The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region is the top destination for Russian food exports, grains in particular. Focusing on Turkey, Egypt, Iran, and Saudi Arabia, this chapter shows that Russia's food trade with MENA countries is strongly affected by bilateral political relations. Russia banned most food imports from Turkey over a political conflict in 2016. In the same year, improved intergovernmental cooperation with Saudi Arabia resulted in a diversification of Russia's food exports to the Gulf country, and in 2019, Iran's accession to the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) led to increasing food trade with Russia. Food imports in MENA countries are usually managed by powerful state trading enterprises (STEs), which recurrently disapprove food products originating from Russia based on non-adherence to food quality standards. Our analysis shows that Russia is successfully working to open additional destination markets, while simultaneously impeding imports of food products that it aims to produce domestically.
Notes in margin. ; Page 71 misnumbered 77. ; The first leaf and last page are blank. ; Title in red and black. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Lipen, 452 (pontificis anctoritas, imperium et potestas) ; Lipen, 78-192-255 (Clerious, exemplis, imp. rom. translatis) ; Prgt.
Woodcut diagrams. Printer's device on t.p. and last p. Initials. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Earl of Hopetoun's bookplate centered on front pastedown. Theodore Besterman's bookplate centered on recto of front free endpaper, beneath a price written in black ink: 0. 5. ij. ; Binding: sprinkled calf. Double gilt fillets along edges of boards. Spine gold tooled; label with title reading upwards: LANTER / DIALO. Edges red.
Includes errata at foot of last p. ; Ziletti's device with star on t.p. ; First published Rome, 1555, as Dialogo dell'imprese militari et amorose. ; The Ragionamento is a dialogue between Paolo Giovio and Lodovico Domenichi. "Discorso di Girolamo Rvscelli intorno all'inuentioni dell'Imprese, dell'Insegne, de' Motti, & delle Liuree"--P. 113-236. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Binding: limp vellum. Spine title written downwards in black ink; P. Giovio= Motti & Imprese= 1556: Slip of paper mounted at head of spine with shelf mark: D29. Written on bottom edge of textblock: Imprese del Giouio. Remains of armorial stamps on front pastedown and right margin of t.p., now effaced.
Signatures: ):(⁴ a-x⁶ y⁴ z² A-E⁶ F² G-H⁴; [fist]⁴ Aa-Yy⁶ Zz⁸. ; Numerous woodcut ill., some full-page (repeats). Large bird's-eye views of Cairo, z1v-z2r (initials DR at lower right); Constantinople, F1v-F2r (initials CS over small knife and graver at lower left and DK at lower right); Tunis, Ff5v; Goleta, Zz1v. Plans of Sigeth (Rr6v) and Sacca (Ss4r) signed GS over small knife. Henricpetri's device on last p. (Basler Büchermarken, 83). Ornamental Gothic initials. ; Henricpetri's earlier German ed. appeared in 1573; see VD 16. Geuffroy's French text appeared in 1543 (Paris : C. Wechsel); see BM. ; Publisher and date from colophon, pt. 1. ; VD 16 ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Signature on front pastedown of R. Tschudi (perhaps Rudolf Tschudi, 1884-1960, writer on Ottoman history?). At foot of t.p. is stamp in blue ink of: Gräfl. Stolbergische Bibliothek z. Wernigerode. ; Binding: alum-tawed pigskin over bevelled wooden boards. Two clasps (modern) at foredge. Boards tooled in blind with fillets and rolls. One roll has half-length images that include David, John the Baptist, Virgin and Child, Paul. Centered on front board is coat of arms stamped in black; above it are the letters WEGZS and below it the date 1591, both also stamped in black. Centered on bottom board is a rectangular blind stamp of an elector of Saxony (Johannes the Steadfast?). At head of spine is later brown label with translator and title in gilt; below it are written the publication dates 1578 and 1590. ; Getty copy bound with: Neuwe Chronica Türckischer Nation / Johannes Leunclavius (Frankfurt am Main : Andres Wechels Erben, 1590) -- Neuwer Musulmanischer Histori Türckischer Nation / Johannes Leunclavius (Frankfurt am Main : Andres Wechels Erben, 1590).
In portfolio. ; "Ragionamento di M. Lodovico Domenichi. Nel qvale si parla d'imprese d'armi, e d'amore": pages 147-194. ; The first illustrated ed. of Giovio's Dialogo; see Praz. The oval emblematic ill. are set in a series of grotesque or strapwork ornamental rectangular borders. Printer's device on t.p. Port. of author on title page verso. Initials. Headpieces. ; Head pieces. ; Initials. ; Portrait of author on t.p. verso ; Printer's device on t.p. ; Praz, M. Studies in seventeenth-cent. imagery, ; Cicognara, ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Signature at foot of t.p. in black ink: Vincentio Aulla. Both the emblems in this title and those in Simeoni's Imprese with which it is bound have been annotated with Simeoni's explanatory quatrains in Italian verse; cf. e.g. his Sentenziose imprese di monsignor Paulo Giovio et del signor Gabriel Symeoni (Lyons : Roviglio, 1561). The hand is similar to that of Aulla's signature on the t.p. ; Binding: limp vellum. Cursive title in brown ink written upwards on spine: Imprese Militarj et Amorose de l' Giovio. Sites of two pairs of ties at foredge. ; With: Le imprese heroiche et morali / Gabriello Symeoni (Lyons : G. Rovillio, 1559).
Includes errata, leaf [5] verso and [6] recto, first sequence. ; Printer given in colophon: Lodouico di Sabbio. ; Numerous woodcut ill. and diagrams. Twenty are double-page; they form part of the sequence of foliation, and some have letterpress on the back. Leaves 35, 38, and the final unfoliated leaf entitled "Alloggiamento campali" are folded ill. Printer's device on t.p. Initials. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Binding, c. 2: limp vellum. Title written at head of spine in brown ink: Cataneo / Arte / Militare; 1564 written below in black ink. Remains of 4 pairs of ties at head, foot, and foredge. At upper left corner of front pastedown is book label of Biblioteca Banzi. ; Binding, c. 1: limp vellum. Remains of 2 pairs of ties at foredge. Title written on spine: CATANEO / DI FORTIFICARE / . Bombardieri // 1564. Shelf mark at upper left on front cover. Theodore Besterman's label centered on front pastedown. ; Library's c. 2 bound with: Duo libri del modo di fare le fortificationi / Giacomo Lanteri. Venice : B. Zaltieri, 1559. ; In Library's c. 2, *3-4 bound after *6 (1st gathering). ; The 20 double-page ill. in Library's c. 2 have been hinged in at the centerfold. The final folded plate in both Getty copies have been similarly hand colored.
Signatures: )(⁴ ([3 dots])⁴ A-Q⁴ R⁴(R1+RI.[II]) S-2D⁴ 2E⁴(2E4+chi1). ; "Correctur der Errata," last leaf. ; Engraved architectural title border, signed by Matheus Greuter. Woodcut coat of arms on )(2r of Julio, Duke of Braunschweig and Lüneburg, to whom the work is dedicated. Thirty-five full-page and 3 double-page engravings of fortifications. One of the five plates with views of castles is signed by Greuter. Included is a plan of Valleta (Malta) with its fortifications. Twenty-five in-text woodcut diagrams and plans. Two tail-pieces, each occurring twice. Decorative initials. ; The 1st ed. Specklin's MS of 1583 with colored drawings is preserved in the Strasbourg museum; see Thieme-Becker. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Binding, c. 2: old, worn limp vellum. Inscriptions in ink on front cover. Page edges red. Loosely inserted is Theodore Besterman's calligraphic label, signed in the plate by P.S. (Percy John Smith?). Owner's inscription at foot of t.p.: [1 word not read] Anthoni Salamon Schmidtmaijer Von und Zu Schwartenbruckh. Siebmacher locates the Schmidmaier v. Schwarzenbruck family in Nuremberg from the late 14th century through 1707 (Grosses und allgem. Wappenbuch VI.1.1, p. 90). Loosely inserted is a drawing of a cannon in black ink (sheet size ca. 33 x 21 cm.). ; Binding, c. 1: old marbled paper, half goatskin. Title in gilt on spine ARCHIT / MILITAR. Page edges sprinkled red and blue. Centered on front pastedown is Giovanni Muzio's etched bookplate by Giacomo Manzù. ; In Library's c. 1, sheets with two full-page plates following A2 and G2 are bound in upside down.
Johtajat ja heidän kognitiot ovat kriittisessä roolissa yrityksen kansainvälistymisprosessissa ja sen muotoutumisessa ajan myötä. Vaikka keskeisimmät kansainvälistymistä koskevat teoriat tiedostavat tämän, ymmärrys ja aiempi tutkimus johtajien ja heidän kognitioiden roolista yrityksen kansainvälistymisprosessissa on yllättävän vähäistä. Aikaisempi tutkimus on keskittynyt tarkastelemaan yrityksen kansainvälistymisprosesseja erityisesti yrityksen ja toimialan tasoilla. Johtajat on nähty rationaalisina toimijoina eikä päätöksentekoa olla nähty merkityksellisenä osana yritysten kansainvälistymisprosesseja. Tutkimukset, jotka ovat huomioineet johtajien päätöksenteon roolin, ovat lähestyneet kysymystä hyvin rajallisista tieteenfilosofisista ja metodologisista lähtökohdista. Tämä on johtanut kapeaan ja yksipuoleiseen ymmärrykseen aiheesta, minkä vuoksi päätöksentekijöiden rooli on jäänyt epäselväksi. Puutteellinen ymmärrys päätöksentekijöiden roolista vaikeuttaa yrityksen kan-sainvälistymisprosessin ymmärtämistä kokonaisuutena, koska kansain-välistymisprosessia ohjaavat päätökset syntyvät lopulta aina johtajien toimesta. Tämä väitöskirja pyrkii avaamaan johtajien päätöksentekoprosessien roolia yrityksen kansainvälistymisessä ensiksi tutkimalla, kuinka kognitiiviset perustat vaikuttavat yrityksen kansainvälistymiseen ja toiseksi esittämällä keinoja, kuinka yrityksen kansainvälistymisen kognitiivisia perustoita voidaan tutkia tulevaisuudessa entistä paremmin. Näitä kysymyksiä lähestytään hyödyntämällä kahden kirjallisuuskatsauksen ja kahden tapaustutkimuksen tuloksia, jotka tarkastelevat yrityksen kansainvälistymisen kognitiivisia perustoita erilaisista teoreettisista tulokulmista. Ensimmäinen kirjallisuuskatsaus avaa kognitiivisesti suuntautuneen kansainvälistymis- tutkimuksen tilaa selvittämällä sekä tutkittuja että vähemmälle huomiolle jääneitä tutkimusalueita näin luoden yhtenäisempää ymmärrystä aiheesta. Toinen kirjallisuuskatsaus tutkii, miten aikaisempi kirjallisuus kansainvälisestä liiketoiminnasta on tarkastellut niitä kognitiivisia eroja, jotka nousevat johtajien kulttuurillisista, kansallisista, etnisistä ja geografisista taustatekijöistä. Kirjallisuuskatsaus integroi nämä löydökset osaksi laajempaan johtajien ja organisaatioiden kognitioihin liittyvää kirjallisuutta. Väitöskirjan ensimmäinen tapaustutkimus tarkastelee heuristisen päätöksenteon kehittymistä yrityksen kansainvälistymisen aikana sekä kontekstisidonnaisen kokemuksen roolia tässä prosessissa. Tutkimuksen löydökset osoittavat, että johtajat pystyvät valjastamaan heuristiikkojen hyödyt päätöksenteossa vasta, kun he ovat kerryttäneet riittävän määrän kontekstisidonnaista kokemusta ja kun sopiva ärsyke laukaisee kertyneen kokemuksen muutoksen käyttökelpoisiksi heuristiikoiksi. Toinen tapaustutkimus puolestaan käsittelee eri historiantutkimuksen menetelmien hyödyntämistä yritysten kansainvälistymisprosessien ja markkinoilta poistumisten temporaalisuuden ymmärtämisessä ja tutkimisessa. Tämä väitöskirja edistää kognitiivisesti suuntautunutta yrityksen kansainvälistymiskir-jallisuutta laaja-alaisesti. Se syventää ymmärrystä siitä, miten johtajien kognitiot muovaavat yrityksen kansainvälistymistä organisoimalla ja tuomalla yhteen aikaisemman tutkimuksen löydöksiä. Erilaisia tieteenfilosofisia tulokulmia hyödyntävät tapaustutkimukset puolestaan edistävät tutkimusta tuomalla esiin uusia piirteitä kognitioiden roolista yrityksen kansainvälistymisessä. Tämän lisäksi väitöskirja tarjoaa jatkotutkimukselle ideoita ja keinoja edistää alan tutkimusta tuomalla esiin kehityskohteita nykyisessä ymmärryksessä sekä havainnollistamalla, kuinka (1) subjektiiviset tutkimusotteet, (2) historialliset tutkimusmenetelmät ja (3) mikroperusteinen tulokulma tarjoavat hyödyntämättömiä mahdollisuuksia edistää alan tutkimusta. ; Individual managers and their cognitions play a crucial role in how a firm's internationalization process unfolds over time. While this is acknowledged in foundational theories of firm internationalization, our understanding of how managers and their cognitions shape the internationalization process remains surprisingly incomplete. This is because prior literature on firm internationalization mainly operates at the firm, industry, or national levels and assumes a relatively high level of managerial rationality, with few studies focusing on how managers and their decision-making processes shape firm internationalization. In addition, the studies that have addressed the cognitive foundations of firm internationalization have done so by drawing on a relatively narrow set of philosophical and methodological alternatives, thus generating a one-sided understanding of the matter. Consequently, scholarship on decision makers' roles in firms' internationalization processes remains underspecified and incomplete, which hampers the field's capacity to fully understand firms' international operations. This dissertation aims to unpack the black box of managers' roles in firm internationalization processes by investigating how cognitive foundations influence firm internationalization and showing how we can further advance the research on the cognitive foundations of firm internationalization in the future. The dissertation approaches these questions through two review studies and two case studies that explore the cognitive foundations of firm internationalization from different perspectives. The first review study investigates the current state of the research field by describing the research domains that have been studied and those that have been underexplored and thus provides an integrative understanding of the research on the cognitive foundations of firms' internationalization processes. The second review study explores how the existing literature has approached the cognitive differences that stem from decision makers' cultural, national, ethnical, and geographical characteristics and the influence that such differences have on firm internationalization processes and integrates these findings into the broader literature on managerial and organizational cognition. The first case study examines heuristic decision-making in firm internationalization and the role of context-specific experience in this process. It advances a theoretical model indicating that managers become able to harness the positive impact of heuristics in internationalization-related decision-making only after they have accumulated a certain level of context-specific experience and when this experience is triggered to transform into usable heuristics by a stimulus of an unexpected event. The second case study explores how different historical approaches can be used to analyze the temporal embeddedness of firms' internationalization and de-internationalization processes unfolding over time. This dissertation contributes to the literature on the cognitive foundations of firm internationalization in two ways. First, it improves the existing understanding of how cognitive foundations shape firm internationalization by reviewing the existing literature to generate integrative understanding of the topic and by empirically explicating novel ways of how cognitions drive internationalization via three philosophical perspectives— qualitative positivism, interpretivism, and poststructuralism. Second, it outlines ways to further advance the research on the cognitive foundations of firm internationalization by pointing out the research gaps that warrant further attention and by proposing that subjective approaches, historical research methods, and the microfoundational approach constitute productive avenues for future research.
