Suchergebnisse

Die Reformperiode in der VR China hat die Position der Partei, insbesondere ihre Möglichkeiten, die Überwindung der drängenden Probleme politisch zu fördern und zu gestalten, deutlich verschlechtert. Dabei fällt ins Gewicht, daß diejenigen Kräfte, die in der Reformperiode an Macht gewonnen haben, voran der Parteimittelbau, die lokalen Machtträger und die Träger der nichtstaatlichen Wirtschaft an der Erhaltung des status quo interessiert sind und alle Rezentralisierungsversuche der politischen Zentrale blockieren werden. Der Autor widmet der Darstellung der gescheiterten Rezentralisierungsversuche in Politik, Wirtschaft und Militär denn auch breiten Raum. (BIOst-Rsg)

Vor dem Hintergrund der Unabhängigkeit Simbabwes wird auf einige innen- und außenpolitische Entwicklungen und Konfliktfelder hingewiesen. (DÜI-Ker)

Book Review in this ArticlesJ. M. W. Bean. The Estates of the Percy Family 1416–1537.W. K. Jordan. Philanthropy in England 1480–1660.H. F. Kearney, Strafford in Ireland 1633–41. A Study in Absolutism.B. E. Supple. Commercial Crisis and Change in England 1600–1642. A Study in the Instability of a Mercantile Economy.J. Keith Horsefield. British Monetary Experiments 1650–1710.L. S. Pressnell (Ed.). Studies in the Industrial Revolution. Essays presented to T. S. Ashton.J. E. D. Binney. British Public Finance and Administration 1774–1792.Michael Lewis. A Social History of The Navy, 1793–1815.Sidney Pollard. A History of Labour in Sheffield.F. C. Mather. Publir Order in the Age of the Chartists.Mark Blaug. Ricardian Economics. A Historical Study.J. R. T. Hughes. Fluctuations in Trade, Industry and Finance. A Study of British Economic Development 1850–1860.George Maxcy and Aubrey Silberston. The Motor Industry.L. Margaret Midgley (Ed.). Victoria History of the County of Stafford.E. J. Homeshaw. The Corporation of the Borough and Foreign of Walsall.J. A. Symon. Scottish Farming Past and Present. Calendar of Inquisitions Miscellaneous preserved in the Public Record Office A. R. Myers. The Household of Edward IV. The Black Book and the Ordinance of 1478.R. G. Link. English Theories of Economic Fluctuations, 1815–1848.Ernest F. Carter. An Historical Geography of the Railways of the British Isles.Clark C. Spence. British Investments and the American Mining Frontier, 1860–1901.J. de Vries. De Economische Achteruitgang der Republiek in de Achttiende Eeuw.Frits Snapper. Oorlogsinvloeden op de Overzeese Handel van Holland 1551–1719.T. Jansma. Oost‐Westelijke Verkenningen in de dertiende eeuw. De Reizen van de Franciscaan Willem van Rubroek naar Mongolië in de jaren 1253–1255 en van de Nestoriaanse Prelaat Barsauma naar Europa in de jaren 1287–1288.Mongol documents by A. Mostaert and F. W. Cleaves (Harvard Journal of Asiatic StudiesA. Hallema. Geschiedenis van het gevangeniswezen, hoofdzakelijk in Nederland.A. J. Fr. Maenen. Petrus Regout 1801–1878, een bijdrage tot de sociaal‐economische geschiedenis van Maastricht.H. F. J. M. van den Eerenbeemt and H. J. A. M. Schurink (Eds.). De opkomst van Tilburg als een industriestad.Ger. H. Knap. Mens en Bedrijf 75 jaar Electrotechniek, 75 jaar Smit‐Slikkerveer.R. Boone. Overheidszorg voor Drinkwater in Vlaanderen.J. M. G. van den Poel. Van Brakell van den Eng. Een Betuws hereboer uit het begin van de 19e eeuw.P. Geyl. Geschiedenis van de Nederlandse Stam.Roger Dion. Histoire da la Vigne et du Vin en France, des Origines au XIXe Siécle.Thérèse Sclafert. Cultures en Haute Provence. Déboisements et pǎturages au Moyen Age. (Les Hommes et la TerreJose Gentil da Silva. Marchandises et Finances. II. Lettres de Lisbonne 1563–1578.Jean Delumeau. Vie économique et sociale de Rome dans la seconde moitié du XVIème siècle.Gaston Rambert. Histoire de Commerce de Marseille.Pierre Goubert. Familles Marchandes sous l' Ancien Régime: les Danse et les Motte, de Beauvais.Kåre D. Tønnesson. La défaite des Sans‐culottes.Guy Thuillier. Georges Dufaud et les débuts du Grand Capitalisme dans la métallurgie du Nivernais au XIX Siécle.D. E. C. Eversley. Social Theories of Fertility and the Malthusian Debate.Calvin B. Hoover. The Economy, Liberty and the State.A. H. Cole. Business Enterprise in its Social Setting.F. L. Carsten. Princes and Parliaments in Germany from the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century.Herbert Aptheker. The Colonial Era.Fred J. Rippy. British Investments in Latin America, 1822–1949: A Case Study in the Operations of Private Enterprise in Retarded Regions.Rendigs Fels. American Business Cycles, 1865–1897.M. Talamona. Fluttuazioni edilizie e cicli economici: ricerche sul comportamento degli investimenti in abitazioni in Italia dal 1863 al 1945.R. G. Albion. Seaports South of Sahara. The achievements of an American Steamship Service.A. E. Safarian. The Canadian Economy in the Great Depression.J. E. D. Binney. British Public Finance and Administration 1774–1792.Michael Lewis. A Social History of The Navy, 1793–1815.Sidney Pollard. A History of Labour in Sheffield.F. C. Mather. Publir Order in the Age of the Chartists.Mark Blaug. Ricardian Economics. A Historical Study.J. R. T. Hughes. Fluctuations in Trade, Industry and Finance. A Study of British Economic Development 1850–1860.George Maxcy and Aubrey Silberston. The Motor Industry.L. Margaret Midgley (Ed.). Victoria History of the County of Stafford.E. J. Homeshaw. The Corporation of the Borough and Foreign of Walsall.J. A. Symon. Scottish Farming Past and Present. Calendar of Inquisitions Miscellaneous preserved in the Public Record Office. A. R. Myers. The Household of Edward IV. The Black Book and the Ordinance of 1478.R. G. Link. English Theories of Economic Fluctuations, 1815–1848.Ernest F. Carter. An Historical Geography of the Railways of the British Isles.Clark C. Spence. British Investments and the American Mining Frontier, 1860–1901.J. de Vries. De Economische Achteruitgang der Republiek in de Achttiende Eeuw.Frits Snapper. Oorlogsinvloeden op de Overzeese Handel van Holland 1551–1719.T. Jansma. Oost‐Westelijke Verkenningen in de dertiende eeuw. De Reizen van de Franciscaan Willem van Rubroek naar Mongolië in de jaren 1253–1255 en van de Nestoriaanse Prelaat Barsauma naar Europa in de jaren 1287–1288.Mongol documents by A. Mostaert and F. W. Cleaves (Harvard Journal of Asiatic StudiesA. Hallema. Geschiedenis van het gevangeniswezen, hoofdzakelijk in Nederland.A. J. Fr. Maenen. Petrus Regout 1801–1878, een bijdrage tot de sociaal‐economische geschiedenis van Maastricht.H. F. J. M. van den Eerenbeemt and H. J. A. M. Schurink (Eds.). De opkomst van Tilburg als een industriestad.Ger. H. Knap. Mens en Bedrijf 75 jaar Electrotechniek, 75 jaar Smit‐Slikkerveer.R. Boone. Overheidszorg voor Drinkwater in Vlaanderen.J. M. G. van den Poel. Van Brakell van den Eng. Een Betuws hereboer uit het begin van de 19e eeuw.P. Geyl. Geschiedenis van de Nederlandse Stam.Roger Dion. Histoire da la Vigne et du Vin en France, des Origines au XIXe Siécle.Thérèse Sclafert. Cultures en Haute Provence. Déboisements et pǎturages au Moyen Age. (Les Hommes et la TerreJose Gentil da Silva. Marchandises et Finances. II. Lettres de Lisbonne 1563–1578.Jean Delumeau. Vie économique et sociale de Rome dans la seconde moitié du XVIème siècle.Gaston Rambert. Histoire de Commerce de Marseille.Pierre Goubert. Familles Marchandes sous l' Ancien Régime: les Danse et les Motte, de Beauvais.Kåre D. Tønnesson. La défaite des Sans‐culottes.Guy Thuillier. Georges Dufaud et les débuts du Grand Capitalisme dans la métallurgie du Nivernais au XIX Siécle.D. E. C. Eversley. Social Theories of Fertility and the Malthusian Debate.Calvin B. Hoover. The Economy, Liberty and the State.A. H. Cole. Business Enterprise in its Social Setting.F. L. Carsten. Princes and Parliaments in Germany from the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century.Herbert Aptheker. The Colonial Era.Fred J. Rippy. British Investments in Latin America, 1822–1949: A Case Study in the Operations of Private Enterprise in Retarded Regions.Rendigs Fels. American Business Cycles, 1865–1897.M. Talamona. Fluttuazioni edilizie e cicli economici: ricerche sul comportamento degli investimenti in abitazioni in Italia dal 1863 al 1945.R. G. Albion. Seaports South of Sahara. The achievements of an American Steamship Service.A. E. Safarian. The Canadian Economy in the Great Depression.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the trends and forms of modern national choral performance.
The methodology is based on the use of systematic, terminological, ethnographic and interpretive methods of analysis.
The results. Choral performance is a component of choral culture, a communicative system formed in the process of building a performing interpretation and its realization. The need to comprehend the directions of modern choral performance with the identification of forms of its existence in society is an urgent task of the national choral science. As a result of the analysis of the performing versions of choral and orchestral choral works, the following directions of modern performing choral practice have been identified. The academic direction is represented, in particular: E. Stankovych's "Ukraine. Music of War" performed by the National Academic Chapel "Dumka" (artistic director E. Savchuk) and the National Academic Symphony Orchestra (conductor V. Sirenko) — in the form of a concert at the closing of the XXXIV International Festival "Kyiv Music Fest-2023"; performance interpretation of "Misatango" ("Misa a Buenos Aires") by M. Palmeri by the choir and symphony orchestra of M. D. Leontovych Vinnytsia Professional College of Arts, the ensemble of modern dance "Grotesque" in the form of visualization within the framework of the anniversary concert; "Psalms of War" by E. Stankovych in the performance version of the choir and symphony orchestra of the Lviv National Opera House, conducted by I. Cherednichenko, directed by V. Vovkun, choirmaster — V. Yatsenko, media artist — O. Kindrativ — a theatrical musical performance; "My childhood was killed in the war" (modern songs arranged by R. Tolmachov and poems by L. Kostenko) was presented by the girls' choir "Vohonik" (O. Solovei) and the Choir of Boys and Young Men "Dzvinochok" (R. Tolmachov) in the form of a performance. The performance version of E. Petrychenko's choral symphony-performance "Illuminated by the Black Sun" (Choir of the National Opera of Ukraine, chief choirmaster B. Plish) is a synthesis of performance and theatrical choral action. The folk direction is represented by the show-project "We Are Ukrainians" (Hryhorii Verovka National Honored Choir: artistic director I. Kuryliv, production director H. Nenov).
At the present stage, the pop-jazz direction is characterized by the creation of concerts and projects in which the pop-jazz style of sound production is chosen in accordance with the style of the works performed.
The virtual form of presentation of choral works is represented by both choral groups of artistic institutions and all-Ukrainian projects.
Conclusions. As a result of a brief analysis of the current state of national choral performance:

the following directions in terms of the manner of sound formation were identified: academic, folk, pop-jazz and their synthesis;
the typology of forms of presentation of choral works has been created:

– concert. According to the theme, they are divided into the following types: concert as such, authorial, anniversary, reporting, memorial, gala concert;
– performance, theatrical performance, show project, visualization, which are types of theatricalization as a method of interpreting a choral work;
– virtual project (video presentation of a choral work, video clip, video concert, etc.).

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to generate a streamlined, transparent and effective instrument to fairly measure the contribution made by each student to a group project within a higher education context. The primary aim is to moderate the grades of underperforming students at the end of the project. There is a secondary benefit in alerting underperforming students to raise their contribution mid-task or face a potentially reduced grade at the final stage.Design/methodology/approachThe development of this multi-dimensional instrument is guided by findings from previous research. The quest is to minimise the instructor's administrative work load in applying a moderation-only instrument that is open-source and available at no cost. Based on the literature, the survey instrument seeks to apply a peer-based, equitable and transparent evaluation of each member's contribution to a group task. The survey is applied at mid-task and again at end-task in order to afford underperformers the opportunity to address contribution deficits during the final phase of the project.FindingsThe instrument, called TANDEM©, offers a transparent, streamlined, equitable, confidential and practical measure of each student's contribution to a graded group task. Students whose end-task contribution falls below the group average rating receive a proportional reduction in their personal grade. Additionally, the end-task moderation instrument captures a single-item holistic measure of relative contribution that may, in the future, serve as a surrogate for the multi-dimensional measures currently in place.Research limitations/implicationsTANDEM© was developed with group sizes of four or five members in mind. There is no evidence to support its application to three-person groups. Moreover, the application was applied only amongst under-graduate students. It is yet to be applied across post-graduate groups and within online learning environments. Future research into diverse cultural settings would serve to advance understanding of how moderation is perceived across borders.Practical implicationsSeveral existing group grade moderation methods propose complex algorithms that are "black box" solutions from a student's perspective. In establishing a fair, streamlined, confidential and transparent process for peer-rated moderation, TANDEM© deploys a concise instrument with a relatively small administrative load. TANDEM © may be applied to all groups or can selectively be applied to groups that report moderate, strong or extreme levels of conflict.Social implicationsStudents will appreciate the opportunity to rate peer contributions to group projects. This will dissipate the negative social sentiment that may arise when fellow students benefit from the work of others. Those students seeking conflict resolution within the group will value the transparent and equitable moderation of grades as well as the positive social implications that follow.Originality/valueThis research forms part of an ongoing quest to present a moderation instrument that fairly identifies student contribution to a group project. Whilst the solution proposed is one of many existing alternatives, its focus is on a practical moderation-only instrument that can immediately be applied to a course or major. The benefits lie in the ease of application and minimal administrative workload. This constitutes an original contribution to the individual (course or major) coordinator who seeks to apply a moderation-only instrument without having to commit to an extensive, broad-based group optimisation programme.

A legal monster of the twentieth century: from technological warfare to its humanistic overcoming?
ABSTRACT: The Author attempts to reconsider the dispute that has opened between Russie and Ukraine in the light not only of the evident flagrance of an abrupt, illegitimate 'punitive expedition' by Moscow towards a key territory for the control of the Black Sea, but also in the context of the great game of a power confrontation, never really concluded, between the two military blocs, despite the agreements on nuclear desarmament stipulated between Reagan and Gorbachev in the constituent phase of an unprecedented Russian Federation, after the passage from the start of a troubled liquidation of the Stalinism to the announced overcoming of the blockade policy. A context, against which NATO's failure to comply with the mutual commitment of the two parties to the complete cessation of mutual hostile conduct, prior to perestroika, seems full and flagrant. The essay recognizes in the event the clear failure of an apparent opening of trust towards the post-communist counterpart, internal to the substantial maintenance of an armed peace with a world to be kept for a long time in a sort of quarantine on the margins of "Western civilisation", for an indefinite period and under the strict control of an internationalized military apparatus of exorbitant dimensions. A dead-end road, destined to produce even partial moments of exploitation of the repressive functions of the UN, rather than supporting its fundamental role of "saving future generations from the scourge of war". To such a logic the A. tries to escape, in an attempt to bring the cooperation relationships laboriously woven into the fabric of international relation back to a framework of substantial good faith, from human subjects whose trust and honor always seem due, until rigorously proven otherwise; in the belief that progressive success can only come to these relations by restoring a framework that favours the basic ethical choices on the UN statute, as an indispensable background for constructive settling of potential situations of conflict of interest, which arise between member states in the course of their peaceful cooperation towards an orderly sharing of the planet's resources.
SOMMARIO: 1. Preambolo - 2. La guerra 'giusta' in Occidente. Tra Tarda Antichità e Medioevo del diritto - 3. (segue) Evoluzione del problema nell'età dell'imperialismo - 4. Interrogativi sulla resistenza non violenta come verità più profonda sull'uomo - 5. (segue) Fra realismo politico e profezia del Regno (Mt. V, 38-48) - 6. Centralità della Croce: l'imitazione del processo a Gesù negli "Acta martyrum" - 7. (segue) Fede e ragione. Il doppio registro dell'economia salvifica - 8. Quadro sintetico dei residui ostacoli sulla via di un mondo diverso e solidale - 9. (segue) Sull'incompatibilità tra deterrenza e trattativa. L'ammonimento cinese - 10. Etica confuciana, diritto romano, diritto canonico. La Cina, oggi - 11. Dal 'maschio alfa' al giudice. Agli albori del divieto di vendetta privata - 12. (segue) Su un'Autorità addetta al controllo dell'aggressività interstatale - 13. Verso una nuova guerra 'giusta'? Dubbi di fondo sulla nozione di aggressione - 14. Una NATO senza legge verso un gioco, di cui nessuno è responsabile? - 15 (segue) Sottrarre la neutralizzazione all'autonomia degli stati? - 16. È già irricevibile una tardiva 'actio finium regundorum' sotto garanzia ONU? - 17. Quali altre vie per la missione di una 'Russia eterna', nella fraternità dei popoli? - 18 (segue) Quasi una conclusione.

В статье рассматривается вопрос об этническом происхождении «варягов», которые, согласно одному старинному преданию, сохраненному русскими источниками второй половины XVII в., проживали на Днепре еще до основания Киева. С учетом данных археологии и лингвистики, автором дается обоснование их восточногерманского происхождения и примерная локализация на карте позднеантичной ойкумены. Отдельно оговаривается соотношение двух исходов: Кия с братьями – с севера на «варяжские» территории в Поднепровье и носителей древностей киевской археологической культуры – в готские земли Северного Причерноморья. Автором обосновывается мнение о существовании в прошлом восточнославянской эпической песни, в которой древние готы «державы» Эрманариха упоминались как насельники низовий Днепра задолго до исхода славян. В статье подтверждается часть оригинальных свидетельств малоизученного позднелетописного топоса (XVII в.) о «разбойнике» Кие, основавшем город Киев. Автор выдвигает идею, согласно которой новгородский летописец не только хотел «принизить» Киев, но и попытался переработать некий фольклорный сюжет. По мнению автора, в утерянной эпической песни речь шла именно о готах, которых летописец по ряду причин назвал «варягами». В песни «варяги» заселяли территорию Нижнего Поднепровья – именно этот локус являлся центром гревтунгского «королевства» Эрманариха (ок. 350 – ок. 376), где располагалась его «столица» (отождествляется с городищем Башмачка). При разборе оригинального места из предания о «разбойнике» Кие автором были использованы современные данные археологии, лингвистики и физической антропологии, что придает несомненную новизну настоящему исследованию.
The article deals with the issue of the ethnic origin of the Varangians. According to an ancient legend preserved by the Russian sources of the second half of the 17th century, they had lived on the banks of the Dnieper before Kiev was founded. Taking into account archeological and linguistic data, the author provides justification for their East Germanic origin and approximate location on the map of the late antique ecumene. As a separate issue, the author considers the relation between the exodus of Kyi and his brothers from the north to the Varangian territories in the Dnieper region and the exodus of the bearers of the Kiev archaeological cultural antiquities to the Gothic lands of the Northern Black Sea region. The author substantiates the opinion about the existence of an East Slavic heroic song in the past, in which the ancient Goths of the realm of Ermanaric were mentioned as inhabitants of the lower reaches of the Dnieper long before the exodus of the Slavs. The article confirms some of the original evidence of a little-studied late chronicle topos (17th century) about Kyi the robber who founded the city of Kiev. The author puts forward the idea that not only did the Novgorod chronicler want to belittle Kiev, but he also tried to rework a certain folklore plot. According to the author, the lost heroic song referred to the Goths, whom the chronicler called the Varangians for a number of reasons. In the song, the Varangians inhabited the territory of the Lower Dnieper. This locus was the center of the Greuthungian realm of Ermanaric (ca. 350 – ca. 376), where its capital was located (it is identified with the settlement of Bashmachka). When analyzing the original excerpt from the legend about Kyi the robber, the author used the present-day data from archeology, linguistics, and physical anthropology, which lends undoubted novelty to this study.

The Government of India` s call for demonetization on 8th November 2016 banning Rs500/-and Rs1000/- notes was originally accepted as a positive step to discourage the black marketers and the rackets in hoarding to rule over the society. Unfortunately the long term effect of such a hurried decision became a boom to the agri-business based on soft cash. The agribusiness chain became the worst effected group. The chain included non-formal agricultural sector small earners in the agricultural field the farmers as the fragmented land holder and the producers thriving on the instant sale of their products and also those depending on middleman for the disbursement of funds and purchase of products for storage and dispersal of the same to the consumers` market for constant supply. Demonetization discouraged the middleman to put cash in the producing and disbursement. Thereby demonetization dismantled the overall economic chain of production and distribution resulting havoc in agro business market. The small farmers became the main victims of the circumstances. The banning of money economy on the one hand created scarcity in the families based on ancillary agro-production and it also hampered the family income of the rural farmers. Considering the boom in the village economy as an outcome of demonetization the present article makes an effort to gather firsthand information on the position of rural farmers and other non-formal rural occupation group as an outcome of demonetization announced by the Prime Minister of India. The focused area of the study include the selected villages in the northern part of West Bengal. They are rich in agro-based products run by the self-contended but marginal women farmers group thriving on export of their products to the Nepal Market. Their family males are involved in other ancillary employment like pendal making for marriages and other social gatherings running grocery shops and hawkers selling garments and cloths. The women in their families are involved in the varieties of occupation like working as Anganwari preparing mid-day mill working in the road side motels run by the Government (Pother Sathi ) and also working as a liaison of the Government Agriculture Department of the District through their Farmers` Club. The region marked as the second best agro-production area in West Bengal but their business thrives on cash transaction. Keeping in mind the PM`s speech on November 8th 2016 as a pro-poor program the present study focuses on the effect of demonetization on the poor women farmers by reaching out to the farmers families.The survey was done on December 2017 to observe the post demonetization effect in the reality scenario. Interestingly a similar survey was carried out by the researcher in 2015- 2016 and the field survey report was presented in the form of a research paper entitled ` the Role of Women in Agriculture ` in University of Vienna Austria under the International Sociological Forum in July 2016.This has enabled the researcher to gather knowledge on the economy of women community in the rural areas of North Bengal and a part of the West Bengal State. The life and living of these enthusiastic women community gave an impetus to the researcher to visit them and to learn the effect of demonetization in their life.2 The present paper is the outcome of the survey made by the researcher for the second phase in December 2017 during the post demonetization period.

AbstractHumanitarian aid (HA) is needed in Yemen to cope with the worst humanitarian crisis in the world. However, current practices of distributing aid in the form of food have not had the desired effect; conflict has continued, and war economies are thriving as a result. Thus, this paper proposes the idea of cash assistance as an alternative form of HA. Our empirical analysis of HA in Yemen shows that cash assistance is a more effective and efficient way of distributing aid in comparison to food aid. This is due to food aid being vulnerable to looting by the conflicting factions, enabling funds to be inadvertently captured into the highly problematic war economy dynamic. In comparison, cash assistance targets a wider scope of peoples' necessities, in a more efficient and effective delivery approach that can be easily tracked by the donors. Cash aid can either be unrestricted, restricted, or conditional. The former allows cash transfer, the second enables vulnerable people to purchase items depending on their needs with vouchers, and the latter links the money distributed with performing a certain task. This allows communities to improve and develop, and it enables individuals to build up their skill sets and have a source of income. This is particularly important for NGOs who are unable to provide the conditions needed to bear their success. The Yemeni people have lost trust in the warring factions, as well as local and international NGOs, due to the lack of effectiveness of current methods of HA distributions due to looting and the risks associated with reaching vulnerable people. Therefore, it has become imperative to restore donor direct HA delivery by providing cash aid as a superior means of food aid in Yemen, to ensure the effectiveness of HA and to improve the lives of those who are suffering, in the long term (This article builds on previous scholarship; see Elayah, M., & Fenttiman, M. (2021). Humanitarian Aid and War Economies: The Case of Yemen. The Economics of Peace and Security Journal, 16(1). This article provides a nuanced and high-quality examination of the conduct of armed groups in Yemen. The analysis of HA in this article "supports the view that it is a significant source of funding for armed groups and consequently that it plays a huge part in allowing the war economy in Yemen to thrive". Warring groups are often looting HA to distribute it based on partisanship and to sell it on the black market to finance the war effort. They have also attempted to block HA to try and gain control over the humanitarian campaign and receive a cut of the billions of dollars given in foreign assistance. In many cases, HA is distributed through local NGOs that were established by the groups to attract international funds. Others were pre-politicized NGOs that channeled funds to specific regions or particular groups for political and military advantage. It is clear from our analysis that the ability of NGOs to use HA effectively and deliver it to those who deserve it is very limited. NGO's actions can end up expanding the war economy rather than reducing the effects of war on the poor. Distrust in international bodies and in local and international NGOs has become extremely high among those affected by the war" (Elayah, M., & Fenttiman, M. (2021: p 59)).

The topic of this article is the engraved scenery on one of the metal vessels from princely kurgan grave in Maikop. The scene realistically displays certain landschaft with hills and many other details, making it unique in its time and space. Apart from unquestionable artistic value, its significance also lies in a proper interpretation of the display which can contribute to the clarification of certain issues regarding the development of the Maikop culture community. The analysis of the engraved scenery was a point of interest for almost all researchers of the Maikop culture and they all agree that it shows quite vast landscape or some kind of a layout of a specific area with its characteristic relief, plants and animals. However, when it concerns the issue of identification of presented landschaft, the opinions vary. This article analyses various interpretations (Farmakovskij, Munchaev, Amscler, Hintze), and the author ultimately supports Farmakovskij the most, who claims that this is a representation of North Caucasus area, i.e. the territory of Maikop culture what makes this engraving, the vessel as well, made by domesticcraftsman. There are several points that attribute to this claim. The displayed mountain range matches the most to the Caucasian range viewed from the north and the displayed animals, including lions and panthers, lived at this area at the time. That this vessel is a domestic product indicates the fact that Maikopian gold and silver ware has no analogies in contemporarycultures, including golden pearls as well as bull and lion figurines from the graves in Maikop and from Staromišatovska hoard. The Maikop culture was one of the most important centers for the development and distribution of copper alloy metallurgy (arsenic bronze and nickel bronze) which marks the beginning of the new epoch of the Bronze Age. According to allthings considered, there is a concept of luxurious vessels and other precious metal items, including realistic animal figurines – the artistic style which is going to be recognizable during the next 3rd millennium in urban culture of neighboring Mesopotamia. To support the mentioned interpretation by Farmakovskij, it can be concluded that the attempt to identify prehistoric landschaft based on present-day relief can be misguiding because the geographical layout of northernCaucasus in 4th millennium BC was quite different from the one we have today. The absolute dating puts the Maikop kurgan into the time period between 3700 – 3500 BC, the beginning of Subboreal, the age of Fedorov's transgression when the level of Black and the Sea of Azov was up to 3m higher than today. Accordingly, the coastal line of the Sea of Azov at thetime had to be much more inside the Kuban area, including the delta of the river Kuban. Having that in mind, the more accurate location of the area represented in the Maikop engraving can be predicted. This could be the territory of north-western Caucasus ruled by the Maikop prince. Left river, with larger bend would be Kuban, while the right would be Belajaflowing through present-day Maikop. Nowadays, Belaja flows into an artificial lake, recently created at the river Kuban, while during the period of the Maikop culture, both of these rivers could flow into the Sea of Azov, close to present-day lake or further to the west.

В статье рассматриваются фоноструктурные особенности якутских наименований лекарственных и пищевых растений в сравнении с эвенкийскими лексемами. С глубокой древности растительный мир играет важную роль в деятельности коренных народов Севера. Лексика растительного мира якутского языка, в частности лекарственные и пищевые фитонимы, как отдельная лексико-семантическая группа вызывает огромный интерес в связи со своей малоизученностью. До настоящего времени якутская лексика растительного мира не являлась объектом специального научного исследования в сопоставлении с языком эвенков, проживающих по соседству на территории Якутии. Цель данного исследования - выявление фоноструктурных особенностей якутских наименований лекарственных и пищевых растений в сравнении с эвенкийскими лексемами. Материалом исследования послужили лексикографические источники по якутскому и эвенкийскому языкам, а также языковой материал, собранный нами в ходе полевых работ и экспедиционных исследований в районах Республики Саха (Якутия). В статье использованы сравнительно-сопоставительный, типологический, структурный, описательный и количественно-статистический методы. В ходе анализа было выявлено 25 основ, относящихся к якутско-эвенкийским лексическим параллелям, обозначающих наименования лекарственных и пищевых растений в рамках следующих тематических групп: «хвощ» (2), «боярышник» (4), «кедровый стланик» (2), «ягель / мох» (4), «красная смородина» (2), «осока» (2), «черная смородина» (2), «листвень» (3), «осина» (2), «ревень» (2). Фоноструктурный анализ лексических параллелей якутского языка в сравнительном плане с эвенкийским также позволил выявить устойчивость фоноструктурных оформлений основ; особенности изменений фоноструктурных типов якутских форм в сравнении с эвенкийскими основами; основные причины неустойчивости фоноструктур именных основ эвенкийского языка в якутском языке; соответствия согласных / гласных.
The article considers the phonostructural features of the medicinal and edable plants' names in the Yakut language in comparison with the Evenk lexemes. Since ancient times, plants have been playing an important role in the activities of the indigenous peoples of the north. The lexis of the Yakut plants (medicinal and edable phytonyms), being a separate lexical-semantic group, is of great interest due to its being studied rather poorly. The vocabulary of plants' names in the Yakut language has not been the object of specific scientific research in a comparative aspect with the Evenk language until now. The purpose of this study is to identify the phonostructural features of the Yakut medicinal and edible plants' names in comparison with the Evenk lexemes. Lexicographic sources on the Yakut and Even languages, as well as the linguistic material collected in the course of the field work and expeditionary research in the regions of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) served as the material for the research. The article employs comparative, typological, structural, descriptive and quantitative-statistical methods. The analysis revealed 25 main lexical stems related to the Yakut-Even lexical parallels, denoting the names of medicinal and edable plants within the following thematic groups: "horsetail" (2), "hawthorn" (4), "dwarf cedar" (2), "reindeer moss/moss" 4), "red currant" (2), "sedge" (2), "black currant" (2), "larch" (3), "aspen" 2), "rhubarb" (2). The phonostructural analysis of the lexical parallels of the Yakut language in comparison with the Evenk language also revealed the stability of the phonostructural designs; peculiarities of the changes in the phonostructural types of the Yakut forms in comparison with the Evenk stems; the main reasons for the stability of the phonostructures of the nominal foundations of the Evenk language in the Yakut language; consonant/vowel correspondence.

O artigo apresenta uma breve análise de dezoito casos de intolerância religiosa ocorridos, entre 2004 e 2018, no âmbito da educação básica; e também uma reflexão sobre duas atividades. Estes casos foram classificados em cinco tipos de intolerância religiosa na educação básica. Seguindo a perspectiva antropológica que identifica a presença do religioso nas proibições, identificouse diversas proibições em relação às religiões e aos símbolos afro-brasileiros. Apontou-se que o religioso presente nas escolas está associado a um Deus belicoso do pentecostalismo que propaga a guerra espiritual. Os casos analisados indicam que quem mais sofre com a intolerância religiosa nas escolas são pessoas adeptas das religiões afro-brasileiras e negras, e quem mais comete os atos de intolerância religiosa são pessoas evangélicas. E, por fim, como medida de combate à intolerância religiosa, há um apelo para que estudantes, professores e demais profissionais da educação estejam efetivamente em contato e em diálogo com os religiosos afro-brasileiros. Intolerância Religiosa. Educação Básica. Religião. Evangélicos e Afro-Brasileiros. Religious intolerance of evangelicals in basic education: brief analysis of some casesABSTRACT The article presents a brief analysis of eighteen cases of religious intolerance that occurred between 2004 and 2018 in the area of basic education; and also a reflection on two activities. These cases were classified into five types of religious intolerance in basic education. Following the anthropological perspective that identifies the presence of the religious in the prohibitions, several prohibitions were identified regarding the religions and the Afro-Brazilian symbols. It was pointed out that the religious present in schools is associated with a bellicose God of Pentecostalism who propagates spiritual warfare. According to the cases analyzed, it was found that those who suffer most from religious intolerance in schools are people who are adherents of Afro-Brazilian religions and black people, and those who commit acts of religious intolerance are evangelical believers. And finally, as a measure to combat religious intolerance, there is an appeal for students, teachers and other professionals in education to be effectively in contact and in dialogue with Afro-Brazilian religious. Religious Intolerance. Basic Education. Religion. Evangelicals and Afro-BrazilianIntolleranza religiosa degli evangelici nell'istruzione di base: una breve analisi di ocorrenzeRIASSUNTOl'articolo presenta una breve analisi di diciotto casi di intolleranza religiosa verificati tra il 2004 e il 2018, nell'ambito dell'istruzione di base; e anche una riflessione su due attività. Questi casi sono stati classificati in cinque tipi di intolleranza religiosa nell'istruzione di base. Seguendo la prospettiva antropologica che identifica la presenza dei religiosi nei divieti, abbiamo identificato diversi divieti in relazione alle religioni e ai simboli afro-brasiliani. È stato sottolineato che il presente religioso nelle scuole è associato a un dio bellicoso del pentecostalismo che propaga la guerra spirituale. I casi analizzati indicano che coloro che soffrono maggiormente dell'intolleranza religiosa nelle scuole sono persone che aderiscono alle religioni afro-brasiliane e nere, e coloro che commettono più atti di intolleranza religiosa sono persone evangeliche. E infine, come misura per combattere l'intolleranza religiosa, c'è un appello per studenti, insegnanti e altri professionisti dell'educazione a essere effettivamente in contatto e nel dialogo con i religiosi afro-brasiliani. Intolleranza religiosa. Istruzione di base. Religione. Evangelici e Afro-brasiliani.