Suchergebnisse

River ice, like open-water conditions, is an integral component of the cold-climate hydrological cycle. The annual succession of river ice formation, growth, decay and clearance can include low flows and ice jams, as well as midwinter and spring break-up events. Reports and associated data of river ice occurrence are often limited to single locations or regional assessments, are season-specific, and use readily available data. Within Canada, the National Hydrometric Program (NHP) operates a network of gauging stations with water level as the primary measured variable to derive discharge. In the late 1990s, the Water Science and Technology Directorate of Environment and Climate Change Canada initiated a long-term effort to compile, archive and extract river-ice-related information from NHP hydrometric records. This data article describes the original research data set produced by this near 20-year effort: the Canadian River Ice Database (CRID). The CRID holds almost 73 000 recorded variables from a subset of 196 NHP stations throughout Canada that were in operation within the period 1894 to 2015. Over 100 000 paper and digital files were reviewed, representing 10 378 station years of active operation. The task of compiling this database involved manual extraction and input of more than 460 000 data entries on water level, discharge, ice thickness, date, time and data quality rating. Guidelines on the data extraction, rating procedure and challenges are provided. At each location, time series of up to 15 variables specific to the occurrence of freeze-up and winter-low events, midwinter break-up, ice thickness, spring break-up, and maximum open-water level were compiled. This database follows up on several earlier efforts to compile information on river ice, which are summarized herein, and expands the scope and detail for use in Canadian river ice research and applications. Following the Government of Canada Open Data initiative, this original river ice data set is available at https://doi.org/10.18164/c21e1852-ba8e-44af-bc13-48eeedfcf2f4 (de Rham et al., 2020).

Surface runoff represents a major pathway for pesticide transport from agricultural areas to surface waters. The influence of man-made structures (e.g. roads, hedges, ditches) on surface runoff connectivity has been shown in various studies. In Switzerland, so-called hydraulic shortcuts (e.g. inlets and maintenance manholes of road or field storm drainage systems) have been shown to influence surface runoff connectivity and related pesticide transport. Their occurrence, and their influence on surface runoff and pesticide connectivity have however not been studied systematically. To address that deficit, we randomly selected 20 study areas (average size = 3.5 km 2 ) throughout the Swiss plateau, representing arable cropping systems. We assessed shortcut occurrence in these study areas using three mapping methods: field mapping, drainage plans, and high-resolution aerial images. Surface runoff connectivity in the study areas was analysed using a 2 × 2 m digital elevation model and a multiple-flow algorithm. Parameter uncertainty affecting this analysis was addressed by a Monte Carlo simulation. With our approach, agricultural areas were divided into areas that are either directly connected to surface waters, indirectly (i.e. via hydraulic shortcuts), or not connected at all. Finally, the results of this connectivity analysis were scaled up to the national level using a regression model based on topographic descriptors. Inlets of the road storm drainage system were identified as the main shortcuts. On average, we found 0.84 inlets and a total of 2.0 manholes per hectare of agricultural land. In the study catchments between 43 and 74 % of the agricultural area is connected to surface waters via hydraulic shortcuts. On the national level, this fraction is similar (54 %). These numbers suggest that transport through hydraulic shortcuts is an important pesticide flow path in a landscape where many engineered structures exist to drain excess water from fields and roads. However, this transport process is currently not considered in Swiss pesticide legislation and authorisation. Therefore, current regulations may fall short to address the full extent of the pesticide problem. Overall, the findings highlight the relevance of better understanding the connectivity between fields and receiving waters and the underlying factors and physical structures in the landscape.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. There is an increasing imperative for psychologists and other behavioral scientists to understand how people behave on social media. However, it is often very difficult to execute experimental research on actual social media platforms, or to link survey responses to online behavior in order to perform correlational analyses. Thus, there is a natural desire to use self-reported behavioral intentions in standard survey studies to gain insight into online behavior. But are such hypothetical responses hopelessly disconnected from actual sharing decisions? Or are online survey samples via sources such as Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) so different from the average social media user that the survey responses of one group give little insight into the on-platform behavior of the other? Here we investigate these issues by examining 67 pieces of political news content. We evaluate whether there is a meaningful relationship between (i) the level of sharing (tweets and retweets) of a given piece of content on Twitter, and (ii) the extent to which individuals (total N = 993) in online surveys on MTurk reported being willing to share that same piece of content. We found that the same news headlines that were more likely to be hypothetically shared on MTurk were also shared more frequently by Twitter users, r = .44. For example, across the observed range of MTurk sharing fractions, a 20 percentage point increase in the fraction of MTurk participants who reported being willing to share a news headline on social media was associated with 10x as many actual shares on Twitter. We also found that the correlation between sharing and various features of the headline was similar using both MTurk and Twitter data. These findings suggest that self-reported sharing intentions collected in online surveys are likely to provide some meaningful insight into what content would actually be shared on social media.

Nowadays, it is very important to make the concrete economical. Therefore, the present work has initiated to make the concrete economical by replacing the natural sand by manufactured sand and crushed glass mix in the concrete. From study of different researches, it is concluded that manufactured sand gives different results for compressive strength depending on different quarries. And also, different research papers at 40% to 50% replacement of natural sand with manufactured sand the maximum compressive strength is obtained. The maximum tensile strength of concrete is obtained at 60% and 70% replacement of natural sand with manufactured sand. The concrete with manufactured sand and crushed glass mix performed better than concrete with natural sand as the property of manufactured sand and crushed glass is better than that of natural sand. The fine aggregates or sand used is usually obtained from natural sources specially river beds or river banks. This day due to constant sand mining the natural sand is depleting at an alarming rate. Sand dragging from river beds has led to several environmental issues. Due to various environmental issues government has banned or stops the dragging of sand from rivers. This has led to a scarcity and significant increase in the cost of natural sand. There is an urgent need to find an alternative to river or natural sand. Hence the long term replacement for sand is manufactured sand and crushed glass mix. Hence, scarcity in concrete making constituents imposes demands for alternative material inputs and sources. This research wok investigates use of alternative input material such as manufactured sand and crushed glass for concrete production. Experimental concrete mix was designed by replacing natural sand by manufactured sand and crushed glass in various proportions of fresh and hardened concrete mechanical tests were performed to quantify performance gains. Test results indicate blending use of manufactured sand and crushed glass in various proportions improved concrete compressive strength in ranges of 10% to 20% for 7 days and 10% to 15% for 28 days.

During the period of Japanese occupation (1910&ndash ; 1945) and the Korean War (1950&ndash ; 1953), extensive areas of forest were severely degraded by over-harvesting and fire in Korea. In addition, intensive use of the forest-resources to obtain fuel, organic compost, livestock feed, and so on contributed to forest degradation. As a result, the South Korean government launched large-scale tree planting projects to reforest the denuded mountains particularly in the 1960s. This study aims to evaluate the restoration effects of the pitch pine (Pinus rigida Mill.) plantations and further diagnose the invasive potential of the pitch pine. To arrive at the goals, we investigated the changes of vegetation and soil characteristics in different chronosequences in the pitch pine plantations and in native forests, which were selected as reference stands. Pitch pine plantations were usually planted on mountainous land, which is characterized by an elevation of below 300 m above sea level and a gentle slope below 20° ; . The species composition of the pitch pine forestations was different depending on the study site but tended to resemble that of the reference stands in the years after forestation. The species diversity showed an increasing trend in response to stand age. The frequency distribution of diameter classes of dominant tree species showed a trend for pitch pine plantations to succeed to native oak stands. A change in canopy profiles depending on stand age also proved the successional trend. The establishment and development of pitch pine plantations for reforestation contributed to erosion control and improved the physic-chemical properties of the soil and thus prepared a basis for the recovery of native vegetation. Such changes in vegetation and soil confirmed that the pitch pine plantations successfully achieved the restoration goals. On the other hand, mature pitch pine stands reproduced young pitch pine stands by self-seeding on the slopes of various sorts of roads including expressways. This shows that pitch pine is successfully established in Korea and thereby the species has been naturalized. However, the natural succession of pitch pine stands in Korea suggests that it is possible to introduce some exotic species for reforestation without resulting in uncontrolled invasion.

This paper examines the level of payment for ecosystem services (PES) concept implementation in the financing of water-related forest ecosystem services (ES) in the Republic of Croatia, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FB& ; H), the Republic of Slovenia, and the Republic of Serbia. The focus is on water-related forest ES recognised by the millennium ecosystem assessment (MEA). For the purpose of this paper, the term pure PES describes schemes that comply to all five conditions set by Wunder definition and term PES like for those schemes that miss some of those conditions. In the first step, the most important legislative documents related to forests, water, and environmental protection were selected. The second consists of a content analysis ; focusing on the definition of ES ; the definition of fees or payments ; the establishment of &rsquo ; forest funds&rsquo ; &lsquo ; water funds&rsquo ; or &lsquo ; environmental funds&rsquo ; and the way these funds were spent. Here we looked at the flow of funding into the forestry sector recognising forest management as the main water-related forest ES provider. Research revealed existence of well-established payments schemes in forestry in Croatia for almost 30 years and in FB& ; H for some 20 years which were assessed as closest to pure PES. In Serbia and Slovenia, there were no PES or PES like schemes in the forestry sector. In the water sector the well-established PES like payments schemes existing in all four countries. The environmental protection sector, however, rely more on the tax like rather than on the PES like schemes. Legislation in general recognised the link between forests and water, but this was much more evident in the forestry than in the water or environment sector. The role of the state is strongly pronounced in all countries studied, and was the main driving force behind all payments. However, this position of the state represents also the main obstacle for the development of pure PES schemes, together with underdeveloped private forestry and complex socio-economic conditions. Nevertheless, there is room for further development of pure PES and PES like schemes based on EU or global experiences.

In the article is analyzed the legacy of the Ukrainian publisher and publicist Petro Stebnytskyi, dedicated to the figure and creativity of Panteleimon Kulish, in particular, the publication "Cultural and Public Work of P. O. Kulish" and the manuscript entitled "Panteleimon Kulish". It is proved that P. Stebnytskyi also added his page into the so-called "Kulish studies". P. Stebnytskyi's assessment of public figures / writers was, first and foremost, a measure of the benefit that the person has brought to the Ukrainian national matter, the formation of civic consciousness and the upholding of national interests of Ukrainians. It is emphasized that in the processes of national and political self-identification for the representatives of the Ukrainian elite at the border of 19–20 centuries, including Petro Stebnytskyi, Panteleimon Kulish became a significant figure. It was stated that the publicist equated P. Kulish with M. Drahomanov and I. Franko in importance to Ukrainian history, and believed that the writer had started literary-critical studies of Ukrainian national literature; P. Stebnytskyi tried to understand the "Kulish phenomenon", the motives and reasons for his sharp anti-Ukrainian position. At the same time, he with deliberate criticism approached the evaluation of P. Kulish's journalistic writings. Moreoven, attention was drawn to the unpublished (and possibly even lost) manuscript of P. Stebnytskyi's work "P. O. Kulish in letters from his wife". ; У статті проаналізовано спадщину українського книговидавця і публіциста Петра Стебницького, присвячену постаті й творчості Пантелеймона Куліша, зокрема, розглянуто публікацію "Культурно-громадська праця П. О. Куліша" та рукопис під назвою "Пантелеймон Куліш". Доведено, що П. Стебницький вписав і свою сторінку до т. зв. "кулішезнавства". Маркером оцінки П. Стебницького громадських діячів / письменників ставала, перш за все, та міра користі, яку той чи інший приніс для української національної справи, формування громадянської свідомості та відстоювання національних інтересів українців. Акцентовано увагу на тому, що у процесах національної та політичної самоідентифікації для представників української еліти на межі ХІХ–ХХ ст., у тому числі й Петра Стебницького, саме Пантелеймон Куліш став знаковою постаттю.

The modern-day capitalistic economics model on which the 19th and 20th century business operate are based on Milton Friedman and Adam Smith stating that "if you continue to operate in your own self interest you will do the best good for society". Whilst this ideal is true in that we need to be aware of the economic responsibility of Archie Carroll's Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility to ensure business continuity, however this has not been able to address the globalisation and resource depletion issues faced by society and businesses. The main focus of this paper is to firstly, attempt to ascertain and verify the extent to which Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Sustainable Development has prevailed in the South African global enterprises post-apartheid, and since the adoption of the The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa of 1996, King Report on Corporate Governance of 1994 and the Employment Equity Act No. 55 of 1998. Also examining the manner in which historical, political, and cultural factors affect Multinational Enterprises' (MNEs) actions and patterns of CSR, accompanied with the analysis of the idea of Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) initiatives and the democratic government's devotion to address the socio-economic inequalities of the Historically Disadvantaged South Africans (HDSAs). ; Современная капиталистическая экономическая модель, на которой работает бизнес 19-го и 20-го века, основана на Милтоне Фридмане и Адаме Смите, которые заявляли "если вы продолжите работать в своих собственных интересах, вы сделаете лучшее благо для общества". Основное внимание в настоящей статье уделяется попыткам установить и проверить в какой степени Корпоративная социальная ответственность (КСО) и устойчивое развитие превалируют в Южноафриканских глобальных предприятиях после апартеида, а также после принятия Конституции Южно-Африканской Республики 1996 года. Рассмотрены исторические, политические и культурные факторы, влияющие на действия многонациональных предприятий и модели КСО, сопровождающиеся идеями и инициативами по расширению экономических возможностей чернокожего населения, и приверженности демократического правительства к решению проблемы социально-экономического неравенства исторически обездоленных Южноафриканцев.

The Chinese government has exerted strict emission controls to mitigate air pollution since 2013, which has resulted in significant decreases in the concentrations of air pollutants such as SO2. Strict pollution control actions also reduced the average PM2.5 concentration to the low level of 39.7 µg m−3 in urban Beijing during the winter of 2017. To investigate the impact of such changes on the physiochemical properties of atmospheric aerosols in China, we conducted a comprehensive observation focusing on PM2.5 in Beijing during the winter of 2017. Compared with the historical record (2014–2017), SO2 decreased to the low level of 3.2 ppbv in the winter of 2017, but the NO2 level was still high (21.4 ppbv in the winter of 2017). Accordingly, the contribution of nitrate (23.0 µg m−3) to PM2.5 far exceeded that of sulfate (13.1 µg m−3) during the pollution episodes, resulting in a significant increase in the nitrate-to-sulfate molar ratio. The thermodynamic model (ISORROPIA II) calculation results showed that during the PM2.5 pollution episodes particle pH increased from 4.4 (moderate acidic) to 5.4 (more neutralized) when the molar ratio of nitrate to sulfate increased from 1 to 5, indicating that aerosols were more neutralized as the nitrate content elevated. Controlled variable tests showed that the pH elevation should be attributed to nitrate fraction increase other than crustal ion and ammonia concentration increases. Based on the results of sensitivity tests, future prediction for the particle acidity change was discussed. We found that nitrate-rich particles in Beijing at low and moderate humid conditions (RH: 20 %–50 %) can absorb twice the amount of water that sulfate-rich particles can, and the nitrate and ammonia with higher levels have synergetic effects, rapidly elevating particle pH to merely neutral (above 5.6). As moderate haze events might occur more frequently under abundant ammonia and nitrate-dominated PM2.5 conditions, the major chemical processes during haze events and the control target should be re-evaluated to obtain the most effective control strategy.

River ice, like open-water conditions, is an integral component of the cold-climate hydrological cycle. The annual succession of river ice formation, growth, decay and clearance can include low flows and ice jams, as well as midwinter and spring break-up events. Reports and associated data of river ice occurrence are often limited to single locations or regional assessments, are season-specific, and use readily available data. Within Canada, the National Hydrometric Program (NHP) operates a network of gauging stations with water level as the primary measured variable to derive discharge. In the late 1990s, the Water Science and Technology Directorate of Environment and Climate Change Canada initiated a long-term effort to compile, archive and extract river-ice-related information from NHP hydrometric records. This data article describes the original research data set produced by this near 20-year effort: the Canadian River Ice Database (CRID). The CRID holds almost 73 000 recorded variables from a subset of 196 NHP stations throughout Canada that were in operation within the period 1894 to 2015. Over 100 000 paper and digital files were reviewed, representing 10 378 station years of active operation. The task of compiling this database involved manual extraction and input of more than 460 000 data entries on water level, discharge, ice thickness, date, time and data quality rating. Guidelines on the data extraction, rating procedure and challenges are provided. At each location, time series of up to 15 variables specific to the occurrence of freeze-up and winter-low events, midwinter break-up, ice thickness, spring break-up, and maximum open-water level were compiled. This database follows up on several earlier efforts to compile information on river ice, which are summarized herein, and expands the scope and detail for use in Canadian river ice research and applications. Following the Government of Canada Open Data initiative, this original river ice data set is available at https://doi.org/10.18164/c21e1852-ba8e-44af-bc13-48eeedfcf2f4 (de Rham et al., 2020).

OBJECTIVE: In March 2011, New Zealand (NZ) launched an aspirational goal to reduce smoking prevalence to 5% or less by 2025 (Smokefree 2025 goal). Little is known about university students' awareness of, support for and perceptions about this goal. We sought to narrow the knowledge gap. SETTING: University students in NZ. METHODS: We analysed data from a 2018 cross-sectional survey of university students across NZ. Logistic regression analysis examined the associations between responses about the Smokefree goal with smoking and vaping, while controlling for age, sex and ethnicity. Confidence intervals (95% CI) were reported where appropriate. PARTICIPANTS: The sample comprised 1476 students: 919 (62.3%) aged 18 to 20 and 557 (37.7%) aged 21 to 24 years; 569 (38.6%) male and 907 (61.4%) female; 117 (7.9%) Māori and 1359 (92.1%) non-Māori. Of these, 10.5% currently smoked (ie, smoked at least monthly) and 6.1% currently vaped (ie, used an e-cigarette or vaped at least once a month). RESULTS: Overall awareness of the Smokefree goal was 47.5% (95% CI: 44.9 to 50.1); support 96.9% (95% CI: 95.8 to 97.8); belief that it can be achieved 88.8% (95% CI: 86.8 to 90.7) and belief that e-cigarettes/vaping can help achieve it 88.1% (95% CI: 86.0 to 89.9). Dual users of tobacco cigarettes and e-cigarettes had greater odds of being aware of the Smokefree goal (OR=3.07, 95% CI: 1.19 to 7.92), current smokers had lower odds of supporting it (OR=0.13, 95% CI: 0.06 to 0.27) and of believing that it can be achieved (OR=0.15, 95% CI: 0.09 to 0.24) and current vapers had greater odds of believing that e-cigarettes/vaping can help to achieve it (OR=8.57, 95% CI: 1.18 to 62.52) compared with non-users. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest strong overall support for the Smokefree goal and belief that it can be achieved and that e-cigarettes/vaping can help achieve it. Smoking and vaping were associated with high awareness of the Smokefree goal, but lower support and optimism that it can be achieved.

BACKGROUND: Due to high fertility rates in some low and lower-middle income countries, the interval between pregnancies can be short, which may lead to adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. METHODS: We analyzed data from women enrolled in the NICHD Global Network Maternal Newborn Health Registry (MNHR) from 2013 through 2018. We report maternal characteristics and outcomes in relationship to the inter-delivery interval (IDI, time from previous delivery [live or stillborn] to the delivery of the index birth), by category of 6–17 months (short), 18–36 months (reference), 37–60 months, and 61–180 months (long). We used non-parametric tests for maternal characteristics, and multivariable logistic regression models for outcomes, controlling for differences in baseline characteristics. RESULTS: We evaluated 181,782 women from sites in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia, Kenya, Guatemala, India, and Pakistan. Women with short IDI varied by site, from 3% in the Zambia site to 20% in the Pakistan site. Relative to a 18–36 month IDI, women with short IDI had increased risk of neonatal death (RR = 1.89 [1.74, 2.05]), stillbirth (RR = 1.70 [1.56, 1.86]), low birth weight (RR = 1.38 [1.32, 1.44]), and very low birth weight (RR = 2.35 [2.10, 2.62]). Relative to a 18–36 month IDI, women with IDI of 37–60 months had an increased risk of maternal death (RR 1.40 [1.05, 1.88]), stillbirth (RR 1.14 [1.08, 1.22]), and very low birth weight (RR 1.10 [1.01, 1.21]). Relative to a 18–36 month IDI, women with long IDI had increased risk of maternal death (RR 1.54 [1.10, 2.16]), neonatal death (RR = 1.25 [1.14, 1.38]), stillbirth (RR = 1.50 [1.38, 1.62]), low birth weight (RR = 1.22 [1.17, 1.27]), and very low birth weight (RR = 1.47 [1.32,1.64]). Short and long IDIs were also associated with increased risk of obstructed labor, hemorrhage, hypertensive disorders, fetal malposition, infection, hospitalization, preterm delivery, and neonatal hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: IDI varies by site. When compared to 18–36 month IDI, women ...

BACKGROUND: Community randomised trials have had mixed success in implementing combination prevention strategies that diagnose 90% of people living with HIV, initiate and retain on antiretroviral therapy (ART) 90% of those diagnosed, and achieve viral load suppression in 90% of those on ART (90-90-90). The Bukoba Combination Prevention Evaluation (BCPE) aimed to achieve 90-90-90 in Bukoba Municipal Council, Tanzania, by scaling up new HIV testing, linkage, and retention interventions. METHOD: We did population-based, cross-sectional surveys before and after our community-wide intervention in Bukoba—a mixed urban and rural council of approximately 150 000 residents located on the western shore of Lake Victoria in Tanzania. BCPE interventions were implemented in 11 government-supported health-care facilities throughout Bukoba from Oct 1, 2014, to March 31, 2017, when national ART-eligibility guidelines expanded from CD4 counts of less than 350 cells per μL (Oct 1, 2014–Dec 31, 2015) and 500 or less cells per μL (Jan 1, 2016–Sept 30, 2016) to any CD4 cell count (test and treat, Oct 1, 2016–March 31, 2017). We used pre-intervention (Nov 4, 2013–Jan 25, 2014) and post-intervention (June 21, 2017–Sept 20, 2017) population-based household surveys to assess population prevalence of undiagnosed HIV infection and ART coverage, and progress towards 90-90-90, among residents aged 18–49 years. FINDINGS: During the 2·5-year intervention, BCPE did 133 695 HIV tests, diagnosed and linked 3918 people living with HIV to HIV care at 11 Bukoba facilities, and returned to HIV care 604 patients who had stopped care. 4795 and 5067 residents aged 18–49 years participated in pre-intervention and post-intervention surveys. HIV prevalence before and after the intervention was similar: pre-intervention 8·9% (95% CI 7·5–10·4); post-intervention 8·4% (6·9–9·9). Prevalence of undiagnosed HIV infection decreased from 4·7% to 2·0% (prevalence ratio 0·42, 95% CI 0·31–0·57), and current ART use among all people living with HIV increased from ...

BACKGROUND: Opioid overdose is the leading cause of injury-related death in the US. Kentucky ranks in the top 5 states for opioid overdose deaths. The rate of injection drug use-associated infections (IDU-AI) has risen; the University of Kentucky Infectious Diseases division (UKID) treated 401 endocarditis cases in 2018, of which 73% were IDU-AI. To curb overdose deaths, ease financial burden on healthcare, and improve patient outcomes, patients need tools for recovery from opioid use disorder (OUD). Access to OUD treatment in Kentucky and much of the US is limited. Poverty, unemployment, and legal issues are barriers. METHODS: UKID implemented a multi-disciplinary approach to expand access to medication assisted treatment (MAT). This is an ongoing study. Any patient ≥18 years old with IDU-AI and OUD is eligible for enrollment unless pregnant or incarcerated. At enrollment and at three additional time points, patients complete both a study specific and Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA) survey. Patients may start MAT and mental health counseling with UKID or be referred elsewhere and are eligible for transportation assistance and medical case management. RESULTS: To date, there have been 127 referrals. Of these, 87 (69%) were eligible and 54 enrolled (62% of eligible). Primary IVDU-AI includes HIV (n=4; 7%), HCV (n=5; 9%), HIV/HCV (n=3; 6%), endocarditis (n=32; 59%), and other (n=10; 19%). Patients are 48% male (n=26) and 91% white (n=91) with a median age of 34 years (IQR: 16); 35% are receiving MAT (n=19) with 14.8% (n=8) managed by UKID. Other service data are available for 51 patients. Naloxone was dispensed to 45 (88%) patients, 24 (47%) received relapse prevention services, 13 (25%) engaged in peer support, 9 (18%) participated in self-help groups, and 10 (20%) received transportation aid. CONCLUSION: Increasing engagement in MAT and wrap-around services is an important touchpoint for OUD. We present a comprehensive program to achieve this for patients who would otherwise be discharged without ...

BACKGROUND: Despite nearly universal influenza vaccination for active duty military personnel, breakthrough influenza infections occur. We are reporting on the second year of the Pragmatic Assessment of Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in the DoD (PAIVED), comparing three FDA-licensed influenza vaccine types (egg-based, cell -based, and recombinant) to assess differences in immunogenicity and effectiveness. METHODS: Participants in the second year of PAIVED were enrolled from Oct 2019 through Jan 2020 at 9 military facilities. Participants received weekly inquiries about influenza-like-illnesses (ILI) experienced in the past week, and if the participant reported having a cough or sore throat and a) muscle/body aches or fatigue and/or b) being feverish or having chills, they were scheduled for a clinic visit. During this visit, a blood sample and a nasal swab were collected, as well as information about symptom duration and severity. A second (convalescent) visit was conducted approximately 4 weeks later, which involved collecting additional information about the duration of symptoms and illness burden, as well as a second blood draw. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, acute and convalescent visits were disrupted at most sites in March and April due to COVID-19 precautions. RESULTS: PAIVED year 2 enrolled 5,892 participants who completed demographic forms (Table 1). Among those who reported any ILIs, most reported one ILI (1,345), while 264 reported two ILIs, and 42 reported three ILIs. Nasal swabs were processed from 273 ILIs at four sites (Fig 1), and 14 cases of influenza were identified thus far. The median duration of ILIs was ten days, with a median of three days of limited activity, and two days with fever. Nine individuals were hospitalized. Table 1. Demographic characteristics of individuals enrolled in PAIVED 2019/20 [Image: see text] Figure 1. Lab results as of 5/15 (N=273 samples) [Image: see text] CONCLUSION: Over 25% of participants reported an ILI, and 5% of the nasal swabs that have been tested thus far ...