In this Master thesis, the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity in Lithuania has been analysed and evaluated, problems of the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity in Lithuania have been raised and suggestions how to improve the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity in Lithuania have been presented. In the first part of the thesis, the principles of adoption and implementation and the main features of the conventions related to the protection of biodiversity and ratified by the Republic of Lithuania have been analysed. In the second part of it, the implementation peculiarities of the objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity in the world and in the European Union have been investigated. In the third part, the analysis and evaluation of the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity in Lithuania have been presented.
Biodiversity is increasingly recognised as an inestimable element of our heritage. The protection of rare and endagered species and habitats was the purpose of the Natura 2000 ecological network, established by Directive 92/43/EEC. The network also embraces areas established under Directive 79/409/EEC. Article 6 of the Directive 92/43/EEC sets out provisions which govern the conservation and management of Natura 2000 sites, i. e. it determines the relationship between conservation and land use. That is why this article is often considered as one of the most important of all 24 articles of the Directive 92/43/EEC. Taking this into account, the author of this paper analyses the content of proactive, preventive and procedural requirements set out in the article 6 of the Directive 92/43/EEC, she also discusses the main problems of implementation of these requirement into Lithuanian legislation and the problems of applying these requirements in practice. The author emphasises the importance of the duty to ensure that national legislation intended to transpose article 6 of the Directive 92/43/EEC is clear and precise enough and gives examples from national legislation, which show, that this duty is not fulfilled properly.
Biodiversity is increasingly recognised as an inestimable element of our heritage. The protection of rare and endagered species and habitats was the purpose of the Natura 2000 ecological network, established by Directive 92/43/EEC. The network also embraces areas established under Directive 79/409/EEC. Article 6 of the Directive 92/43/EEC sets out provisions which govern the conservation and management of Natura 2000 sites, i. e. it determines the relationship between conservation and land use. That is why this article is often considered as one of the most important of all 24 articles of the Directive 92/43/EEC. Taking this into account, the author of this paper analyses the content of proactive, preventive and procedural requirements set out in the article 6 of the Directive 92/43/EEC, she also discusses the main problems of implementation of these requirement into Lithuanian legislation and the problems of applying these requirements in practice. The author emphasises the importance of the duty to ensure that national legislation intended to transpose article 6 of the Directive 92/43/EEC is clear and precise enough and gives examples from national legislation, which show, that this duty is not fulfilled properly.
Biodiversity is increasingly recognised as an inestimable element of our heritage. The protection of rare and endagered species and habitats was the purpose of the Natura 2000 ecological network, established by Directive 92/43/EEC. The network also embraces areas established under Directive 79/409/EEC. Article 6 of the Directive 92/43/EEC sets out provisions which govern the conservation and management of Natura 2000 sites, i. e. it determines the relationship between conservation and land use. That is why this article is often considered as one of the most important of all 24 articles of the Directive 92/43/EEC. Taking this into account, the author of this paper analyses the content of proactive, preventive and procedural requirements set out in the article 6 of the Directive 92/43/EEC, she also discusses the main problems of implementation of these requirement into Lithuanian legislation and the problems of applying these requirements in practice. The author emphasises the importance of the duty to ensure that national legislation intended to transpose article 6 of the Directive 92/43/EEC is clear and precise enough and gives examples from national legislation, which show, that this duty is not fulfilled properly.
Biodiversity is increasingly recognised as an inestimable element of our heritage. The protection of rare and endagered species and habitats was the purpose of the Natura 2000 ecological network, established by Directive 92/43/EEC. The network also embraces areas established under Directive 79/409/EEC. Article 6 of the Directive 92/43/EEC sets out provisions which govern the conservation and management of Natura 2000 sites, i. e. it determines the relationship between conservation and land use. That is why this article is often considered as one of the most important of all 24 articles of the Directive 92/43/EEC. Taking this into account, the author of this paper analyses the content of proactive, preventive and procedural requirements set out in the article 6 of the Directive 92/43/EEC, she also discusses the main problems of implementation of these requirement into Lithuanian legislation and the problems of applying these requirements in practice. The author emphasises the importance of the duty to ensure that national legislation intended to transpose article 6 of the Directive 92/43/EEC is clear and precise enough and gives examples from national legislation, which show, that this duty is not fulfilled properly.
Summary Juridicial regulation over (of) private forests usage, management and protection Private forests are bliss for soul and wealth as well. They "control" humidity balance of the atmosphere and are named lungs of the planet not without necessity- they absorb carbon dioxide and enrich the air with oxygen. The forests also are source of resuming energy. They provides not only wood, but unfailing reserves for the rest and morale blessing as well. Juridistical regulation of the private forests clearing and usage persists the one of the main instruments of the forestry politics, supporting secure realization of society interests in the national forests owned by proprietorship right and also supporting conserve of these forests for the generations yet unborn. Forests must be exploiting under the statutes and other law acts, which regulates forest usage, clearing and security, also protect them from harmful action and results. Forest is special proprietorship object in possession of importance to the all society, atmosphere and other vital factors of planet being. The main problems of forestry today are to keep biodiversity of the forests, their productivity, succession, potential of regenerative, vitality and potential today and in the future to do ecological, economical and social functions in the local, national and general level without detriment to other ecosystems.
Summary Juridicial regulation over (of) private forests usage, management and protection Private forests are bliss for soul and wealth as well. They "control" humidity balance of the atmosphere and are named lungs of the planet not without necessity- they absorb carbon dioxide and enrich the air with oxygen. The forests also are source of resuming energy. They provides not only wood, but unfailing reserves for the rest and morale blessing as well. Juridistical regulation of the private forests clearing and usage persists the one of the main instruments of the forestry politics, supporting secure realization of society interests in the national forests owned by proprietorship right and also supporting conserve of these forests for the generations yet unborn. Forests must be exploiting under the statutes and other law acts, which regulates forest usage, clearing and security, also protect them from harmful action and results. Forest is special proprietorship object in possession of importance to the all society, atmosphere and other vital factors of planet being. The main problems of forestry today are to keep biodiversity of the forests, their productivity, succession, potential of regenerative, vitality and potential today and in the future to do ecological, economical and social functions in the local, national and general level without detriment to other ecosystems.
Relevance of the topic. In order to preserve a viable agriculture, the national natural capital is to be protected, treasured and upheld through the promotion of innovative farm technologies and sustainable management of agriculture. Natural resources in Lithuania are favourable for the development of agriculture, thus the farming should be continued on purpose to preserve a viable farm and countryside, to protect and improve the environment and landscape. The agriculture in the context of the development of economic viability is recognized as a priority because of its importance in various areas of public life such as employment, entrepreneurship, the use and conservation of natural resources, provision with food, etc. Therefore, the promotion of economic viability of farms is one of the underlying objectives of the present-day EU common agricultural policy (hereinafter - CAP). When allocating the support to the EU farms, according to E. Scotti, H. Bergmann et al. (2011), H. C. Vrolijk, C. De Bont et al., (2010), J. B. Whitaker (2009), the renewal of farmer generations, investment opportunities of small and medium-sized farms, more efficient farming through the modernization of farms, creation of new job places on the farms and prevention of the depopulation in countryside and improvement of the quality of life in rural areas, environmental requirements, ensuring biodiversity on the farms, thus promoting the preservation of economic viability of farms, should be taken into account.
Relevance of the topic. In order to preserve a viable agriculture, the national natural capital is to be protected, treasured and upheld through the promotion of innovative farm technologies and sustainable management of agriculture. Natural resources in Lithuania are favourable for the development of agriculture, thus the farming should be continued on purpose to preserve a viable farm and countryside, to protect and improve the environment and landscape. The agriculture in the context of the development of economic viability is recognized as a priority because of its importance in various areas of public life such as employment, entrepreneurship, the use and conservation of natural resources, provision with food, etc. Therefore, the promotion of economic viability of farms is one of the underlying objectives of the present-day EU common agricultural policy (hereinafter - CAP). When allocating the support to the EU farms, according to E. Scotti, H. Bergmann et al. (2011), H. C. Vrolijk, C. De Bont et al., (2010), J. B. Whitaker (2009), the renewal of farmer generations, investment opportunities of small and medium-sized farms, more efficient farming through the modernization of farms, creation of new job places on the farms and prevention of the depopulation in countryside and improvement of the quality of life in rural areas, environmental requirements, ensuring biodiversity on the farms, thus promoting the preservation of economic viability of farms, should be taken into account.
In scientifi c literature green plantations are defi ned as a signifi cant means compensating for the consequences of human intervention in the nature, which helps to maintain ecological stability of a territory. The article reviews the theoretical scientifi c literature, analyzes planting documents and juridical base of the Republic of Lithuania for regulating the green plantation protection and management. Šiauliai region greenery planting management is analyzed and problems in this area are highlighted: it is necessary to improve the juridical regulation of greenery planting and coordinate its implementation, creating a greenery planting development management system; many greenery planting documents are in juridical acts of different levels; experts give negative evaluation to situation of urbanized areas of Šiauliai region. To calculate the prognoses for the condition of Šiauliai region stands a linear trend method was used. Productivity of stands in the region has a tendency to grow, in 2013 it may be about 198 m3 /ha, although in 2005 it was only 174 m3 /ha. In the answers of six experts responsible of environment protection in Šiauliai region the dominant tendency is that Šiauliai region needs greenery planting management system, it would help to implement preventive protection of green plantations and a single coordinated system would become available. The problems of systematicity of urbanized territories and absence of common strategy of greenery planting in the region are raised in the article. Priorities of management of development of greenery planting in Šiauliai region territories have been formulated and substantiated in the article, namely: 1) Green areas management system including international, state, and regional legislation has been formed with the aim being to achieve the consistent management of juridical documents of green environment. 2) Rational and sustainable use of greenery, biodiversity protection, increasing of forest resources in the region while ensuring the recreational, cultural, and healthy life requirements of the society. 3) Doing of educational, motivational, and environment-protection activities, and providing training in order to create a healthy natural environment for present and future generations.
In scientifi c literature green plantations are defi ned as a signifi cant means compensating for the consequences of human intervention in the nature, which helps to maintain ecological stability of a territory. The article reviews the theoretical scientifi c literature, analyzes planting documents and juridical base of the Republic of Lithuania for regulating the green plantation protection and management. Šiauliai region greenery planting management is analyzed and problems in this area are highlighted: it is necessary to improve the juridical regulation of greenery planting and coordinate its implementation, creating a greenery planting development management system; many greenery planting documents are in juridical acts of different levels; experts give negative evaluation to situation of urbanized areas of Šiauliai region. To calculate the prognoses for the condition of Šiauliai region stands a linear trend method was used. Productivity of stands in the region has a tendency to grow, in 2013 it may be about 198 m3 /ha, although in 2005 it was only 174 m3 /ha. In the answers of six experts responsible of environment protection in Šiauliai region the dominant tendency is that Šiauliai region needs greenery planting management system, it would help to implement preventive protection of green plantations and a single coordinated system would become available. The problems of systematicity of urbanized territories and absence of common strategy of greenery planting in the region are raised in the article. Priorities of management of development of greenery planting in Šiauliai region territories have been formulated and substantiated in the article, namely: 1) Green areas management system including international, state, and regional legislation has been formed with the aim being to achieve the consistent management of juridical documents of green environment. 2) Rational and sustainable use of greenery, biodiversity protection, increasing of forest resources in the region while ensuring the recreational, cultural, and healthy life requirements of the society. 3) Doing of educational, motivational, and environment-protection activities, and providing training in order to create a healthy natural environment for present and future generations.
In the end of XX century the approach to agriculture and rural development in the European Union began to change. From the concentration to development of competitive agriculture, the attention was focused on rural areas as whole, on the public needs not only for food, but other areas too. In the ninth decade of the XX century the attention was paid on the significance of agriculture activity consequences for environment, the agriculture recognized as one of the most important creator of public services. Attention was focused not only on agricultural production, but the quality of food, the health of consumers, the biodiversity, environmental resources, rural vitality, local culture and traditions became important. The European Union began to support rural development in a broader sense, the one of the supply sphere – public services. The use of public funds for the public services raises the demand to measure the effectiveness. The aim of this work – to assess the support of EU for the rural regions as the public service providers. The study analyses the changes of the rural policy in a sense of the public service creation. The changes in supply of public services in Lithuania discussed. The practices of EU support impact measurements analyzed. The evaluation of the impact of EU support for Lithuanian rural regions was done. Quantitative and qualitative scientific research methods were used in this work: analysis of the scientific literature, documents, secondary statistical data analysis was performed, comparative methods, logical comparison, questionnaire surveys were used. Lithuanian municipalities were grouped according received EU support volume and impact on demographic, social, economic indicators was analyzed. The study showed that in those Lithuanian rural regions, where EU support was bigger, the decline of population was slower, increased direct investment volumes, increased amount of declared area. The greater amount of support did not made a noticeable impact on number of small and medium-sized enterprises dynamic, as well as for employment. The interview with rural municipality elders and active rural community leaders showed that people in rural areas became more positive, positively evaluates EU support, they became more open for society, communicative, the more attention was paid on self-help and their living environment management.
In the end of XX century the approach to agriculture and rural development in the European Union began to change. From the concentration to development of competitive agriculture, the attention was focused on rural areas as whole, on the public needs not only for food, but other areas too. In the ninth decade of the XX century the attention was paid on the significance of agriculture activity consequences for environment, the agriculture recognized as one of the most important creator of public services. Attention was focused not only on agricultural production, but the quality of food, the health of consumers, the biodiversity, environmental resources, rural vitality, local culture and traditions became important. The European Union began to support rural development in a broader sense, the one of the supply sphere – public services. The use of public funds for the public services raises the demand to measure the effectiveness. The aim of this work – to assess the support of EU for the rural regions as the public service providers. The study analyses the changes of the rural policy in a sense of the public service creation. The changes in supply of public services in Lithuania discussed. The practices of EU support impact measurements analyzed. The evaluation of the impact of EU support for Lithuanian rural regions was done. Quantitative and qualitative scientific research methods were used in this work: analysis of the scientific literature, documents, secondary statistical data analysis was performed, comparative methods, logical comparison, questionnaire surveys were used. Lithuanian municipalities were grouped according received EU support volume and impact on demographic, social, economic indicators was analyzed. The study showed that in those Lithuanian rural regions, where EU support was bigger, the decline of population was slower, increased direct investment volumes, increased amount of declared area. The greater amount of support did not made a noticeable impact on number of small and medium-sized enterprises dynamic, as well as for employment. The interview with rural municipality elders and active rural community leaders showed that people in rural areas became more positive, positively evaluates EU support, they became more open for society, communicative, the more attention was paid on self-help and their living environment management.
In the end of XX century the approach to agriculture and rural development in the European Union began to change. From the concentration to development of competitive agriculture, the attention was focused on rural areas as whole, on the public needs not only for food, but other areas too. In the ninth decade of the XX century the attention was paid on the significance of agriculture activity consequences for environment, the agriculture recognized as one of the most important creator of public services. Attention was focused not only on agricultural production, but the quality of food, the health of consumers, the biodiversity, environmental resources, rural vitality, local culture and traditions became important. The European Union began to support rural development in a broader sense, the one of the supply sphere – public services. The use of public funds for the public services raises the demand to measure the effectiveness. The aim of this work – to assess the support of EU for the rural regions as the public service providers. The study analyses the changes of the rural policy in a sense of the public service creation. The changes in supply of public services in Lithuania discussed. The practices of EU support impact measurements analyzed. The evaluation of the impact of EU support for Lithuanian rural regions was done. Quantitative and qualitative scientific research methods were used in this work: analysis of the scientific literature, documents, secondary statistical data analysis was performed, comparative methods, logical comparison, questionnaire surveys were used. Lithuanian municipalities were grouped according received EU support volume and impact on demographic, social, economic indicators was analyzed. The study showed that in those Lithuanian rural regions, where EU support was bigger, the decline of population was slower, increased direct investment volumes, increased amount of declared area. The greater amount of support did not made a noticeable impact on number of small and medium-sized enterprises dynamic, as well as for employment. The interview with rural municipality elders and active rural community leaders showed that people in rural areas became more positive, positively evaluates EU support, they became more open for society, communicative, the more attention was paid on self-help and their living environment management.
In the end of XX century the approach to agriculture and rural development in the European Union began to change. From the concentration to development of competitive agriculture, the attention was focused on rural areas as whole, on the public needs not only for food, but other areas too. In the ninth decade of the XX century the attention was paid on the significance of agriculture activity consequences for environment, the agriculture recognized as one of the most important creator of public services. Attention was focused not only on agricultural production, but the quality of food, the health of consumers, the biodiversity, environmental resources, rural vitality, local culture and traditions became important. The European Union began to support rural development in a broader sense, the one of the supply sphere – public services. The use of public funds for the public services raises the demand to measure the effectiveness. The aim of this work – to assess the support of EU for the rural regions as the public service providers. The study analyses the changes of the rural policy in a sense of the public service creation. The changes in supply of public services in Lithuania discussed. The practices of EU support impact measurements analyzed. The evaluation of the impact of EU support for Lithuanian rural regions was done. Quantitative and qualitative scientific research methods were used in this work: analysis of the scientific literature, documents, secondary statistical data analysis was performed, comparative methods, logical comparison, questionnaire surveys were used. Lithuanian municipalities were grouped according received EU support volume and impact on demographic, social, economic indicators was analyzed. The study showed that in those Lithuanian rural regions, where EU support was bigger, the decline of population was slower, increased direct investment volumes, increased amount of declared area. The greater amount of support did not made a noticeable impact on number of small and medium-sized enterprises dynamic, as well as for employment. The interview with rural municipality elders and active rural community leaders showed that people in rural areas became more positive, positively evaluates EU support, they became more open for society, communicative, the more attention was paid on self-help and their living environment management.
