Suchergebnisse

The purpose of the Master paper "Assessment of social support to large families and trends of possible development" is to analyze social status of large families and project ways how to solve problems after identifying them. In pursue of this purpose the goal has been set to analyze the concept of social support, models of support provision, to analyze laws regulating provision of social support to large families, to point out problems of provision of social support to large families and possible ways how to solve them. The first part analyzes social security in the European Union and Lithuania, types of social security and social policy of welfare states. The second part covers shortcomings of social support to large families based on the results of the research conducted in Lazdijai district Kapčiamiestis elderate and provides recommendations for improvement of the support. Having analyzed data of the research conclusions have been made that provision of social support to large families is not efficient and adequate. Families would like that raising of children was equal to the work that is socially beneficial and was paid for.

The purpose of the Master paper "Assessment of social support to large families and trends of possible development" is to analyze social status of large families and project ways how to solve problems after identifying them. In pursue of this purpose the goal has been set to analyze the concept of social support, models of support provision, to analyze laws regulating provision of social support to large families, to point out problems of provision of social support to large families and possible ways how to solve them. The first part analyzes social security in the European Union and Lithuania, types of social security and social policy of welfare states. The second part covers shortcomings of social support to large families based on the results of the research conducted in Lazdijai district Kapčiamiestis elderate and provides recommendations for improvement of the support. Having analyzed data of the research conclusions have been made that provision of social support to large families is not efficient and adequate. Families would like that raising of children was equal to the work that is socially beneficial and was paid for.

Topic of the thesis is the implementation of one - child policy in China: the demographic and economic consequences. China's situation is unique because its demographic evolution was influenced by various birth planning policies. The greatest impact for the country development had a one - child policy, which formally were implemented since 1979 until 2015. The problem of this thesis is related to China's one-child policy, its development, demographic and economic changes during its implementation. The main object of this master's thesis is one–child policy and its impact on the main demographic and economic indicators. The aim is to find out if the one-child policy introduced in 1979 was successful and resulted in a positive demographic and economic changes. To achieve the aim of the thesis, were formulated following tasks: after the analysis of the demographic theories, construct theoretical approach which help assess the demographic situation in China; an overview the birth planning policies development until the one-child policy implementation in 1979; analyze the one-child policy characteristics of the implementation, development, application methods; perform an analysis of demographic characteristics until the one-child policy (1949 - 1979) and after (1979 - 2015); analyze macroeconomic indicators until the one-child policy (1949 - 1979) and after (1979-2015). The results showed that in China 1970 – 1979, before the implementation of the one-child policy, the country has experienced a dramatic decline in fertility due to the strict birth planning policy initiated by Mao Zedong. After Mao's death, when Deng Xiaoping became a political leader of China, he decided to to revive the country's economy, so country needed a new birth planning policy. In 1979, was introduced the one-child policy, according to which the state formally controlled the family planning process. Implementation of this policy for the past 35 years caused the problems such as rapid aging of society, striking gender imbalance, decreasing labor resources, low birth rates. However, despite these problems, demographic and economic indicators analysis showed that the one-child policy achieved its objectives and helped China to become one of the strongest countries in the world. One-child policy reduced rapid population growth, increased gross domestic product, significantly improved gross domestic product per capita, due to the low birth rate raised the part of economically active population, increased investments of the country.

Topic of the thesis is the implementation of one - child policy in China: the demographic and economic consequences. China's situation is unique because its demographic evolution was influenced by various birth planning policies. The greatest impact for the country development had a one - child policy, which formally were implemented since 1979 until 2015. The problem of this thesis is related to China's one-child policy, its development, demographic and economic changes during its implementation. The main object of this master's thesis is one–child policy and its impact on the main demographic and economic indicators. The aim is to find out if the one-child policy introduced in 1979 was successful and resulted in a positive demographic and economic changes. To achieve the aim of the thesis, were formulated following tasks: after the analysis of the demographic theories, construct theoretical approach which help assess the demographic situation in China; an overview the birth planning policies development until the one-child policy implementation in 1979; analyze the one-child policy characteristics of the implementation, development, application methods; perform an analysis of demographic characteristics until the one-child policy (1949 - 1979) and after (1979 - 2015); analyze macroeconomic indicators until the one-child policy (1949 - 1979) and after (1979-2015). The results showed that in China 1970 – 1979, before the implementation of the one-child policy, the country has experienced a dramatic decline in fertility due to the strict birth planning policy initiated by Mao Zedong. After Mao's death, when Deng Xiaoping became a political leader of China, he decided to to revive the country's economy, so country needed a new birth planning policy. In 1979, was introduced the one-child policy, according to which the state formally controlled the family planning process. Implementation of this policy for the past 35 years caused the problems such as rapid aging of society, striking gender imbalance, decreasing labor resources, low birth rates. However, despite these problems, demographic and economic indicators analysis showed that the one-child policy achieved its objectives and helped China to become one of the strongest countries in the world. One-child policy reduced rapid population growth, increased gross domestic product, significantly improved gross domestic product per capita, due to the low birth rate raised the part of economically active population, increased investments of the country.

The authors have examined the large variation in adolescent fertility rates between and within countries to better understand the regional and individual factors underlying early childbearing. Using low spatial level data from the Lithuanian Census, they found that there is a high degree of regional differentiation within Lithuania, with differences of up to 20-fold between rates in different regions. Therefore, they investigated whether the regional differentiation in adolescent fertility rates is determined by different regional contexts or by the individual characteristics of teenage mothers. Surprisingly, the results of their regression models showed that the regional context did not have a large effect on adolescent fertility – the large differences between regions appeared due to the unequal spatial distribution of socio-economically disadvantaged teenagers. Their results also showed that women who had their first child during adolescence were statistically significantly different from those who postponed motherhood: those who gave birth during adolescence were more likely to belong to ethnic minorities (1.4 times more likely), receive government benefits (10 times), live in large households (10 times), and reside in rural areas (1.4 times). They were also more likely to terminate their education early, acquiring only a primary (7 times more likely) or lower-secondary (8 times) education. The study's findings suggest that public strategies and policies should address individual factors to reduce adolescent fertility rates and regional disparities. Teenage mothers should be supported to return to the education system as early as possible, thus preventing a further widening of the gap between their socioeconomic status and that of their childless peers.

The authors have examined the large variation in adolescent fertility rates between and within countries to better understand the regional and individual factors underlying early childbearing. Using low spatial level data from the Lithuanian Census, they found that there is a high degree of regional differentiation within Lithuania, with differences of up to 20-fold between rates in different regions. Therefore, they investigated whether the regional differentiation in adolescent fertility rates is determined by different regional contexts or by the individual characteristics of teenage mothers. Surprisingly, the results of their regression models showed that the regional context did not have a large effect on adolescent fertility – the large differences between regions appeared due to the unequal spatial distribution of socio-economically disadvantaged teenagers. Their results also showed that women who had their first child during adolescence were statistically significantly different from those who postponed motherhood: those who gave birth during adolescence were more likely to belong to ethnic minorities (1.4 times more likely), receive government benefits (10 times), live in large households (10 times), and reside in rural areas (1.4 times). They were also more likely to terminate their education early, acquiring only a primary (7 times more likely) or lower-secondary (8 times) education. The study's findings suggest that public strategies and policies should address individual factors to reduce adolescent fertility rates and regional disparities. Teenage mothers should be supported to return to the education system as early as possible, thus preventing a further widening of the gap between their socioeconomic status and that of their childless peers.

The authors have examined the large variation in adolescent fertility rates between and within countries to better understand the regional and individual factors underlying early childbearing. Using low spatial level data from the Lithuanian Census, they found that there is a high degree of regional differentiation within Lithuania, with differences of up to 20-fold between rates in different regions. Therefore, they investigated whether the regional differentiation in adolescent fertility rates is determined by different regional contexts or by the individual characteristics of teenage mothers. Surprisingly, the results of their regression models showed that the regional context did not have a large effect on adolescent fertility – the large differences between regions appeared due to the unequal spatial distribution of socio-economically disadvantaged teenagers. Their results also showed that women who had their first child during adolescence were statistically significantly different from those who postponed motherhood: those who gave birth during adolescence were more likely to belong to ethnic minorities (1.4 times more likely), receive government benefits (10 times), live in large households (10 times), and reside in rural areas (1.4 times). They were also more likely to terminate their education early, acquiring only a primary (7 times more likely) or lower-secondary (8 times) education. The study's findings suggest that public strategies and policies should address individual factors to reduce adolescent fertility rates and regional disparities. Teenage mothers should be supported to return to the education system as early as possible, thus preventing a further widening of the gap between their socioeconomic status and that of their childless peers.

The authors have examined the large variation in adolescent fertility rates between and within countries to better understand the regional and individual factors underlying early childbearing. Using low spatial level data from the Lithuanian Census, they found that there is a high degree of regional differentiation within Lithuania, with differences of up to 20-fold between rates in different regions. Therefore, they investigated whether the regional differentiation in adolescent fertility rates is determined by different regional contexts or by the individual characteristics of teenage mothers. Surprisingly, the results of their regression models showed that the regional context did not have a large effect on adolescent fertility – the large differences between regions appeared due to the unequal spatial distribution of socio-economically disadvantaged teenagers. Their results also showed that women who had their first child during adolescence were statistically significantly different from those who postponed motherhood: those who gave birth during adolescence were more likely to belong to ethnic minorities (1.4 times more likely), receive government benefits (10 times), live in large households (10 times), and reside in rural areas (1.4 times). They were also more likely to terminate their education early, acquiring only a primary (7 times more likely) or lower-secondary (8 times) education. The study's findings suggest that public strategies and policies should address individual factors to reduce adolescent fertility rates and regional disparities. Teenage mothers should be supported to return to the education system as early as possible, thus preventing a further widening of the gap between their socioeconomic status and that of their childless peers.

The Master thesis analyses the implementation of family policy in Lithuania and in Raseiniai district municipality. The family is the principle of every country and society. Demographic changes (youth emigration, increasing number of retired people, increasing birth rate, etc.) do not help the survival of the nation. The well-being and omnipotence of man and woman, children and all future generations functioning depends on ensuring a family-friendly environment of state and non-governmental institutions, developing and improving the legal and social framework. Therefore, special attention is paid to the implementation principles of family consolidation. Reforms of Lithuanian social field (transition from institutional care to family and community services) and implementation of the basic family services package were also discussed.

The Master thesis analyses the implementation of family policy in Lithuania and in Raseiniai district municipality. The family is the principle of every country and society. Demographic changes (youth emigration, increasing number of retired people, increasing birth rate, etc.) do not help the survival of the nation. The well-being and omnipotence of man and woman, children and all future generations functioning depends on ensuring a family-friendly environment of state and non-governmental institutions, developing and improving the legal and social framework. Therefore, special attention is paid to the implementation principles of family consolidation. Reforms of Lithuanian social field (transition from institutional care to family and community services) and implementation of the basic family services package were also discussed.

The Master thesis analyses the implementation of family policy in Lithuania and in Raseiniai district municipality. The family is the principle of every country and society. Demographic changes (youth emigration, increasing number of retired people, increasing birth rate, etc.) do not help the survival of the nation. The well-being and omnipotence of man and woman, children and all future generations functioning depends on ensuring a family-friendly environment of state and non-governmental institutions, developing and improving the legal and social framework. Therefore, special attention is paid to the implementation principles of family consolidation. Reforms of Lithuanian social field (transition from institutional care to family and community services) and implementation of the basic family services package were also discussed.

The Master thesis analyses the implementation of family policy in Lithuania and in Raseiniai district municipality. The family is the principle of every country and society. Demographic changes (youth emigration, increasing number of retired people, increasing birth rate, etc.) do not help the survival of the nation. The well-being and omnipotence of man and woman, children and all future generations functioning depends on ensuring a family-friendly environment of state and non-governmental institutions, developing and improving the legal and social framework. Therefore, special attention is paid to the implementation principles of family consolidation. Reforms of Lithuanian social field (transition from institutional care to family and community services) and implementation of the basic family services package were also discussed.

The thesis examines the distribution of human resources in educational institutions of Lithuania municipals. With assessment of teachers workload and considering the demographic processes in regions of the country (children's birth rate, the number of students in classrooms, teachers' age) it is projected demand for teachers in the municipalities of the country from 2017 to 2028. The thesis uses data from the register of teachers, Department of statistics and Educational Center of Information Technologies databases. The moving average model were used for processing the data, assessed the real and notional number of teachers, defined and calculated the current and expected size of medium wage and teachers employment rate. In analysis of the forecast the data were interpreted in the context of local government, took account to the existing laws of education in Lithuania, education programs and the expected reform of teacher training. The study aims to find out what importance of demographic processes, change in the number of students, the number of teachers held in different municipalities of the country has to the demand for teachers. It is predicted that in the country's major cities (Vilnius, Klaipėda, Kaunas) the number of students will grow so in the near future will face a shortage of chemistry, physics, english, russian, Lithuanian language teachers. Because of the rapid decline in the number of students, teacher's workload will decrease in the municipalities of Biržai, Pakruojis, and Kupiškis.

The thesis examines the distribution of human resources in educational institutions of Lithuania municipals. With assessment of teachers workload and considering the demographic processes in regions of the country (children's birth rate, the number of students in classrooms, teachers' age) it is projected demand for teachers in the municipalities of the country from 2017 to 2028. The thesis uses data from the register of teachers, Department of statistics and Educational Center of Information Technologies databases. The moving average model were used for processing the data, assessed the real and notional number of teachers, defined and calculated the current and expected size of medium wage and teachers employment rate. In analysis of the forecast the data were interpreted in the context of local government, took account to the existing laws of education in Lithuania, education programs and the expected reform of teacher training. The study aims to find out what importance of demographic processes, change in the number of students, the number of teachers held in different municipalities of the country has to the demand for teachers. It is predicted that in the country's major cities (Vilnius, Klaipėda, Kaunas) the number of students will grow so in the near future will face a shortage of chemistry, physics, english, russian, Lithuanian language teachers. Because of the rapid decline in the number of students, teacher's workload will decrease in the municipalities of Biržai, Pakruojis, and Kupiškis.

Background: The aim of the study was to report a rapid tendency towards better survival of the premature infants as well as a decrease in mean birth weight (BW) and gestational age (GA) among threshold ROP babies. Materials and methods: Official data on neonate mortality are taken from Department of Statistics to the Government of the Republic of Lithuania. Neonate survival data are taken from Lithuanian Medical Birth Register. A retrospective analysis for evaluating the dynamics of BW and GA among threshold ROP infants, based on prospectively collected data from January1995 to December 2003 was performed by the authors of the paper. Results: During the study period a remarkable decrease in neonate mortality rate was detected in Lithuania (81.4‰ in 1995 versus 43.1 ‰ in 2003). The survival of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants increased from 62.7% to 88.9%, and the same index among extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants increased from 18.5% to 56.7%. 2202 infants underwent screening for ROP in 1995–2003. Of them 320 (14.5%) reached the threshold and underwent treatment. The mean BW of threshold infants decreased from 1558.1 g to 1037.3 g, and the mean GA decreased from 30.7 to 27.2 weeks. Conclusion: remarkable decrease in the mortality and an increase in the survival rates of premature infants is evident in Lithuania. Improvement in neonatal care brought a rapid decrease of mean BW and mean GA of threshold ROP infants.