal data of citizens. In these circumstances, trust is a highly critical aspect. In this paper we present a bibliographic review of aspects of electronic governments, trust and the relationship between them. This review serves as the basis for the representation of a proposed model, which has been designed using the Design Science Research (DSR) methodology. The model shows a vision of the influence of various factors that influence trust in electronic governments. Subsequently, a validation is carried out through a case analysis carried out on three e-government projects oriented towards electronic participation
Political participation and the way in which people are taking part in political decisions and social administration are among the issues that have been discussed throughout the history of political ideas since time immemorial even before the Christ. One of the striking examples of political participation of people of a society is taking part in various elections of a country that is one of the issues of political geography and electoral geography. Electoral geography is a term that was first coined by French scholar Zigfrid in 1913. Political participation usually refers to the domain of access of the citizens to their normal democratic rights in political activity to which they are legally eligible. Participation in election includes voluntary activities that are done by ordinary people in order to influence the public policy. This influence might be direct or based on one's personal choice of the one who decides the general policies. Voting in elections is part of this influence. Holding free and just election and the existence of political competition are among the aspects of democracy and legitimacy of political systems. This category is of higher importance in the societies, which are in transition. Election and electoral competition are one of the significant indices of democratic system at the heart of which two elements of continuation and change evolve. Thus, in the current research we will discuss the effective factors in the participation of people in election, aspects of political participation, behavioral patterns in election, effective factors in electoral behavior and elections in a number of developed countries and so on and so forth.
The study seeks to differentiate between the economic development model of Singapore and that of Panama. Its importance lies in determining the macroeconomic variables that comprise GDP, the inflation rate, foreign direct investment, and employment, in which Singapore obtains more significant levels than Panama. The behavior of Singapore's economy since the 1960s has been growing and constant. Education was a determining factor in its model of economic development. The use of a Confucian philosophy constituted the ideological philosophical model that united Singapore's society, establishing long-term objectives and an indissoluble unity in government policies from 1965 to the present. In the ideological model of Panama, an ideological and integrating factor of society was not observed. In this comparative study, one impact-determining variable was observed: The Confucian philosophy linked to the educational model, which helped to further enhance the economic development of Singapore. ; El estudio busca establecer diferenciación entre el modelo de desarrollo económico de Singapur y el de Panamá. Su importancia radica en determinar las variables causales de la disimilitud. Los resultados más importantes del estudio se basan en variables macroeconómicas que comprenden el PIB, la tasa de inflación, la inversión extrajera directa y el empleo, en las que Singapur obtiene niveles más significativos que el de Panamá. El comportamiento de la economía de Singapur, a partir de los años sesenta, ha sido creciente y constante. La educación fue un factor determinante en su modelo de desarrollo económico. El uso de una filosofía confuciana constituyó el factor filosófico ideológico que cohesionó a la sociedad de Singapur estableciéndose objetivos a largo plazo y una unidad indisoluble en las políticas de gobierno desde el año 1965 hasta la fecha. En el modelo de desarrollo económico de Panamá, no se observó un factor ideológico e integrador de la sociedad. En este estudio comparativo se observó una variable determinante de impacto: la filosofía confuciana vinculada al modelo educativo la cual coadyuvó a potenciar aún más el desarrollo económico de Singapur.
The study seeks to differentiate between the economic development model of Singapore and that of Panama. Its importance lies in determining the macroeconomic variables that comprise GDP, the inflation rate, foreign direct investment, and employment, in which Singapore obtains more significant levels than Panama. The behavior of Singapore's economy since the 1960s has been growing and constant. Education was a determining factor in its model of economic development. The use of a Confucian philosophy constituted the ideological philosophical model that united Singapore's society, establishing long-term objectives and an indissoluble unity in government policies from 1965 to the present. In the ideological model of Panama, an ideological and integrating factor of society was not observed. In this comparative study, one impact-determining variable was observed: The Confucian philosophy linked to the educational model, which helped to further enhance the economic development of Singapore. ; El estudio busca establecer diferenciación entre el modelo de desarrollo económico de Singapur y el de Panamá. Su importancia radica en determinar las variables causales de la disimilitud. Los resultados más importantes del estudio se basan en variables macroeconómicas que comprenden el PIB, la tasa de inflación, la inversión extrajera directa y el empleo, en las que Singapur obtiene niveles más significativos que el de Panamá. El comportamiento de la economía de Singapur, a partir de los años sesenta, ha sido creciente y constante. La educación fue un factor determinante en su modelo de desarrollo económico. El uso de una filosofía confuciana constituyó el factor filosófico ideológico que cohesionó a la sociedad de Singapur estableciéndose objetivos a largo plazo y una unidad indisoluble en las políticas de gobierno desde el año 1965 hasta la fecha. En el modelo de desarrollo económico de Panamá, no se observó un factor ideológico e integrador de la sociedad. En este estudio comparativo se observó una variable determinante de impacto: la filosofía confuciana vinculada al modelo educativo la cual coadyuvó a potenciar aún más el desarrollo económico de Singapur.
Deliberative democracy is a normative ideal of democracy. This model is a proposal for the regeneration of the legitimacy of our institutions, but also a mechanism for decision making. It is based on two different dimensions: a procedural dimension where the model demands the inclusion and an equal capacity to influence the final decision of all those affected (Cohen, 1989; Bohman, 1996; Habermas, 1992 .) and a substantive dimension where the political decisions are made through a collective procedure of argumentation and public discussion. If these conditions are recognized, the decisions will be more rational and better decisions. This paper has two aims. First I will present the key elements of this epistemic conception of political legitimacy. Second I will show the challenges it faces. On a one hand, the counterfactual of many of its postulates and on the other, the obvious problems of bias consensualist of this model. ; Deliberative democracy is a normative ideal of democracy. This model is a proposal for the regeneration of the legitimacy of our institutions, but also a mechanism for decision making. It is based on two different dimensions: a procedural dimension where the model demands the inclusion and an equal capacity to influence the final decision of all those affected (Cohen, 1989; Bohman, 1996; Habermas, 1992 .) and a substantive dimension where the political decisions are made through a collective procedure of argumentation and public discussion. If these conditions are recognized, the decisions will be more rational and better decisions. This paper has two aims. First I will present the key elements of this epistemic conception of political legitimacy. Second I will show the challenges it faces. On a one hand, the counterfactual of many of its postulates and on the other, the obvious problems of bias consensualist of this model.
Latin America in recent years has gained strength the optional vote especially in adolescents. The Newman Model analyzes some of the factors considered important to influence the decision of the vote of this electoral segment, which can make a significant difference for a candidate or political party. The application of the surveys and interviews is made to 372 adolescents in the City of Guaranda. The results can be observed that the expectations are related to the economic level, context of the candidate, social networks and the debate. is because of this that the proposal of the Newman model with the innovation of the new dimension is more in line with the reality of adolescents since it combines a solid model with the modernity of technological trends and the correct application of the same techniques to the specific segment election that you want to reach. ; En América Latina en los últimos años ha ganado fuerza el voto facultativo en especial en los adolescentes. A través del Modelo Newman se analizan algunos de los factores considerados importantes para influenciar en la decisión del voto de este segmento electoral, que puede marcar una diferencia significativa para un candidato o partido político. La aplicación de las encuestas y entrevistas se realiza a 372 adolescentes en la Ciudad de Guaranda. En los resultados se puede observar que las expectativas se encuentran relacionadas con el nivel económico, contextura del candidato, redes sociales y el debate. Es debido a esto que la propuesta del modelo Newman con la innovación de la nueva dimensión va más acorde a la realidad de los adolescentes, ya que combina un modelo solido con la modernidad de las tendencias tecnológicas y la correcta aplicación de las mismas técnicas al segmento específico electoral que se desea llegar.
Teachers in their teaching practice live different tensions related to political, social, economic and cultural demands. Teachers' decisions within the classroom are likely to have consequences beyond any academic scenario. Those decisions have an impact on students' perception of society and culture. On the one hand, teachers have some influence upon some of these sociocultural and self-concept related issues that shape students' upbringing. On the other hand, aspects such as family revenues, social dynamics, location and strata, role models, parents' literacy level, etc. exceed their means as they are part of a system concerning the social, political and economic establishment of the government. In public education, EFL teachers cannot afford to approach English as a mere subject to be taught. In fact, the great majority of them are homeroom teachers too.
The purpose of the study is to characterize the impact of state financial control on the functioning of public authorities and to highlight the directions for the development of state financial control in Ukraine. The methodological basis of the article is a system of general and special scientific methods (dialectical, formal-logical, comparative legal, analytical, etc.). It is proved that in most countries there are formal systems of state financial control, the subjects of such control and their powers are clearly defined. It has been established that in Ukraine there is a centralized model of activity of state financial control bodies, which does not meet the current challenges. It is concluded that the presence of unified and clearly defined tasks, methods and principles, taking into account the specifics of the national legislation and the socio-economic situation that ensures the effective work of state financial control bodies and improves financial and budgetary discipline. It is based on the priority of three vectors of development of the state control system: formation of a clear structure of state control subjects; development of a legislative framework and unified methodology and, finally, introduction of modern information and innovative technologies.
Las políticas activas de empleo nacieron en un contexto específico de los mercados de trabajo, en el que las bajas tasas de paro las hacían eficaces combinadas con medidas keynesianas de intervención social, para intervenir mejorando los desajustes entre la oferta y la demanda de trabajo, y favoreciendo paralelamente la inserción y la cohesión social. Pero los escenarios de los mercados laborales cambian de manera importante a partir de los ochenta, y con la existencia de un paro estructural, la popularización de estas medidas pasa de lo puramente laboral, al entronque con las políticas sociales de las sociedades donde intervienen. Se analiza en este artículo la evolución de las políticas activas de empleo, que irían de haberse instalado en un clima propio de "welfare" hacia un giro destacable representado por los principios del "workfare". Mostrando la importancia cada vez mayor otorgada por la Unión Europea a estas medidas, como formas centrales de intervención en la cuestión social, podemos desarrollar la hipótesis de su impacto en los modelos de bienestar, impacto que supondría básicamente un giro del "keynesianismo" hacia conceptos de Estado del "bienestar activo"_________________________________The active policies of employment were born in a specific context of the labour markets, in which the low rates of unemployment were doing them effective, combined with Keynesian measures of social intervention. Simultaneously, this improved insertion and social cohesion. But the stages of labour market have changed in an important way since the eighties, with the existence of structural unemployment. The popularization of these measures goes from being purely related to labour towards a wider social context. In this article, we analyze the evolution of active employment policies. Theses policies have started within a social context of welfare, but are now developing into a new figure. The European Union is giving these policies an increasing relevance as central forms of intervention in the social question. This allows us to develop the hypothesis of their impact on welfare models from Keynesian concepts towards State concepts of active welfare.
The present paper seeks to make a brief exposition of the different conceptions about the idea of justice related to Law that have been given though history, from the creationist and applicable perspective of the rules. It is also a question of reflecting on the effects that populism used by political authorities in recent years has on these traditional legal models. ; El presente artículo busca realizar una breve exposición de las distintas concepciones acerca de la idea de justicia ligada al Derecho que se han dado a lo largo de la historia, desde la perspectiva creacionista y aplicativa de la norma. Asimismo, se trata de brindar una reflexión acerca de los efectos que el populismo empleado por las autoridades políticas en los últimos años tiene en estos modelos jurídicos tradicionales.
Decision making is all around us. Everyone makes choices everyday, from the moment we open our eyes in the morning. Some of them do not have very important consequences in our life and these consequences are easy to take into account. However, in the business world, managers make decisions that have important consequences on the future of their own firm (in terms of revenues, market position, business policy) and their employees. In these cases, it is difficult to account for all the possible alternatives and consequences and to quantify them. Decision making tools such as Decision Analysis are required in order to determine the optimal decision. Furthermore, when several competing agents are involved in a decision making situation and their combination of actions affect each other's revenues, the problem becomes even more complicated. The way an agent makes a decision and the tools required to determine the optimal decision change. When we are aware of someone observing and reacting to our behavior, one might occasionally prefer a sub-optimal choice aimed at causing confusion on the adversary, so that it will be more difficult for him to guess our decision in future encounters, which may report us a larger benefit. This situation arises in counter-terrorist combat, terrorism prevention, military domains, homeland security, computer games, intelligent training systems, economic adversarial domains, and more. In simple terms, we define an adversary as an entity whose aims are somehow inversely related to ours, and who may influence the profits we obtain from our decisions by taking his/her own actions. This kind of competitive interaction between two agents fits a variety of complex situations which can be analyzed with a number of techniques ranging from Knowledge Engineering and Artificial Intelligence (agent-based modeling, tree exploration, machine learning) to Operational Research, with an emphasis on Game Theory. The objective of this thesis is the analysis and design of adversarial decision and optimization-based models which are able to represent adversarial situations. We are going to conduct theoretical studies and propose practical applications including imitation games, security games and patrolling domains. More precisely, we first study a two-agent imitation game in which one of the agents does not know the motivation of the other, and tries to predict his decisions when repeatedly engaging in a conflict situation, by observing and annotating the past decisions. We propose randomized strategies for the agents and study their performance from a theoretical and empirical point of view. Several variants of this situation are analyzed. Then we move on to practical applications. We address the problem of extracting more useful information from observations of a randomized Markovian strategy that arises when solving a patrolling model, and propose a mathematical procedure based on fuzzy sets and fuzzy numbers for which we provide a ready-to-use implementation in an R package. Finally, we develop an application of adversarial reasoning to the problem of patrolling an area using an autonomous aerial vehicle to protect it against terrestrial intruders, and solve it using a mix of game-theoretic techniques and metaheuristics. ; Tesis Univ. Granada. Departamento de Ciencias de la Computación e Inteligencia Artificial ; Esta tesis ha sido financiada parcialmente por los proyectos P07-TIC-02970 y P11-TIC-8001 de la Junta de Andalucía, TIN2011-27696-C02-01 del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, GENIL-PYR-2014-9 del CEI-BioTIC (Universidad de Granada), TIN2008-01948 y TIN2008-06872-C04-04 del Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, y por la beca FPU referencia AP-2010-4738 del Ministerio de Educación.
Las actuaciones de Isabel y Juana, reinas de Castilla, madre e hija, han sido utilizadas por la Historia para crear un modelo ejemplar femenino en el caso de Isabel, mientras que Juana ha representado un contramodelo pernicioso para las mujeres. La Literatura ha colaborado activamente para la creación de estos dos tipos de mujeres, uno ejemplar y otro reprobable, que también han tenido una utilización política. Desde la Historia de las Mujeres es necesario criticar tanto el modelo como el contramodelo para destacar la realidad social de ambas mujeres. ; The performance and behaviour of Isabel and Juana, queens of Castille, mother and daughter, have been used by History to construct a pattern of an exemplary woman in the case of lsabel, and a pernicious "counter model" in the case of Juana. Literature has also cooperated in the creation of these two types of women, one exemplary and other reprehensible. These two patterns have also had a political use. From the point of view of the History of Women, we have to criticise both, the model and the counter model, and study the social reality of each of these women.
El desarrollo del análisis de la política cultural por parte de las ciencias sociales ha producido una teorización sobre los modelos de política cultural por parte de la sociología y la ciencia política. En estos análisis se plantea la influencia del modelo nacional de política cultural sobre las formas de gobernanza y gestión de los equipamientos culturales. No obstante, en este artículo defenderemos que actualmente es el modelo local de política cultural el que influye en el modelo de institución cultural. Ello se explica por la creciente importancia de la cultura en las estrategias de desarrollo local. Para demostrarlo analizaremos el caso del Modelo Barcelona de desarrollo local y política cultural, que destaca por el nivel de liderazgo del gobierno local, la gobernanza multinivel, el uso de la cultura en los procesos de planificación urbana y una tendencia a la concertación público-privado en la gestión pública. Un Modelo Barcelona que determinará la génesis y desarrollo de sus equipamientos culturales, generando un modelo singular y relativamente exitoso. ; The development of cultural policy analysis by social science has been produced a theorization about cultural policy models from sociology and political science. This analysis shows the influence of the national model of cultural policy on the forms of governance and management of cultural facilities. However, in this paper we will defend that currently the local model of cultural policy decisively influences the model of cultural institutions. This is explained by the growing importance of culture in local development strategies. In order to demonstrate this we will analyze the case of the Barcelona Model of local development and cultural policy, that is characterized for the level of local government leadership, multilevel governance, the use of culture in urban planning processes and a tendency to use public-private partnership in public management. This Model influences the genesis and development of the cultural facilities and it produces a singular and relatively successful model.
