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Conon of Athens played a major role in classical Athenian history. His influence even reached far beyond this famous city. He was an immensely important actor in the international relations between Athens, Sparta and other Greek cities, and the most important intermediary for Athens with Artaxerxes II, Pharnabazus and the Persians more generally. In spite of this prominent role there are few focussed studies of Conon's extraordinary career and personality. By presenting a biographical essay on him this study therefore fills a significant gap in ancient-history scholarship. This essay explores the striking direction of his career. Coming out of almost total obscurity in 414/3, he started a civil and military career that experienced a brutal interruption after Athens's total defeat at Aegospotami in 405/4. After living for 12 years in exile, he returned, eventually, to his city, in 394/3, as a celebrated military victor and hero. But his exceptional career ended, in 390/89, again, a long away from Athens. ; Conon d'Athènes fait partie des personnages qui ont fortement marqué l'histoire de sa cité durant la période classique. Son influence au cours de cette étape de l'histoire de la Grèce ne s'est pas limitée à Athènes. En effet, il est un acteur des rapports que celle-ci entretient avec les autres cités grecques, particulièrement avec Sparte, mais surtout des relations entre Athènes et les Perses, notamment Pharnabaze et Artaxerxès II. Malgré cette présence remarquable et incontestable, la vie et la personnalité de Conon n'ont guère fait l'objet de contributions approfondies et complètes. C'est l'objectif que cette étude s'est fixé, en proposant de Conon d'Athènes cet essai de biographie. Il ressort en définitive que l'homme a connu une trajectoire singulière. Durant la dernière décennie de la guerre du Péloponnèse, il apparaît comme un stratège très actif auquel la cité renouvelle sa confiance. Mais à la défaite d'Aigos-Potamos en 405 il réagit par un exil volontaire à Chypre,où il prépare son retour dans sa ...

This article presents a biography that presents a new version of the 12th century churchman, politician, humanist and educator, John of Salisbury. In contrast to dry academic biographies, this one is based mainly on the primary sources, that is, on the works of John himself. In order not only to indicate historical facts but also to show his mentality, temperament and character, it intentionally uses long quotations from his writings. These quotations do deliver to the readers' attention not only the trite academic facts but also some interesting trifles which enriches the picture of that remote epoch and exposes the idiosyncrasy of the author, for instance, his common sense and skeptical attitude towards all kinds of divinations and mysticism.

This article presents a biography that presents a new version of the 12th century churchman, politician, humanist and educator, John of Salisbury. In contrast to dry academic biographies, this one is based mainly on the primary sources, that is, on the works of John himself. In order not only to indicate historical facts but also to show his mentality, temperament and character, it intentionally uses long quotations from his writings. These quotations do deliver to the readers' attention not only the trite academic facts but also some interesting trifles which enriches the picture of that remote epoch and exposes the idiosyncrasy of the author, for instance, his common sense and skeptical attitude towards all kinds of divinations and mysticism.

This article presents a biography that presents a new version of the 12th century churchman, politician, humanist and educator, John of Salisbury. In contrast to dry academic biographies, this one is based mainly on the primary sources, that is, on the works of John himself. In order not only to indicate historical facts but also to show his mentality, temperament and character, it intentionally uses long quotations from his writings. These quotations do deliver to the readers' attention not only the trite academic facts but also some interesting trifles which enriches the picture of that remote epoch and exposes the idiosyncrasy of the author, for instance, his common sense and skeptical attitude towards all kinds of divinations and mysticism.

This article presents a biography that presents a new version of the 12th century churchman, politician, humanist and educator, John of Salisbury. In contrast to dry academic biographies, this one is based mainly on the primary sources, that is, on the works of John himself. In order not only to indicate historical facts but also to show his mentality, temperament and character, it intentionally uses long quotations from his writings. These quotations do deliver to the readers' attention not only the trite academic facts but also some interesting trifles which enriches the picture of that remote epoch and exposes the idiosyncrasy of the author, for instance, his common sense and skeptical attitude towards all kinds of divinations and mysticism.

The historian José Orlandis (1918-2010) incorporated the Opus Dei in 1939 and was ordered to take ten years later. He participates in the Spanish Civil War and lives in the Second World War in Rome, where he facilitates the recognition of the Opus Dei by the Holy See. Her often epistolary relations with Josémaria Escriva were followed. Professor of Law History at the Universities of Sara-gosse and Navarra, he is the author of an important work on wisi-gothic Spain, which is the recognition of his mediated colleagues, such as Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz; he shall maintain an ongoing correspondence with them. He has also written several books on the history of the Church, including recent history, but also on spirituality in syntony with his pastoral tasks. He also practises multilingualism. Historically, his work oscillates between positivism and Yemenology according to the target audience, either specialists or much wider. ; International audience The historian José Orlandis (1918-2010) joined Opus Dei in 1939 and was ordained a priest ten years later. He was involved in the Spanish Civil War and he lived in Rome during the Second World War, where he was able to assist with the rec- ognition of Opus Dei by the Holy See. Throughout his life he was in constant contact, particularly by letter, with Josemaría Escrivá. He was professor of History of Law at the Universities of Saragossa and Navarre; he is author of important work on Visigothic Spain that was well received by his medievalist ; The historian José Orlandis (1918-2010) incorporated the Opus Dei in 1939 and was ordered to take ten years later. He participates in the Spanish Civil War and lives in the Second World War in Rome, where he facilitates the recognition of the Opus Dei by the Holy See. Her often epistolary relations with Josémaria Escriva were followed. Professor of Law History at the Universities of Sara-gosse and Navarra, he is the author of an important work on wisi-gothic Spain, which is the recognition of his mediated colleagues, such as Claudio ...

L. Suryadinata menceritakan riwayat hidup Liem Koen Hian (1896-1952) dan membahas pikiran politiknya. Tokoh tersebut adalah salah seorang tokoh politik keturunan Tionghoa yang paling berpenga- ruh di Indonesia sebelum Perang Dunia II. Dia jadi wartawan di Kalimantan, di Sumatra dan terutama di Jawa, dan dialah yang men- dirikan Partai Tionghoa Indonesia pada tahun 1932. Sebelum memper- joangkan nasionalisme Indonesia dia sebetulnya mempropagandakan nasionalisme Tionghoa ; dan tidak lama sesudah kemerdekaan dia akhirnya memilih kewarganegaran Tionghoa. Meskipun demikian dia tetap dianggap sebagai bapak dan pelopor faham asimilasionis.

Dottorato di ricerca in Società, istituzioni e sistemi politici europei (19.-20. secolo) ; Comunista, poi socialista, Angelo Tasca (1892-1960) ricevette « direttamente e intensamente […] le "rivoluzioni del Novecento" », che si rifransero nella sua riflessione. Si formò politicamente nel movimento operaio torinese e intellettualmente nel fermento dei dibattiti tra positivismo e neoidealismo : queste esperienze lasciarono un'impronta profonda sul suo pensiero. Gli sconvolgimenti creati dalla Prima Guerra mondiale destarono in lui la speranza di un'imminente rivoluzione : aderì al comunismo. Il suo disaccordo con lo stalinismo sulle prospettive del comunismo mondiale e la costruzione del socialismo in Russia lo condusse ad una dolorosa rottura nel 1929. Fuoruscito in Francia, si avvicinò alla social-democrazia e intraprese una lunga riflessione sul socialismo e il marxismo, che sboccò alla fine degli anni Trenta in una radicale revisione. Preoccupato per l'evoluzione del mondo, ossessionato dal timore di una divisione interna della Francia, cercò di porre le basi di una concezione umanista e non marxista del socialismo. Dopo la disfatta della Francia nell'estate 1940, credette di poter influenzare dall'interno il regime di Vichy ; presto deluso, fornì contemporaneamente informazioni alla Resistenza. Riflettè in questo periodo su una rivoluzione comunitaria, basata sull'articolazione di uno Stato forte con delle comunità naturali. La convinzione che il comunismo fosse contrario al suo ideale sociale lo spinse ad iniziare la lotta contro questo movimento, alla quale si dedicò dopo la guerra. ; Communist, then socialist, Angelo Tasca (1892-1960) received « directly and intensely […] the "revolutions of the 20th century" », that were refracted in his thinking. He educated himself politically in the workers' movement of Turin and intellectually in the effervescence of the debate between positivism and neoidealism : these experiences deeply marked his thinking. The upheavals created by World War I aroused in him the hope of an imminent revolution : he joined communism. He disagreed with stalinism about the prospects of the international communist movement and the construction of socialism in Russia and was led to a painful break-up in 1929. He exiled in France, came closer to social-democracy and embarked on a long reflection on socialism and marxism, that ended up in a radical revision at the end of the 30's. Anxious about the world's evolution and haunted by the fear of an interior division of France, he attempted to put the bases of a humanist and non marxist conception of socialism. After the defeat of France in the summer of 1940, he thought he would be able to have an influence on the Vichy government from the inside ; but he was quickly disappointed and began to give information to the Resistance. He reflected on a communitarian revolution, based on the articulation of a strong State with natural communities. The conviction that communism was contrary to his social ideal pushed him to go into an action against this movement, to which he dedicated himself after the war.