This article presents a biography that presents a new version of the 12th century churchman, politician, humanist and educator, John of Salisbury. In contrast to dry academic biographies, this one is based mainly on the primary sources, that is, on the works of John himself. In order not only to indicate historical facts but also to show his mentality, temperament and character, it intentionally uses long quotations from his writings. These quotations do deliver to the readers' attention not only the trite academic facts but also some interesting trifles which enriches the picture of that remote epoch and exposes the idiosyncrasy of the author, for instance, his common sense and skeptical attitude towards all kinds of divinations and mysticism.
This article presents a biography that presents a new version of the 12th century churchman, politician, humanist and educator, John of Salisbury. In contrast to dry academic biographies, this one is based mainly on the primary sources, that is, on the works of John himself. In order not only to indicate historical facts but also to show his mentality, temperament and character, it intentionally uses long quotations from his writings. These quotations do deliver to the readers' attention not only the trite academic facts but also some interesting trifles which enriches the picture of that remote epoch and exposes the idiosyncrasy of the author, for instance, his common sense and skeptical attitude towards all kinds of divinations and mysticism.
This article presents a biography that presents a new version of the 12th century churchman, politician, humanist and educator, John of Salisbury. In contrast to dry academic biographies, this one is based mainly on the primary sources, that is, on the works of John himself. In order not only to indicate historical facts but also to show his mentality, temperament and character, it intentionally uses long quotations from his writings. These quotations do deliver to the readers' attention not only the trite academic facts but also some interesting trifles which enriches the picture of that remote epoch and exposes the idiosyncrasy of the author, for instance, his common sense and skeptical attitude towards all kinds of divinations and mysticism.
This article presents a biography that presents a new version of the 12th century churchman, politician, humanist and educator, John of Salisbury. In contrast to dry academic biographies, this one is based mainly on the primary sources, that is, on the works of John himself. In order not only to indicate historical facts but also to show his mentality, temperament and character, it intentionally uses long quotations from his writings. These quotations do deliver to the readers' attention not only the trite academic facts but also some interesting trifles which enriches the picture of that remote epoch and exposes the idiosyncrasy of the author, for instance, his common sense and skeptical attitude towards all kinds of divinations and mysticism.
The research deals with the biography of Maria Helena Gomes, known as Helena Potiguara, an indigenous educator of recognized leadership, in the Potiguara ethnic group, for her educational role in the city of Crateús-CE. Located in the field of the History of Education, with a theoretical contribution to Cultural History, the study aims to understand the educational background and political practices woven by educator Helena Potiguara, which gave it in the Potiguara community (1954–2009). Through the methodology of oral life history intertwined with documentary sources, a hermeneutic biographical narrative with an emphasis on Helena Potiguara's formative and political trajectory is elaborated. The results show that Helena Potiguara broke the silence of her ethnic origins through her work with the ecclesial communities of the Catholic Church, leading a differentiated indigenous education, which allowed her to lead collective mobilizations in the identity representations of the indigenous people in the city of Crateús. ; La investigación trata de la biografía de María Helena Gomes, conocida como Helena Potiguara, educadora indígena de reconocido liderazgo, en la etnia Potiguara, por su rol educativo en la ciudad de Crateús-CE. Ubicado en el campo de la Historia de la Educación, con un aporte teórico a la Historia Cultural, el estudio tiene como objetivo comprender la formación educativo y las prácticas políticas, tejido por la educadora Helena Potiguara, que le dio protagonismo en la comunidad Potiguara (1954-2009). A través de la metodología de la historia oral entrelazada con fuentes documentales, se elabora una narración biográfica hermenéutica con énfasis en la trayectoria formativa y política de Helena Potiguara. Los resultados muestran que Helena Potiguara rompió el silencio de su origen étnico a través de su trabajo con las comunidades eclesiásticas de la Iglesia Católica, liderando una educación indígena diferenciada, que le permitió liderar movilizaciones colectivas en las representaciones identitarias sobre los pueblos indígenas de la ciudad de Crateús. ; A pesquisa trata da biografia de Maria Helena Gomes, conhecida como Helena Potiguara, mulher educadora indígena de liderança reconhecida, na etnia Potiguara, por seu protagonismo educacional na cidade de Crateús-CE. Situado no campo da História da Educação, com aporte teórico na História Cultural, o estudo objetiva compreender a formação educativa e as práticas políticas, tecidas pela educadora Helena Potiguara, que lhe conferiram destaque na comunidade Potiguara (1954-2009). Por meio da metodologia da história oral de vida entrecruzada com fontes documentais, elabora-se uma narrativa biográfica hermenêutica com ênfase na trajetória formativa e política de Helena Potiguara. Os resultados demonstram que Helena Potiguara rompeu com o silenciamento de suas origens étnicas a partir dos trabalhos com as comunidades eclesiais de base da igreja católica, protagonizando uma educação indígena diferenciada, o que lhe permitiu liderar mobilizações coletivas nas representações identitárias sobre os indígenas na cidade de Crateús.
The article deals with the scientific activities of professor Eber Landau carried out in Estonia, Lithuania and Switzerland. Professor E. Landau was born November 8, 1878, in a merchant's family in Rezekne, Latvia. On leaving a classical high school in Riga, E. Landau studied at the Medical Faculty of Tartu University, graduating it in 1902. Later he improved his qualification in histology and anatomy at Villafrenk Zoology station, at the Histology Laboratory in Munich, and in St. Petersburg under the guidance of professor P. Leshaft. In 1906–1912 Landau worked as a prosector assistant at the Anatomy Institute, headed by professor A. Rauber, Tartu University. In 1912 he was elected a director of the Anthropology Institute, Tartu. On the outbreak of the First World War, E. Landau, as a Russian citizen, was called to the army and served as a neurologist and psychiatrist in Paris military hospitals. In 1918, E. Landau returned to Bern and for 5 years worked at the Anatomy Institute headed by prof. H. Strasner. In December 1, 1923, E. Landau moved to Kaunas University. Here he established the Department of Histology and Embryology and headed the Department till 1932. From 1932 till 1950 Eber Landau worked as a professor at the University of Lausanne. Professor E. Landau retired in 1950, but he still continued his research work in the field of neurohistology. Professor E. Landau died October 30, 1959. He left behind him an ample scientific heritage: 175 scientific publications and 12 doctoral theses done under his guidance.
The article deals with the scientific activities of professor Eber Landau carried out in Estonia, Lithuania and Switzerland. Professor E. Landau was born November 8, 1878, in a merchant's family in Rezekne, Latvia. On leaving a classical high school in Riga, E. Landau studied at the Medical Faculty of Tartu University, graduating it in 1902. Later he improved his qualification in histology and anatomy at Villafrenk Zoology station, at the Histology Laboratory in Munich, and in St. Petersburg under the guidance of professor P. Leshaft. In 1906–1912 Landau worked as a prosector assistant at the Anatomy Institute, headed by professor A. Rauber, Tartu University. In 1912 he was elected a director of the Anthropology Institute, Tartu. On the outbreak of the First World War, E. Landau, as a Russian citizen, was called to the army and served as a neurologist and psychiatrist in Paris military hospitals. In 1918, E. Landau returned to Bern and for 5 years worked at the Anatomy Institute headed by prof. H. Strasner. In December 1, 1923, E. Landau moved to Kaunas University. Here he established the Department of Histology and Embryology and headed the Department till 1932. From 1932 till 1950 Eber Landau worked as a professor at the University of Lausanne. Professor E. Landau retired in 1950, but he still continued his research work in the field of neurohistology. Professor E. Landau died October 30, 1959. He left behind him an ample scientific heritage: 175 scientific publications and 12 doctoral theses done under his guidance.
The essence of the "Swedish socialism" created in the 20th century lies in "democratic functional socialism". During the last 30 years, even after having refused part of its elements, it remains the foundation of the Swedish welfare state, and historically the name of the "Swedish socialism" is mostly related to the famous Swedish and global figure of the smart political powers, social democrat Olof Palme. The article reviews the features of the biography of Olof Palme and his both theoretical and practical activity opting for social justice and by creating a welfare state in Sweden by the means of "democratic functional socialism". Olof Palme was also an advocate of human rights and freedoms, neutrality of small countries, an international mediator, an advocate of nuclear disarmament policy and a severe critic of neo-liberal ideas.
The essence of the "Swedish socialism" created in the 20th century lies in "democratic functional socialism". During the last 30 years, even after having refused part of its elements, it remains the foundation of the Swedish welfare state, and historically the name of the "Swedish socialism" is mostly related to the famous Swedish and global figure of the smart political powers, social democrat Olof Palme. The article reviews the features of the biography of Olof Palme and his both theoretical and practical activity opting for social justice and by creating a welfare state in Sweden by the means of "democratic functional socialism". Olof Palme was also an advocate of human rights and freedoms, neutrality of small countries, an international mediator, an advocate of nuclear disarmament policy and a severe critic of neo-liberal ideas.
THE AUTHOR describes Florestan Fernandes' intellectual biography in three phases. The first phase, which she calls the "cientific-academic stage", covers the period 1941-1968. The second phase, the "political-revolutionary stage", corresponds to the years 1970-1986. Finally, the third phase is what she calls the "lonely militant stage" (1986-1995), in which all facets of Fernandes' itinerary come together under the heading of the "intellectual", in Jürgen Habermas' definition. ; A AUTORA descreve a biografia intelectual de Florestan Fernandes em três etapas. A primeira, que ela designa "fase científico-acadêmica", abrange o período 1941-1968. A segunda, a "fase político-revolucionária", corresponde aos anos 1970-1986. Por fim, na terceira etapa, que ela chama de "fase solitário-militante" (1986-1995), todas as facetas do itinerário de Fernandes se unem sob o título "intelectual", segundo a definição de Jürgen Habermas.
Milestones of European symbolism of the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century have been indicated and the meaning of prometheism as fundamental category of symbolism has been determined. It has been explored that the origins of Lithuanian symbolism do not only date back to Russian symbolism but through it they are connected with the broader co-European context. It has been established that one of the fundamental categories of Baltrušaitis' and Papini's viewpoint is prometheism, its political aspect characteristic to both authors has been analysed. It has been determined that Baltrušaitis' promethean viewpoint is based on the philosophy of Solovyov according to which "God-man" is the synthesis of humanity and divinity; whereas Papini's promethean viewpoint refers to Nietzsche's idea of "superhuman" as an absolute category, a man who became God. The connection of Papini's identity metamorphoses and prometheism viewpoint has been investigated; it has been demonstrated that prometheism influenced the twists of Baltrušaitis' intellectual biography and the changes of his relation with Lithuanity. The connections of Baltrušaitis' and Papini's prometheism with the political attitude of authors has been analysed, it has been established that the differences of this attitude were determined by diverse philosophical fundamentals of Russian and Italian prometheism.
Thesis Poetry of Teodoras Bujnickis contains four parts: 1. Biography of Teodoras Bujnickis. 2. Regional motives in Teodoras Bujnickis's poetry. 3. Catastrophic motives in Teodoras Bujnickis's poetry. 4. Other important motives in Teodoras Bujnickis's poetry. Main objective of the thesis is get to know Teodoras Bujnickis's life and his works. Main tasks of the work: • To find as more as possible information about Teodoras Bujnickis's life and his works. • To determinate essential characteristics of his poetics. The work contains of Teodoras Bujnickis's life description and analysis and analysis and interpretation of his selected works. Two methods are used in this work: description and interpretation. The analysis of T. Bujnickis's works has confirmed that not only catastrophic motives, strongly empathized in critics up till now, take important place in his poetry, regional motives also do. The authotematic stream was intimate to the poet; he discussed the subjects of love, joy and the purpose of life. He did not forsake describing political and social problems. Bujnickis's poetics reaches from traditional and vanguard treasures. Romantic stream in his literature fascinates the most. In lyrics of the poet, there is longing, subtlety and ecstasy. Bujnickis's poetry sometimes reaches from the tradition of Adomas Mickevičius works. The conclusion can be made that Teodoras Bujnickis is worth our attention and his works may also inspire new generations of poets.
Milestones of European symbolism of the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century have been indicated and the meaning of prometheism as fundamental category of symbolism has been determined. It has been explored that the origins of Lithuanian symbolism do not only date back to Russian symbolism but through it they are connected with the broader co-European context. It has been established that one of the fundamental categories of Baltrušaitis' and Papini's viewpoint is prometheism, its political aspect characteristic to both authors has been analysed. It has been determined that Baltrušaitis' promethean viewpoint is based on the philosophy of Solovyov according to which "God-man" is the synthesis of humanity and divinity; whereas Papini's promethean viewpoint refers to Nietzsche's idea of "superhuman" as an absolute category, a man who became God. The connection of Papini's identity metamorphoses and prometheism viewpoint has been investigated; it has been demonstrated that prometheism influenced the twists of Baltrušaitis' intellectual biography and the changes of his relation with Lithuanity. The connections of Baltrušaitis' and Papini's prometheism with the political attitude of authors has been analysed, it has been established that the differences of this attitude were determined by diverse philosophical fundamentals of Russian and Italian prometheism.
Thesis Poetry of Teodoras Bujnickis contains four parts: 1. Biography of Teodoras Bujnickis. 2. Regional motives in Teodoras Bujnickis's poetry. 3. Catastrophic motives in Teodoras Bujnickis's poetry. 4. Other important motives in Teodoras Bujnickis's poetry. Main objective of the thesis is get to know Teodoras Bujnickis's life and his works. Main tasks of the work: • To find as more as possible information about Teodoras Bujnickis's life and his works. • To determinate essential characteristics of his poetics. The work contains of Teodoras Bujnickis's life description and analysis and analysis and interpretation of his selected works. Two methods are used in this work: description and interpretation. The analysis of T. Bujnickis's works has confirmed that not only catastrophic motives, strongly empathized in critics up till now, take important place in his poetry, regional motives also do. The authotematic stream was intimate to the poet; he discussed the subjects of love, joy and the purpose of life. He did not forsake describing political and social problems. Bujnickis's poetics reaches from traditional and vanguard treasures. Romantic stream in his literature fascinates the most. In lyrics of the poet, there is longing, subtlety and ecstasy. Bujnickis's poetry sometimes reaches from the tradition of Adomas Mickevičius works. The conclusion can be made that Teodoras Bujnickis is worth our attention and his works may also inspire new generations of poets.
Milestones of European symbolism of the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century have been indicated and the meaning of prometheism as fundamental category of symbolism has been determined. It has been explored that the origins of Lithuanian symbolism do not only date back to Russian symbolism but through it they are connected with the broader co-European context. It has been established that one of the fundamental categories of Baltrušaitis' and Papini's viewpoint is prometheism, its political aspect characteristic to both authors has been analysed. It has been determined that Baltrušaitis' promethean viewpoint is based on the philosophy of Solovyov according to which "God-man" is the synthesis of humanity and divinity; whereas Papini's promethean viewpoint refers to Nietzsche's idea of "superhuman" as an absolute category, a man who became God. The connection of Papini's identity metamorphoses and prometheism viewpoint has been investigated; it has been demonstrated that prometheism influenced the twists of Baltrušaitis' intellectual biography and the changes of his relation with Lithuanity. The connections of Baltrušaitis' and Papini's prometheism with the political attitude of authors has been analysed, it has been established that the differences of this attitude were determined by diverse philosophical fundamentals of Russian and Italian prometheism.
