Suchergebnisse

I will begin with a story. When I was in graduate school I returned to Hampshire twice to teach as part of the Jan Plan. The college was interested in elevating its January term, which up until then had been a free for all of student led courses. I was looking to get out of Binghamton for a few weeks. Even in the bitter cold of January, Amherst has more to offer than Broome County. I saw the first Scream during one of those Januarys, and the next January I taught it.My course was meant to be fun. We read some of Lawrence Grossberg's We Gotta Get Out of this Place, some of Steven Shaviro's The Cinematic Body, some Jameson, and probably some of Men, Women, and Chainsaws (Basically books that I thought were cool). My approach to Scream was ambitious. I assigned some of Paolo Virno's writings on opportunism and cynicism as the prevailing attitudes of modern life, and tried to make a connection, albeit an uncertain one, between his description of cynicism and the self aware nature of Scream. The basis of this connection is the way in which the cynic is aware of both the arbitrary and binding nature of  nature of certain rules, norms, and protocols. As Virno writes:"The cynic recognizes, in the particular context in which he operates, the predominate role played by certain epistemological premises and the simultaneous absence of real equivalences. To prevent disillusion, he forgoes any aspiration to dialogic and transparent communication. He renounces from the beginning the search for an intersubjective foundation for his practice and for a shared criterion of moral value … The decline of the principle of equivalence, a principle intimately connected to commerce and exchange, can be seen in the cynic's behaviour, in his impatient abandon of the demand for equality. He entrusts his own affirmation of self to the multiplication and fluidification of hierarchies and unequal distributions that the unexpected centrality of knowledge in production seems to imply."This awareness of rules seemed to apply to the self aware nature of the Scream films which attempt to both recognize the conventions of the slasher film, "there are rules for surviving a horror movie," and keep those conventions in place as the basis for the film. (It is worth noting that the Scream films never offer a justification for a convention, never goes the route of later films, like Cabin in the Woods that ground the conventions of one genre by explaining them by way of another, in this case cosmic horror/government conspiracy). The Scream films both acknowledge the cliched nature of the rules while simultaneously using them as rules, saying that "You will be right back" is a sure guarantee that you won't, engaging in sexual activity is a death sentence. (it demands both a knowing wink and a terrified scream).This put the Scream films in a difficult position, of constantly commenting on while utilizing the conventions of slasher films, a task made more difficult by the fact that that specific sub genre of horror is subject to its own cycles of exhaustion and renewal. The recent Scream films, the one just called Scream and the recent sequel, that resumes the sequence with the number VI, have offered their own meta-commentary on the genre, and the current state of the culture industry. Scream coined the term "requel," a sequel that is also a reset or reboot of the series. Usually such requels attempt to right a series which has lost its way, or its audience.The requel brings back a major character or original director as an attempt to restore continuity and trust. A list of such requels includes the recent Halloween films with Jamie Lee Curtis, Terminator: Dark Fate, Jurassic World: Dominion, and Prometheus. All films that reboot and restore a series. It could be argued, however, that the Scream films have never needed such a reset. The original cast, Neve Campbell, Courtney Cox, and David Arquette, have been in all of the films, and there has been no diversion from the formula that needed correction just the exhaustion brought about by repetition. This tension between the concept and the film is resolved in Scream (5)  by having The Stab series, the films within the film, lose sight of the slasher premise of the earlier films. The reference here seems to be to such series wrecking deviations as the Friday the Thirteenth in space, Jason X and the convoluted mythos of the later Halloween films. Scream is oddly a better work of film criticism than a film. The film is fine, for what it is,  but it follows its own predictable set of rules, rules not mentioned, opening with a menacing phone call and a killing, and ending with a revelation of who is wearing the Ghost Face mask this time and why. The better the films get at commenting on the unwritten rules of the culture industry the more glaring there own unwritten rules stand out. The latest installment, Scream VI continues this odd trajectory in which the commentary and plot increasingly diverge. The commentary now focuses on the idea that the killers are building a franchise. A franchise has its own rules, most importantly legacy characters can now be killed off in order to further the franchise. The intellectual property is the real main character. Such a description fits such films as The Force Awakens and The Last Jedi, which bring back Han Solo and Luke Skywalker only to kill them off so that the franchise could live on. Once again this is a point of criticism that does not exactly describe the latest Scream film. David Arquette's Dewey character was killed in Scream (5); Courtney Cox's Gail Weathers character is attacked but seems to survive this film, and Neve Campbell's Sydney character does not even appear in the latest installment, but that is because they did not offer her enough money. The tension between intellectual property and actor is one of the defining characteristics of modern filmmaking. It is a conflict between an old world of marketing movies based on bankable stars and a new world of carefully managed franchises, and in this interregnum CGI monsters are born. This can be seen in the MCU, which as much as it hides actors behind interchangeable digital masks, putting out three different Spider-Men, three Hulks, and countless Batmen, still has to make an entire film about the death of one of its stars, Chadwick Boseman, and struggles to draw audiences after the departure of Robert Downey Jr. and Chris Evans. Although that last point has to do with another tension, the tension between serial repetition and narrative closure. To cite the MCU once again, Avengers: Endgame felt like an end to a story spanning dozens of films, and when the story comes to an end people are not immediately ready to just jump back in. The recent Indiana Jones movies are defined between both of these tensions, between actor and property, brand repetition and narrative closure. There is no small bit of irony to the second tension. At the level of structure the films revival an older serial form, that of Saturday adventure serials that is completely at home in the modern serialization of intellectual property. One gets the impression in watching the films that they could have made a ton of these movies, there are always new treasures to find and Nazis to punch. Residual meets the emergent, old serials meet the serial form of the sequel. The moment to do that has passed, however, and now the recent films struggle with Harrison Ford, the aging bankable star beneath the IP hat, and the sense that the last film ended with the closest thing to a happily ever after the series offered--Indy and Marion are married and Shia LeBeouf does not put on the hat. Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny resolves the first issue, that of Ford's age, with an extended opening sequence set at the end of World War II made possible by the combination of old film stock and modern AI imaging. What we get is not so much a young Harrison Ford, but at least a reminder that he existed, somehow his charm eludes CGI reproduction. The opening sequence devolves into the weightless cartoon world of so much modern digital effects. With respect to the later we learn that Shia LeBeouf's Mutt died in Vietnam and the grief of his loss destroyed Indy's marriage. All of this means that he is off an another adventure again with a young god daughter, played by a (hopefully more bankable) Phoebe Waller-Bridge. The film follows the rules of an Indiana Jones film. There are chases, horse chases, car chases, plane chases, some version of creepy crawly creatures, this time eels, and ancient booby traps, all of which are punctuated by jokes about how old Harrison Ford is this time out. The film is slightly better than the last, but, in the final scene, when Marion and Indy are not only reunited but they repeat there "where doesn't it hurt" flirtation from the first film, you get the sense that the directors are searching for their own dial of destiny, a device that could  turn back time and make a half dozen Indiana Jones films between nineteen eighty and eighty nine, back when the IP was fresh and Ford was bankable. As I began this piece with my own bit of nostalgia. In the nineties, I tried to make a connection between the Scream film's self aware commentary on the rules of its genre and Virno description of the cynic as  the prevailing attitude of postmodernism. I remember saying to the class, "we see these films because we are aware of the rules, the cliches, but we still want to enjoy them." I would add now that in the age of Intellectual Property we are aware that all of these films are made to build, and capitalize on the brand, the IP, but we want to pretend that they are driven by something else, by something more compelling. The task of modern filmmaking, of the contemporary culture industry, is to make what is driven by market forces feel like it is made for our enjoyment. This task appears to be harder to pull off than digitally deaging an old movie star. 

Since this is a post about class, family, and returnsI thought that I would illustrate it with pictures illustratingthe fact that I now live in the same neighborhood my mother lived in, but the neighborhood has changed except this old fishing/gun store I have often considered teaching to be a kind of translation and not just because much of the history of philosophy is written in different languages. Part of what one does in teaching is try to take the questions and concerns of a different time and figure out some way to bridge that gap, while at the same time being faithful to its original sense and meaning (just like translation). These thoughts occurred to me again when I decided to teach Didier Eribon's Returning to Reims.I first heard about Eribon's book when I read Chantal Jaquet's Les Transclasses, and was happy to learn that it was translated by Semiotext(e). After reading it I gave a copy to my father, and he loved it; as a first generation college student from a small mill town in Maine he could really relate to it. It was for that reason that I was excited to teach it in my seminar on Race, Class, and Gender. Many of the University of Southern Maine's students are first generation and higher education in part justifies itself by its ability to supposedly transform class belonging, so it seemed worthwhile to teach the book.With the first discussion it became immediately clear how much work would need to be done to translate the book to a different time and place. Eribon's trajectory, in which the transformation of his class position was made both possible and desirable by a transformation of his cultural coordinates, a transformation made possible by reading Proust, Sartre, and Marx. Such a trajectory seemed difficult to understand in the American context where class was not only disconnected from such cultural markers, but actively repudiated them. This might be what it means to be transclass in the post-bourgeois age, there is no longer a reading list, the accumulation of capital has become divorced from cultural capital. As one student put it, her uncles had all changed their financial situation, but rather than cast off the culture that they grew up with they had made that transformation maintaining their connection with NASCAR and pick-up trucks. However, it is possible to make these awkward elements of translation the basis for an engagement rather than a rejection of Eribon's book. It is through the difficulties of translation that it becomes possible to rethink the nature of class and its relation to individual and national identity. It is possible to delineate three levels of class in Eribon's analysis. The first is the one that describes one's position in the economic system. As Eribon writes, "In my case, I can say that I have always deeply had the feeling of belonging to a class, which does not mean that the class that I belonged to was conscious of itself as such. One can have the sense of belonging to a class without the class being aware of itself as such or being "a clearly defined group." This could be called the class in itself, if one wanted to use that language. It is the aspect of class that is written on the body, on the exhaustion of work and the effects of poverty. In contrast to this is Eribon's memories of what class meant for his family when they were members of the communist party. As Eribon writes describing this dimension of class for itself, or for itself through the party, "You became a political subject by putting yourself into the hands of the party spokespersons, through whom the workers, the 'working class,' came to exist as an organized group, as a class that was aware of itself as such." In between these two there is what could be called the class of itself, the way that class constitutes not just an economic position or a political subject, but a way of life or a habitus of a sort. As Eribon writes of these divisions of class, "These boundaries that divide these worlds help define within each of them radically different ways of perceiving what it is possible to be or become, of perceiving what it is possible to aspire to or not." This is class as it was lived in terms of the things one does and does not do, in terms of tastes, habits, and dress. Eribon's story is one of both his own personal transformation, his own non-reproduction, to use Jaquet's term in which the son of a factory worker becomes a journalist and then a famous academic. It is also a story of the larger disarticulation of class composition, of how the working class in the economic sense, shifted from being a class organized by and through the communist party, to a bastion of nationalist and racist sentiment. This disarticulation has two aspects, first there is the transformation of the communist and socialist parties after 1981. As Eribon writes,What actually occurred was a general and quite thoroughgoing metamorphosis of the ethos of the party as well as of its intellectual references. Gone was any talk of exploitation and resistance, replaced by talk of "necessary modernization" and of "radical social reform"; gone the references to relations between classes, replaced by talk of a "life in common": gone any mention of unequal social opportunities replaced by an emphasis on individual responsibility. At the same time that the party moved away from the class struggle, the terms of that struggle where changing for the workers, defined less in terms of revolution and more in terms of the hopes and dreams of a consumer society. The rhetoric of class struggle, of nothing to lose but chains, begins to sound hollow to a class that aspires to buy a car or a vacation. As Eribon writes, But what is the point of a political story that doesn't take into account what people are really like as it interprets their lives, a story whose result is that one ends up blaming the individuals in question for not conforming to the fiction one has constructed? It is clearly a story that needs to be rewritten in order to make it less unified and less simple, to build in more complexity and more contradictions. And to reintroduce historical time. The working class changes. It doesn't stay identical to itself. And clearly the working class of the 1960s and 1970s was no longer the same as that of the 1930s or the 1950s. The same position in the social field does not correspond to exactly the same realities, nor to the same aspirations.This disarticulation, the party moving away from class struggle, and the working class defining its struggle differently made possible a new articulation, not in terms of class but of nation. As Eribon writes,Whose fault if the meaning of a "we" sustained or reconstituted in this way undergoes a transformation such that it comes to mean the "French" as opposed to "foreigners," whereas it had used to mean "workers" as opposed to the "bourgeoisie"? Or, to put it more precisely, whose fault is it if the opposition between "worker" and "bourgeois," even if it continues to exist in the form of an opposition between the "have nots" and the "haves" (which is not exactly the same opposition—it carries different political consequences), takes on a national and racial dimension, with the "haves" being perceived as favorably inclined to immigration and the "have nots" as suffering on a daily basis because of this same immigration, one that is held to be responsible for all their difficulties?This story, which I have given here in terms of just a few key moments, is one of the disarticulation of class and revolution, class and party, and the rearticulation of class and reaction, class and nation. As we discussed in class, this story, the story of the disarticulation of the workers' party and the aspiration of workers' cannot be simply transposed onto the US, even if the ending is the same in terms of the similarity of the National Front and MAGA parties. It would be a massive mistranslation to simply replace the Communist Party with the Democratic Party. There is a much longer story to be told about the disarticulation and the disarray of class and party in the US, and it is told in W.E.B. Du Bois' Black Reconstruction and Mike Davis' Prisoners of the American Dream. (So basically if you want the TL:DR version it is the wages of whiteness and Ronald Reagan). However, it might be possible to use Eribon's categories to make a different disarticulation or rearticulation, not that of the class in itself becoming another for itself, the for itself of the French, of the nation, but the way in which what could be called the class of itself, the habitus of class, the taste, habits and customs have shifted from one class to another. The lack of an articulation between economic position of class and political party has made way for a different articulation in which class is defined in terms of the cultural signifiers of guns, trucks, and Carhart. It is a brand and not a politics. This is the way in which our modern politicians appear to be "of the people" in Machiavelli's sense. This in part accounts for the bizarro world version of class in the US.This difficulty in translation, the impossibility of neatly mapping Eribon's French story onto an American one made for interesting discussions, but I wonder if we were talking about something that went beyond the classroom. The devaluation of a certain kind of symbolic capital, that one no longer has to read a certain set of books or listen to the right kind of music, is part of the story of the decline of the university, or at least the humanities. The university, at least a state university, is no longer the same institution of transclass transformation. I think that things might be different at elite private colleges, but even there it is more about who one knows than what one knows, connections rather than cultural capital. At small state colleges people still seek to change their class status, but do so through trying to figure out how to accumulate capital in its more material and less symbolic form, they major in business or finance. Where does this leave Eribon's own story of transclass transformation, his desire to become someone different, to leave Reims, to leave a culture dominated by sports, restricted gender roles, and fishing, to go to Paris, to a culture dominated by books and ideas, where it is possible to become someone else, something else? I still think people come to the university to do that, to transform themselves, and become something different, but that transformation has been disarticulated from class transformation. 

The article covers development aspects of the institution of judicial defense of human rights at labour. The analysis of the labour rights defense condition in Soviet Ukraine from adopting the Constitution of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic of 1937 and throughout the Second World War is carried out. In the late 30s of the XX century, Ukraine started losing its sovereignty and independence which was a natural consequence of the conducted change in republic constitutional and legal status. This follows from the content of constitutional regulations of various years. Thus, if amendments to the Constitution of the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic adopted in 1925 are taken into account, it was enshrined that the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic was the part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as "an independent republic", thereafter, in the Constitution of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic of 1929 it was registered as "an independent contracting state", and there was no union state creation was mentioned. Nevertheless, in the Constitution of 1937 (the name of the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic was changed to the Ukrainian SovietSocialist Republic (UkrSSR) at the XIV Emergency Congress of Soviets in January 1937), these regulations are absent. There is only one record about joining the republics into one union state. Instead of the Congresses of Soviets, Central Election Commission of the UkrSSR and their Executive Committees, the Constitution of the UkrSSR of 1937 determined the Supreme Soviet of the UkrSSR as the republic highest body of state power. The Supreme Soviet of the USSR elected the Executive Committee - a collegial permanent power agency in the periods between the sessions of the Supreme Soviet. Incrementally, the governance of all-union governing bodies by republican economic facilities went to the foreground in Ukraine, the action of all-union laws above the republican laws was the priority - both in the form of copying the content of all-union legislative acts and adopting union regulatory acts as acts with direct effect. Such downward trends also concerned the field of labour law. Theoretically, the adaptation of the Constitution of the UkrSSRof1937 had to be an important step in the way of establishing progressive principles in labour law and consolidating the new approaches to improve the defense of workers' rights; however, the democratic principles and regulations of the Constitution remained declarative. The Constitution declared the right of everyone to work (the regulations on universal labour duty were absent), though the right to work declared by the Constitution of the UkrSSR was actually an obligation to work and, other regulatory acts assigned workers to the enterprises, institutions. It was forbidden to move in order to earn money for the living and so on. In the late 30s - early 40s of the previous century, the initial basis of forced labour was introduced in all union states (including, the UkrSSR) to increase production output in all fields of national economy and to improve productivity. Particularly, people who did not work without valid excuse (so-called parasites, freeloaders, loafers) were brought to executive or criminal responsibilities. There was tougher penalty for violation of labour discipline, for producing items with defects, for non-observance of health and safety rules. During the Second World War, there was a significant deterioration in labour conditions, a decline in workers' rights and guarantees. In general, there was no possibility to defend their labour rights, rather labour law referred to defend workers' rights gained certain regressive features. Such deviation from the general foundations and principles of labour law was attributed to the fact that an essential part of the working population (mostly males) joined the armed forces. In order to provide the defense significance and farming enterprises (collective farms, state farms) with workforce, it was necessary to change the state policy in regulating the labour, since the Code of Labour Laws of 1922-1924, the content of which provided the foundations of voluntary work, acted on the territory of the USSR, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) and other union republics. Labour laws foresaw labour duty only if it was necessary to combat natural disasters and to fulfil the most important state issues, but only on certain regulations of the People's Commissar Soviets. Such democratic principles were unable to ensure proper functioning of defense industry, the completion of defense and construction works, the fuel storage, the uninterrupted functioning of transport and so on. To ensure the fulfilment of the mentioned issues, the Soviet government adopted a certain number of Decrees of the Executive Committee of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and Regulations of thePeople's Commissar Soviets of the USSR, according to which the entire state switched to the state of martial law and particularly destroyed all previously gained democratic achievements in labour law. This period is characterized by the labour militarization, mobilization of the working population, the involvement of adolescents from the age of 14 into work, the increase in working hours, the annulment of holidays and the introduction of overtime work. The uniqueness of this phenomenon in terms of research in the domain of judicial defense of population's labour rights in Ukraine lies in the fact that generally such regressive trends did not take place on the territory of the UkrSSR itself, but on the territory of the RSFSR where Ukrainian enterprises were evacuated together with their workers and families due to the temporary occupation of the Ukrainian territory by the Nazi army. Also, the legislative and executive power agencies of the Ukrainian Republic carried out their activities (they were evacuated to Saratov and later located in Ufa and Moscow) on the territory of the RSFSR during the period from August 1941 to February 1943. During war, the labour laws of union republics actually did not function, it followed the law principles and regulations of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics which, therefore, was intended not to ensure and defend the workers' rights and guarantees, but to introduce such methods and actions in work organization which in the shortest period could provide defense industry improvement and military production output in such capacities that it was possible to beat the Nazi invaders. ; Наукова стаття присвячена розкриттю аспектів розвитку інституту судового захисту прав людини у сфері праці. Здійснено аналіз стану захисту трудових прав в Радянській Україні з періоду прийняття Конституції УРСР 1937 р. та за часів Другої світової війни. Наприкінці 30-х рр. ХХ сторіччя Україна починає втрачати свою суверенність та незалежність, що є закономірним наслідком здійсненоїзміни конституційно-правового статусу республіки. Це вбачається зі змісту конституційних положень різних років. Так, якщо взяти до уваги зміст доповнень до Конституції УСРР, прийнятих у 1925 році, то можна побачити, що там було закріплено, що УСРР входить до складу СРСР як «незалежна республіка», згодом у Конституції УСРР 1929 р. зазначалася «суверенна договірна держава», а про створення союзної держави не йшлося. Проте в Конституції 1937 року (найменування УСРР було змінено на УРСР на Надзвичайному XIV з'їзді Рад в січні 1937 р.) ці положення відсутні, є лише запис про об'єднання республік у союзну державу. Конституція УРСР 1937 р. замість з'їздів Рад, ЦВК УРСР та їх Президій визначала найвищим органом державної влади республіки Верховну Раду УРСР. Верховна Рада УРСР обирала Президію -колегіальний постійно діючий орган влади у періоди між сесіями Верховної Ради. В Україні поступово на перший план виходило керування загальносоюзних органів управління республіканськими об'єктами господарства, пріоритетною ставала дія загальносоюзного законодавства над республіканським як у вигляді копіювання змісту загальносоюзних законодавчих актів, так і щодо застосування союзних нормативних актів як актів прямої дії. Такі негативні тенденції не оминули галузь трудового права. Теоретично прийняття у 1937 р. Конституції УРСР мало би бути важливим кроком на шляху встановлення прогресивних принципів трудового права та закріплення нових підходів до вдосконалення захисту прав працівників, проте демократичні засади й положення Конституції залишилися декларативними. Конституцією проголошувалося право кожного на працю (положення про загальну трудову повинність було відсутнє), але проголошене Конституцією УРСР право на працю фактично було обов'язком працювати, а іншими нормативним актами відбувалося закріплення працівників за підприємствами, установами, заборонялося виїжджати на заробітки тощо. Наприкінці30-х - початку 40-хрр. минулого століття у всій союзній державі (зокрема, в УРСР) задля збільшення випуску продукції у всіх галузях народного господарства та підвищення продуктивності вводилися початкові засади примусової праці. Зокрема, особи, які не працювали без поважних причин (так звані тунеядці, дармоїди, нероби), притягувалися до адміністративної або кримінальної відповідальності; було більш жорстке покарання за порушення трудової дисципліни, виробництво продукції з браком, недотримання правил техніки безпеки. У період Другої світової війни відбулося значне погіршення умов праці, падіння рівня прав та гарантій працівників, взагалі була відсутня можливість захисту їх трудових прав, тобто трудове право, покликане захищати права працівників, набуло певних регресивних ознак. Такий відступ від основних засад і принципів трудового права був обумовлений тим, що суттєва частина працездатного населення (переважно чоловічої статі) поповнила лави збройних сил. Задля забезпечення кадрами підприємств оборонного значення та сільгосппідприємств (колгоспів, радгоспів) слід було змінювати політику держави у сфері регулювання праці, оскільки на теренах УССР, РСФСР та інших союзних республік діяли Кодекси законів про працю 19221924 рр., за змістом яких передбачалися засади добровільної праці. Трудовим законодавством трудоваповинність була передбачена лише за необхідності боротьби зі стихійними лихами та для виконання найважливіших державних завдань, а також лише на підставі конкретних постанов Ради Народних Комісарів. Такі демократичні засади не в змозі були забезпечити безперервну роботу оборонної промисловості, проведення оборонних і будівельних робіт, заготівку палива, безперебійного функціонування транспорту тощо. Для забезпечення виконання цих завдань радянський уряд прийняв певну кількість Указів Президії Верховної Ради СРСР та Постанов РНК СРСР, за якими вся держава переходила на воєнний стан, фактично руйнувалися всі набуті раніше демократичні досягнення у сфері трудового права. Цей період характеризується мілітаризацією праці, мобілізацією працездатного населення, залученням до праці підлітків з 14 років, збільшенням тривалості робочого часу, скасуванням відпусток та введенням надурочних робіт. Унікальність цього явища щодо дослідження генези судового захисту трудових прав населення України полягає в тому, що такі регресивні тенденції переважно були не на території УРСР, а на території РСФСР, куди були евакуйовані українські підприємства разом зі своїми працівниками та їх родинами у зв'язку з тимчасовою окупацією німецько-фашистськими військами території України. Також на території РСФСР у період із серпня 1941 р. до лютого 1943 р. здійснювали свою діяльність законодавчі та виконавчі органи влади української республіки (вони були евакуйовані до Саратова, а пізніше перебували в Уфі та Москві). Під час війни трудове законодавство союзних республік фактично не діяло, було повністю підкорено принципам і положенням законодавства СРСР, як мало на меті не забезпечення та захист прав і гарантій працівників, а застосування таких методів і заходів в організації праці, які б у найко-ротші строки сприяли налагодженню оборонної промисловості та випуску воєнної продукції в таких обсягах, щоб можна було отримати перемогу над німецько-фашистськими загарбниками.

The article covers development aspects of the institution of judicial defence of human rights at labour. The analysis of the labour rights defence condition in Soviet Ukraine from adopting the Constitution of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic of 1937 and throughout the Second World War is carried out. In the late 30s of the XX century Ukraine started losing its sovereignty and independence which was a natural consequence of the conducted change in republic constitutional and legal status. This follows from the content of constitutional regulations of various years. Thus, if amendments to the Constitution of the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic adopted in 1925 are taken into account, it was enshrined that the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic was the part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as "an independent republic", thereafter, in the Constitution of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic of 1929 it was registered as "an independent contracting state", and there was no union state creation was mentioned. Nevertheless, in the Constitution of 1937 (the name of the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic was changed to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (UkrSSR) at the XIV Emergency Congress of Soviets in January 1937), these regulations are absent. There is only one record about joining the republics into one union state. Instead of the Congresses of Soviets, Central Election Commission of the UkrSSR and their Executive Committees, the Constitution of the UkrSSR of 1937 determined the Supreme Soviet of the UkrSSR as the republic highest body of state power. The Supreme Soviet of the USSR elected the Executive Committee – a collegial permanent power agency in the periods between the sessions of the Supreme Soviet. Incrementally, the governance of all-union governing bodies by republican economic facilities went to the foreground in Ukraine, the action of all-union laws above the republican laws was the priority – both in the form of copying the content of all-union legislative acts and adopting union regulatory acts as acts with direct effect. Such downward trends also concerned the field of labour law. Theoretically, the adaptation of the Constitution of the UkrSSR of 1937 had to be an important step in the way of establishing progressive principles in labour law and consolidating the new approaches to improve the defence of workers' rights; however, the democratic principles and regulations of the Constitution remained declarative. The Constitution declared the right of everyone to work (the regulations on universal labour duty were absent), though the right to work declared by the Constitution of the UkrSSR was actually an obligation to work and, other regulatory acts assigned workers to the enterprises, institutions. It was forbidden to move in order to earn money for the living and so on. In the late 30s – early 40s of the previous century, the initial basis of forced labour was introduced in all union states (including, the UkrSSR) to increase production output in all fields of national economy and to improve productivity. Particularly, people who did not work without valid excuse (so-called "parasites", "freeloaders", "loafers") were brought to executive or criminal responsibilities. There was tougher penalty for violation of labour discipline, for producing items with defects, for non-observance of health and safety rules. During the Second World War, there was a significant deterioration in labour conditions, a decline in workers' rights and guarantees. In general, there was no possibility to defend their labour rights, rather labour law referred to defend workers' rights gained certain regressive features. Such deviation from the general foundations and principles of labour law was attributed to the fact that an essential part of the working population (mostly males) joined the armed forces. In order to provide the defence significance and farming enterprises (collective farms, state farms) with workforce, it was necessary to change the state policy in regulating the labour, since the Code of Labour Laws of 1922–1924, the content of which provided the foundations of voluntary work, acted on the territory of the USSR, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) and other union republics. Labour laws foresaw labour duty only if it was necessary to combat natural disasters and to fulfil the most important state issues, but only on certain regulations of the People's Commissar Soviets. Such democratic principles were unable to ensure proper functioning of defence industry, the completion of defence and construction works, the fuel storage, the uninterrupted functioning of transport and so on. To ensure the fulfilment of the mentioned issues, the Soviet government adopted a certain number of Decrees of the Executive Committee of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and Regulations of the People's Commissar Soviets of the USSR, according to which the entire state switched to the state of martial law and particularly destroyed all previously gained democratic achievements in labour law. This period is characterized by the labour militarisation, mobilization of the working population, the involvement of adolescents from the age of 14 into work, the increase in working hours, the annulment of holidays and the introduction of overtime work. The uniqueness of this phenomenon in terms of research in the domain of judicial defence of population's labour rights in Ukraine lies in the fact that generally such regressive trends did not take place on the territory of the UkrSSR itself, but on the territory of the RSFSR where Ukrainian enterprises were evacuated together with their workers and families due to the temporary occupation of the Ukrainian territory by the Nazi army. Also, the legislative and executive power agencies of the Ukrainian Republic carried out their activities (they were evacuated to Saratov and later located in Ufa and Moscow) on the territory of the RSFSR during the period from August 1941 to February 1943. During war, the labour laws of union republics actually did not function, it followed the law principles and regulations of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics which, therefore, was intended not to ensure and defend the workers' rights and guarantees, but to introduce such methods and actions in work organization which in the shortest period could provide defence industry improvement and military production output in such capacities that it was possible to beat the Nazi invaders. ; Наукова стаття присвячена розкриттю аспектів розвитку інституту судового захисту прав людини у сфері праці. Здійснено аналіз стану захисту трудо-вих прав у Радянській Україні з періоду прийняття Конституції УРСР 1937 року та за часів Другої світової війни. Наприкінці 30-х років ХХ сто-річчя Україна починає втрачати свою суверенність та незалеж-ність, що є закономірним наслідком здійсненої зміни конституційно-правового статусу республіки. Це вбачається зі змісту конститу-ційних положень різних років. Так, якщо взяти до уваги зміст допов-нень до Конституції УСРР, при-йнятих у 1925 році, то там було закріплено, що УСРР входить до складу СРСР як «незалежна рес-публіка», згодом у Конституції УСРР 1929 року зазначалося, як «суверенна договірна держава», а про створення союзної держави мови не було. Проте в Конститу-ції 1937 року (найменування УСРР було змінене на УРСР на Надзви-чайному XIV з'їзді Рад у січні 1937 року) ці положення відсутні, є лише запис про об'єднання респу-блік у союзну державу. Конститу-ція УРСР 1937 року замість з'їздів Рад, ЦВК УРСР та їх Президій визначала найвищим органом дер-жавної влади республіки Верховну Раду УРСР. Верховна Рада УРСР вибирала Президію – колегіальний постійно діючий орган влади у пері-оди між сесіями Верховної Ради. В Україні поступово на перший план виходило керування загально-союзних органів управління респу-бліканськими об'єктами господар-ства, пріоритетною ставала дія загальносоюзного законодавства над республіканським як у вигляді копiювання змiсту загальносо-юзних законодавчих актів, так і застосуванням союзних норматив-них актів як актів прямої дії. Такі негативні тенденції не оминули і галузь трудового права. Теоретично прийняття у 1937 році Конституції УРСР мало б бути важливим кроком на шляху встановлення прогресивних принципів трудового права та закріплення нових підходів до удосконалювання захисту прав працівників, проте демократичні засади і положення Конституції залишилися деклара-тивними. Конституцією проголошувалося право кожного на працю (положення про загальну трудову повинність було відсутнє), але проголошене Конституцією УРСР право на працю фактично було обов'язком працювати, а іншими нормативним актами відбувалося закріплення працівників за під-приємствами, установами, заборо-нялося виїжджати на заробітки тощо. Наприкінці 30-х – початку 40-х років минулого століття у всій союзній державі (у тому числі і в УРСР) з метою збільшення випуску продукції у всіх галузях народного господарства та підви-щення продуктивності вводилися початкові засади примусової праці. Зокрема, особи, які не працювали без поважних причин (так звані «тунеядці», «дармоїди», «нероби»), притягувалися до адміністратив-ної або до кримінальної відповідаль-ності; мало місце більш жорстке покарання за порушення трудової дисципліни, за виробництво про-дукції з браком, за недотримання правил техніки безпеки. У період Другої світової війни відбулося значне погіршення умов праці, падіння рівня прав та гаран-тій працівників, взагалі була від-сутня можливість захисту їхніх трудових прав, тобто трудове право, покликане захищати права працівників, набуло певних регре-сивних ознак. Такий відступ від основних засад і принципів трудового права був зумовлений тим, що суттєва частина працездатного населення (в основному чоловічої статі) поповнила лави збройних сил. З метою забезпечення кадрами підприємств оборонного значення та сільгосппідприємств (колгос-пів, радгоспів) слід було змінювати політику держави у сфері регулю-вання праці, оскільки на теренах УССР, РСФСР та інших союзних республік діяли Кодекси законів про працю 1922–1924 років, за зміс-том яких передбачалися засади добровільної праці. Трудовим зако-нодавством трудова повинність була передбачена лише у разі необ-хідності боротьби зі стихійними лихами та для виконання найважливіших державних завдань, та лише на підставі конкретних постанов Ради Народних Коміса-рів. Такі демократичні засади не в змозі були забезпечити безперервну роботу оборонної промисловості, проведення оборонних і будівель-них робіт, заготівлю палива, без-перебійного функціонування тран-спорту тощо. Для забезпечення виконання цих завдань радянський уряд прийняв певну кількість ука-зів Президії Верховної Ради СРСР та постанов РНК СРСР, за якими вся держава переходила на воєнний стан і фактично руйнувалися всі набуті раніше демократичні досяг-нення в сфері трудового права. Цей період характеризується міліта-ризацією праці, мобілізацією пра-цездатного населення, залученням до праці підлітків з 14 років, збіль-шенням тривалості робочого часу, скасуванням відпусток та введен-ням надурочних робіт. Унікальність цього явища у плані дослідження ґенези судового захисту трудових прав населення України полягає в тому, що такі регресивні тенденції в основному мали місце не на території УРСР, а на території РСФСР, куди були евакуйовані українські підприєм-ства разом зі своїми працівниками та їхніми родинами у зв'язку з тимчасовою окупацією німець-ко-фашистськими військами тери-торії України. Також на території РСФСР у період із серпня 1941 року до лютого 1943 року здійснювали свою діяльність законодавчі та виконавчі органи влади української республіки (вони були евакуйовані до Саратова, а пізніше перебували в Уфі та Москві). Під час війни трудове законодавство союзних республік фактично не діяло, було повністю підкорене принципам і положенням законодавства СРСР, яке, своєю чергою, мало на меті не забезпечення та захист прав і гарантій працівників, а застосування таких методів і заходів в організації праці, які б у найкоротші строки сприяли налагодженню оборонної промисловості та випуску воєнної продукції в таких обсягах, щоб можна було здобути перемогу над німецько-фашистськими загарбниками.

학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 대학원 :사회과학대학 지리학과,2020. 2. 이건학. ; 본 연구는 사회·경제적 네트워크에 대한 주요 견해와 스리랑카 농촌 및 도시 지역에서 홍수 범람의 취약성을 개선에 대한 영향을 다루고 있다. 남아사이 중산층 개발도상국에 속하는 스리랑카는 수십 년 전부터 폭우와 이로 인한 홍수로 인해 여러 부작용을 겪어 왔다. 이에 스리랑카 사회에서는 강력한 사회경제적 네트워크와 상호 호혜적인 인력 동원 및 협력과 이타적 성격으로 홍수로 인한 여러 부작용을 이겨 내었다. 이러한 맥락에서 본 연구는 스리랑카의 홍수 범람에 대한 사회경제적 네트워크의 지리와 관련된 사회적 자본 행위자에 대해 파악하고자 한다. 이에 대한 실증적 연구를 진행하기 위해 스리랑카의 21개의 행정 단위(Grama Niladhari Division, GND)에서 거주하고 있는 405개의 침수 가구를 대상으로 설문 조사를 진행하였다. 설문 조사 대상은 크게 농촌 지역과 도시 지역으로 나눌 수 있으며, 농촌 지역의 경우 15개 GND에 소속된 327 가구, 도시 지역의 경우 6개 GND에 속한 78가구가 이에 해당한다. 또한 추가적인 데이터 수집을 위해 13개월에 걸친 가계 설문 조사, 비공식 인터뷰, 포커스 그룹 토론, 현장 관찰을 수행하였다. 주요 연구 방법으로는 사회적 네트워크 분석 기법, 사회적 취약성 다변량 지수를 사용하였으며, 일부 질적 연구 방법을 추가적으로 적용하였다. 연구 결과 네트워크의 성격과 이에 대한 측정치는 시간에 따라 서로 다른 방향 및 크기로 변화 하였으며, 시간과 지리적 공간에 따른 네트워크 연결의 진화적 변화도 관찰할 수 있었다. 특히, 모든 시골 지역 GND와 관련하여 밀도, 근접성, 중심성과 같은 주요 네트워크 측정치들은 홍수 발생 전 단계 및 발생 단계에서는 감소세를 보이다가, 홍수 발생 이후에는 증가세를 보였다. 이와는 대조적으로 도시에서는 홍수 발생 이전과 발생 단계에서는 주요 네트워크 측정치가 증가세를 보였지만, 발생 이후에는 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 또한, 네트워크 클러스터는 시골 및 도시 지역 모두 홍수 발생 이전 시점과 발생 시점에서 보여지고 있으며 발생 이후에는 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 네트워크 구조는 대부분의 시골 지역에서 홍수 발생 이후에 지원 네트워크의 조직화가 더욱 짜임새 있는 형태로 전개되었다. 반대로 모든 네트워크의 구조적인 변화는 상호 지원 유대의 행동과 특징에만 기초하고 있다. 사회적 네트워크는 홍수 발생의 이전과 밣생 및 이후의 시기에 있어 홍수에 대응하는데 중심 역할을 해왔다. 특히 정보, 음식, 물 및 기타 생필품의 제공, 살림살이에 대한 청소와 이동, 대피소 제공, 살림살이를 다시 집으로 옮기는 과정, 오염된 주거 환경과 공공 장소에 대한 청소, 각종 재정적 지원의 경우 홍수로 입은 피해를 복구하는데 큰 도움이 된 것으로 나타났다. 더욱 중요한 것은 지원 네트워크 행동에 있어 주요한 차이점이 도시와 지방 그리고 작은 규모의 시골 지역들 사이에서 관찰된다는 점이다. 즉, 홍수 사건에서의 지역 지원 네트워크 행동은 도시 네트워크 행동이 다양한 방식으로 다양화되는 것과는 극명한 대조를 이룬다. 즉, 도시에 비해 농촌에서 더 깊은 유대를 바탕으로 한 지원이 이루어지고 있었다. 또한 본 연구는 마을 주민들이 홍수에 대응하기 위하여 사회경제적 네트워크를 강하게 구축하였고, 이에 대한 사회자본의 역사적 배경이 매우 깊다는 것을 관찰하였다. 홍수 범람에 대한 사회적 취약성 점수는 매우 다양한 분포를 보였다. Kuruwita의 가구 표본은 Elapatha, Colombo의 가구 표본에 비하여 상당히 낮은 수준의 취약성을 보였다. 구체적으로 Kuruwita, Elapatha, Colombo DSD에서 평균 취약성 점수는 0.39(최소: 0.01, 최대: 0.875), 0.48(최소: 0.113, 최대: 0.996). 0.56(최소: 0.211, 최대: 0.9999)으로 각각 관찰되었다. 또한 취약성 점수에 대한 지역적 다양성도 관찰된다. 취약성 분포의 공간적 패턴에 대한 차이 또한 취약성 지도(가구 및 GND 수준)를 통해 확인할 수 있었다. ; This dissertation coupled together with the considering dominating ideas of socio-economic networks, related social capital and their influences on the ameliorating social vulnerability to flood inundation in rural and urban areas of Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka as a South Asian middle-income developing country has been experiencing adverse effects and consequences from torrential rains and related flood disasters since decades. In particular, in Sri Lankan society, strong socioeconomic networks and reciprocal resource sharing and mobilizations, their collaborations, and altruistic nature of helping others (this is such a de-facto tradition) have affectively been forestalled the adverse effects and consequences of mass flooding events. On this context, this research seeks to examine the key research puzzle of 'What are the roles, efficacies and the Geographies of socioeconomic networks and related social capital behaviors in the ameliorating social vulnerability to flood inundation in Sri Lankan soil?' For the empirical study, 405 flood-inundated households were selected prior to their consent for household questionnaire survey covering 21 local administrative divisions (e.g. GNDs) in Sri Lanka. The study areas comprised 21 Grama Niladhari Divisions (GNDs) which are belonged to rural (15 GNDs covering 327 households) and urban (6 GNDs covering 78 households) geographical settings. For empirical data collection, household questionnaire survey, informal interviews, focus group discussions, and field observations were carried out during 13 months (from January, 2018 to January, 2019). The study mainly used Social Networks Analysis (SNA) methods, quantification of social vulnerability to flood inundation by applying Multi Facets Composite Social Vulnerability Index (MFCSVI), and some of qualitative methods in accordance with the mixed research method approach. The empirical findings revealed that network characteristics and measures have changed over time (at before, during, and after phases) in different magnitudes and also observed evolutionary changes of network ties over time and among different geographical settings. In particular, related to all the rural GNDs, the key network measures (e.g. degree density, closeness, and betweenness centralities) are decreased from before flood inundation phase to during phase and then increased at after phase. On the contrary, in urban networks, those measures have increased from before phase to during phase and then decreased at the after phase. And also, network clusters are observed at both before and during phases similarly in rural and urban areas. Network structures are became more distributed forms at after phase in almost all the rural support networks. By contrast, all the structural changes of networks solely depend on the behaviors and characteristics of reciprocal support ties and their resource mobilizations. Social networks have been played a pivotal role in flood disaster responding at before, during, and after flooding events. Particularly, provision of information, food, water and other basic needs; evacuation and moving out belongings; provision of shelters; moving in belongings back; cleaning up contaminated households and public places; provisions of emotional and financial supports are strongly helped and mattered for securing and reviving flood-affected livelihoods. More importantly, major differences of support networks behaviors are observed in related to the urban-rural dichotomy and also among rural areas at lesser magnitudes. In other words, the regional support network behaviors in the flooding events are in stark contrast to the urban networks behaviors is diversified a plenty of ways. Much dense support ties are exemplified in rural areas compared to the urban contexts. Study also revealed that the villagers have very strong historical background of socio-economic networks and social capital in response to flooding events by the ways in which identified it as Traditional Social Capital (TSC) in this study. The scores of social vulnerability to flood inundation are varied between sectors as well as within sectors. Kuruwita sampled households exemplified with fairly low scores of vulnerability compared to Elapatha and Colombo sampled households. For examples, in Kuruwita, Elapatha, and Colombo DSDs, the average vulnerability scores observed as 0.39 (with Min 0.01 and Max 0.875), 0.48 (with Min 0.113 and Max 0.996), and 0.56 (with Min 0.211 and Max 0.999) respectively. Regional diversities of vulnerability scores also are identified. Vulnerability mapping (household level and GND level) also revealed the different spatial patterns of social vulnerability distribution. Results show that MFCSVI is a suitable and sophisticated empirical application for regional level social vulnerability assessment in reference to the key vulnerability components. Most notably, this study made some of contributions and theoretical implications to the existing body of literatures of related disciplines, for instances, analyzing of spatiotemporal dynamics of socio-economic networks of different flood-inundated geographical settings, the examining of the traditional social capital perspective of affected villages, and the empirical application of MFCSVI approach for social vulnerability quantification. ; Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Background and research problem 1 1.2. Research questions and objectives 9 1.3. Relevance and significance 11 1.4. Scope and theoretical background 13 1.5. Organization of chapters 14 Chapter 2. Literature review and conceptual background 16 2.1. Social networks 16 2.1.1. Conceptual background of social networks 17 2.1.2. Measurement and representation of social networks 19 2.1.3. Social capital and social networks 25 2.1.4. Social networks and social capital in the context of disaster preparedness and recovery 29 2.2. Social vulnerability in the context of natural disasters 33 2.2.1. Vulnerability in different perspectives and notions 36 2.2.2. Determinants of social vulnerability 41 2.2.3. Exposure, coping capacity, adaptive capacity, and resilience of social vulnerability 44 2.2.4. Social vulnerability assessment and key applications 49 Chapter 3. Materials and methodologies 56 3.1. Study areas 56 3.1.1. Kuruwita DSD 57 3.1.2. Elapatha DSD 60 3.1.3. Colombo DSD 63 3.2. Research methods and empirical applications 69 3.2.1. Data collection 69 3.2.2. Quantitative and qualitative analysis methods and measures 76 Chapter 4. Spatio-temporal dynamics of socio-economic networks for flood disaster preparedness and recovery 91 4.1. Spatio-temporal evolutionary dynamics of reciprocal supports, network measures, and network graphs 91 4.1.1. Kuruwita DSD – Reciprocal supports and socio-economic networks 92 4.1.2. Elapatha DSD – Reciprocal supports and socio-economic networks 102 4.1.3. Colombo DSD – Reciprocal supports and socio-economic networks 112 4.1.4. Overall perspectives of empirical findings 121 4.1.5. Organizational networks behaviors on rural-urban flooding events 147 Chapter 5. Social capital legacies for flood disaster preparedness and recovery 152 5.1. Implications of Social capital legacies 152 5.1.1. Socio-economic associations and groups 153 5.1.2. Feeling trust and solidarity among respondents 157 5.1.3. Collective actions and cooperation in daily life 160 5.1.4. Information and communication among villagers 162 5.1.5. Social cohesion and inclusion among respondents 163 5.1.6. Towards empowering people and political actions 165 5.2. Traditional social capital (TSC) in the flood inundation events 168 5.2.1. Past experiences of social capital 168 5.2.2. Legacies of traditional Native-ethos and floods preventive apparatuses 171 Chapter 6. Characteristics and geographies of social vulnerability to flood inundation 180 6.1. Measurement of multi-facets composite social vulnerability to flood inundation 181 6.1.1. Social vulnerability to flood inundation - Kuruwita DSD 181 6.1.2. Social vulnerability to flood inundation - Elapatha DSD 187 6.1.3. Social vulnerability to flood inundation - Colombo DSD 192 6.2. Spatial distribution of social vulnerability to the flood inundation 198 6.2.1. Spatial patterns of social vulnerability at the household Level 198 6.2.2. Spatial patterns of social vulnerability for the GNDs 207 6.3. Geographies of social vulnerability to the flood inundation and rural-urban dichotomy 216 Chapter 7. Conclusion and discussion 229 7.1. Key findings 229 7.2. The Research gaps, empirical contributions and theoretical implications 230 7.3. Policy implications and recommendations 234 7.4. Future research foci 237 7.5. Limitations 238 Bibliography 240 Abstract in Korean 259 Appendixes 261 ; Doctor

ilustraciones, diagramas ; Desde la creación del primer hospital en Santa María la Antigua del Darién, el Hospital San Pedro en la fundación de Bogotá por Gonzalo Jiménez de Quezada a nuestros días, han transcurrido más de 500 años de esta institución, creadas para salvaguardar la salud, almas y cuerpos; inicialmente como caridad cristiana hasta nuestros días como derecho fundamental de los ciudadanos. Los hospitales de caridad desaparecieron con la independencia, se conformaron los hospitales de guerra, el montepío militar, hospitales de pueblos, que con la Constitución Política de 1991 y la Ley 10 de 1990 se reorganizaron y luego se trasformaron por la Ley 100 de 1993 en Empresas Sociales del Estado (ESE), instituciones prestadoras de servidos de salud (IPS) en un mercado de competencia regulada por el ejecutivo nacional. Con la expedición de la Ley 1438 del 2011 y la reforma de la seguridad social mediante la ley 1122 de 2007, la calidad paso a ser un factor importante, en todas las IPS. Todas, para sobrevivir al mercado, además de indicadores financieros deberían mostrar resultados en salud, por eso nace la idea de crear PG para los directores o gerentes de las ESE, con indicadores uniformes que no solo permite ver la evolución de la gestión sino hacer la evaluación de los gerentes por parte de las juntas directivas. Nace entonces el Decreto 357 y la Resolución 473 de 2008, los cuales fijaron los compromisos que el director o Gerente establece ante la Junta Directiva, parlo lo cual deberían incluir como mínimo las metas y actividades en las áreas de gestión gerencial y estratégica, gestión de la prestación de servicios de salud y gestión administrativa. Los gerentes elegidos por concurso de méritos en la última década y luego por designación directa a partir de 2016, entre sus compromisos, además de la formulación del Plan de Gestión (PG) de la ESE, debían cada año lectivo realizar por lo menos 2 informes, uno por semestre y así mismo las juntas directivas hacer evaluaciones y calificar a los gerentes, sin embargo, este mandato ha tenido bajo cumplimento en especial en las ESE del departamento de Boyacá. El Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social (MSyPS), creo una plataforma que permite hacer seguimiento a algunos indicadores de gestión de los planes de los gerentes de las ESE por niveles de complejidad, Esta plataforma disponible desde el 2029 presenta los datos del último año del periodo de designación de los gerentes de ESE del país, a través de la web se pueden consultar en detalle por cada una de las ESE. El compromiso político de la gestión se materializa en estos planes y hay factores que se deben explorara a partir de la administración pública, por ejemplo, si el género del gerente influye en los resultados, o si el apoyo electoral del mandatario que designa al gerente influye en los indicadores o tal vez en el modelo descentralizado de salud la gestión de las ESE es independiente de la gestión pública local. De esta manera la Tesis aborda el impacto de los planes de gestión y evaluación de gerentes ESE territoriales sobre indicadores de salud e inequidad en las ESE de primer nivel de atención en Boyacá para el año 2019. A partir de fuentes secundarias del MSyPS y del Departamento Nacional de Planeación (DNP) se tomaron indicadores de gestión de la ESE, indicadores de desarrollo municipal y de salud e inequidad para hacer un análisis ecológico mediante métodos cuantitativos Toda la información se digito en una hoja Excel y se analizó en SPSS-V19® Se encontró diferencias entre la gestión de la ESE y la gestión del territorio hay independencia entre la gerencia de los hospitales ESE y la administración territorial de los alcaldes; no se encontró diferencias entre el género de los gerentes y mandatarios, pero si mejores indicadores sociales para el sexo femenino, se destaca que los indicadores positivos de gestión de las EES influyen en indicadores oficiales que incluyen natalidad, mortalidad, NBI, cobertura de régimen subsidiado en los habitantes de la zona de influencia de las ESE de Boyacá. Se hace necesario la evaluación continua de los PG e indicadores tanto de las ESE como de la administración municipal, ya que deben ser sinérgicos para el lograr desarrollo reflejado en indicadores positivos de gestión. La planeación logra ser garante de las políticas de salud en el territorio local, la gestión de la admiración pública y la participación ciudadana como elemento de la cultura política indispensable para lograr mejor desarrollo social, económico y de salud. (Texto tomado de la fuente) ; Since the creation of the first hospital in Santa María la Antigua del Darién, the San Pedro Hospital in the founding of Bogotá by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quezada to our days, more than 500 years have passed since this institution created to safeguard souls and bodies; initially as a Christian charity until today as a fundamental right of citizens. Charity hospitals disappeared with independence, war hospitals, military "montepío", village hospitals were formed, which with the 1991 constitution and Law 10 of 1990 were reorganized and later transformed by Law 100 of 1993 into Companies Social State (ESE), institutions that provide health services (IPS) in a market of competition regulated by the national executive. With the issuance of Law 1438 of 2011 and the reform of social security through Law 1122 of 2007, quality became an important factor in all IPS. All of them, to survive in the market, in addition to financial indicators, should show results in health, that is why the idea of creating management plans for the directors or managers of the ESEs was born, with uniform indicators that not only allow to see the evolution of the management but also make the evaluation of managers by the boards of directors. Decree 357 and Resolution 473 of 2008 were born then, which is constituted in the document that reflects the commitments that the Director or Manager establishes before the Board of Directors of the entity, which must include at least the goals and activities in the areas of managerial and strategic management, management of the provision of health services and administrative management. Managers elected by merit contest in the last decade and then by direct appointment as of 2016 between their commitments in addition to the formulation of the management plan, each school year had to make at least 3 reports and also the boards of directors make evaluations and qualify the managers, however this mandate has been poorly fulfilled, especially in Boyacá. The Ministry of Health as the governing body of the health system in Colombia, created a platform that allows monitoring of some management indicators of the ESE managers' plans by levels of complexity. This platform has been available since 2029 presents the data for the last year of the appointment period of the country's ESE managers, through the website they can be consulted in detail for each of the ESE. The political commitment of the management is materialized in these plans and there are factors that should be explored from the public administration, for example if the gender of the manager influences the results, or if the electoral support of the president who appoints the manager influences the indicators or perhaps in the decentralized health model the management of the ESE is independent of the local public management. In this way, the thesis addresses the impact of the management and evaluation plans of managers of territorial state social companies on health indicators and inequity in the first level of care in Boyacá for the year 2019, From secondary sources from the Ministry of Health and the National Planning Department (DNP), ESE management indicators, municipal development and health indicators and inequity were taken to make an ecological analysis using quantitative methods. All information was entered in an Excel sheet and was analyzed in SPSS-V19® Differences were found between the management of the ESE and the management of the territory. There is independence between the management of the ESE hospitals and the territorial administration of the mayors; No differences were found between the gender of managers and leaders, but there were better social indicators for the female sex, it is highlighted that the positive indicators of management of the HEI influence official indicators that include birth, mortality, NBI, coverage of the subsidized regime in the inhabitants of the zone of influence of the ESE of Boyacá. The continuous evaluation of the management plans and indicators of both the ESEs and the municipal administration is necessary, since they must be synergistic to achieve development reflected in positive management indicators. Planning manages to be the guarantor of health policies in the local territory, the management of public admiration and citizen participation as an essential element of the political culture to achieve better social, economic and health development. (Text taken from source) ; Maestría ; Magíster en Estudios Políticos ; Investigación ex post facto evaluativa, realizada posterior a la revisión documental de artículos, normas y jurisprudencia relacionada con la creación de Empresas Sociales del Estado (ESE), la elección de gerentes, la presentación y evaluación de planes de gestión y su relación con la mortalidad, la gestión, pobreza y seguimiento, para ello, se realizó consulta de las siguientes fuentes de información: 1. Se solicitó a la Secretaria de Salud del departamento de Boyacá, copia de los planes de gestión para la vigencia 2016-2019 y los informes de evaluación de la gestión cuatrimestrales que la junta directiva debió hacer. 2. Se consultó en la web del MSyPS el sistema de alerta y seguimiento a Hospitales públicos Ai-Hospital. Para cada municipio y se elaboró una base de datos en Microsoft Excel. 3. Para los datos poblacionales se consultó en la página oficial del DANE, proyecciones censales del censo 2018. 4. Los indicadores de NBI, Miseria, hacinamiento, dependencia, servicios, escolaridad, gestión del alcalde se consultó la herramienta del Departamento nacional de planeación para elaborar planes de desarrollo territorial en las que presentan indicadores de la vigencia 2016-2019. 5. Para el aseguramiento se consultó la herramienta SISPRO del MSyPS y protección social. 6. Los datos de mandatarios locales, se construyó con el género de los gerentes y partidos políticos en la elección, se recolectó de la página de la Registradora Nacional del Estado Civil y de la Gobernación de Boyacá, oficina de participación y democracia. Todos los datos fueron digitados en una base de datos Excel, con estos, se exploró un indicador sintético de 10 variables que se denominó "índice de gestión hospitalaria 10 tesis" mediante el software Epidat 3.1®, que corresponde a 10 indicadores del Índice del MSyPS para el programa Ai-Hospital que podían ser obtenidos con fidelidad en cada ESE para el cierre de 2019, siguiendo metodologías definidas por el MSyPS de Colombia. Se realizó análisis en el software SPSS versión 19 y en Microsoft Excel 2010, se presentan datos descriptivos y análisis gráficos de dispersión, ANOVA de un factor. La significancia establecida para el análisis bivariado fue de p>0.05. ; Cultura Política y Salud

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hosahalli-1Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 764 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 571 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 3 ha area is covered by railway line, 42 ha area is under rock outcrops, 8 ha area is covered by mining/industrial and 139 ha area is covered by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 4 soil series and 4 soil phases (management units) and 2 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 1 per cent of area is moderately deep (75-100 cm), 15 per cent of area is deep (100 - 150 cm) and 59 per cent of area is very deep (>150 cm).  About 25 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 50 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Entire area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity and 1 per cent of area is very low (0.75%), 28 per cent area is medium (0.5-0.75%) and 36 per cent area is low (57 kg/ha) and 14 per cent of area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in an area of 24 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1 ppm) in an area of 27 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in an area of 34 per cent and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in an area of 41 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in an area of 47 per cent and sufficient in an area of 28 per cent of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 571 (75) Guava - 9 (1) Maize 9 (1) 562 (74) Sapota - 9 (1) Bajra 9 (1) 562 (74) Pomegranate - 9 (1) Groundnut 9 (1) - Musambi - 9 (1) Sunflower - 9 (1) Lime - 9 (1) Redgram - 571 (75) Amla 9 (1) - Bengal gram - 372 (49) Cashew 9 (1) - Cotton - - Jackfruit - 9 (1) Chilli 9 (1) - Jamun - - Tomato 9 (1) - Custard apple 9 (1) - Brinjal 9 (1) - Tamarind - - Onion 9 (1) - Mulberry - 9 (1) Bhendi 9 (1) - Marigold 9 (1) - Drumstick - 9 (1) Chrysanthemum 9 (1) - Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Hosahalli-1 is located at North latitude 160 45' 9.943" and 160 43' 46.781" and East longitude 770 10' 30.248" and 770 7' 20.483" covering an area of about 763.80 ha coming under Yadhigrir. B and Majara hosalli villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Hosahalli-1 micro watersheds of Shettigeri subwatershed, Yadgir taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 31 farmers were sampled in Hosahalli-1 micro-watershed among households surveyed 9 (29.03%) were marginal, 8 (25.81%) were small, 2 (6.45 %) were semi medium, 2 (6.45 %) were medium farmers. 10 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 86 (53.75%) men and 74 (46.25 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (54.37%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 36.88 per cent illiterates, 1.25 percent were functional literates, 50.01 per cent pre university education and 14.37 per cent attained graduation.  About, 48.39 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 29.03 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 23.13 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 45.16 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 25.81 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 93.55 per cent possess TV, 54.84 per cent possess mixer grinder, 96.77 per cent possess mobile phones and 29.03 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 9.68 per cent of the households possess plough, 3.23 per cent possess tractor, 6.45 per cent possess bullock cart and 3.23 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 16.13 per cent possess local cow and 12.90 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.13, women available in the micro watershed was 2, hired labour (men) available was 6.44 and hired labour (women) available was 6.  Further, 25.81 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. 2  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 49.50 per cent (32.30 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 32.58 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 1.00 live bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 9.69 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Paddy, Cotton, Greengram, Sorghum and Greengram and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 54.84 percent possessed bank account and 41.94 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 25.81 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 50.00 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 25.00 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Paddy and Cotton was Rs. and 81454.07 with benefit cost ratio of 1:5.90 and 1: 1.10 respectively.  Further, 35.48 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 12.90 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 203258.06 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 127935.48 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 38 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3387.10 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 19.35 per cent depends on own funds and 6.45 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 32.26 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 16.13 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 45.16 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (22.58%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 48.39 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 74.19 per cent of the households and 38.71 per cent households has LPG connection. 3  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 83.87 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 96.77 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 58.06 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 83.87 per cent of the households possessed BPL card, 16.13 per cent of the household's possessed APL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (77.42%), pulses (67.74%) and oilseeds (22.58%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (54.84%) wild animal menace on farm field (41.94%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (32.26%), inadequacy of irrigation water (25.81%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (38.71%), high rate of interest on credit (12.90%), low price for the agricultural commodities (29.03%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (12.90%), inadequate extension services (6.45%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (12.90%), Less rainfall (25.81%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (22.58%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Halawadi microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 525 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 97 per cent is covered by soil and 3 per cent by habitation and water body. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below  The soils belong to 16 soil series and 25 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150cm) soils.  About 40 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 57 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 63 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 3 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) lands and 94 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 59 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 38 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 11 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 7 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 55 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4), 23 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 2 per cent is very strongly alkaline (pH >9.00) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in 1 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available potassium is low (337 kg/ha) in 35 per cent of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (0.6 ppm) in 57 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 124(24) 169(32) Sapota 73(14) 234(44) Maize 43(8) 250(48) Pomegranate 73(14) 249(47) Bajra 219(42) 159(30) Musambi 89(17) 234(44) Groundnut 142(27) 320(61) Lime 89(17) 234(44) Sunflower 89(17) 168(32) Amla 235(45) 268(51) Redgram 73(14) 183(35) Cashew 73(14) 237(45) Bengal gram 15(3) 297(57) Jackfruit 73(14) 234(44) Cotton 46(9) 247(47) Jamun 31(6) 269(52) Chilli 108(21) 184(35) Custard apple 235(45) 268(51) Tomato 108(21) 184(35) Tamarind 31(6) 58(11) Brinjal 188(36) 192(37) Mulberry 73(14) 358(68) Onion 153(29) 212(41) Marigold 73(14) 219(42) Bhendi 153(29) 227(44) Chrysanthemum 73(14) 219(42) Drumstick 73(14) 282(54) Jasmine 73(14) 204(39) Mango 31(6) 43(8) Crossandra 73(14) 204(39) Guava 73(14) 234(44) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Halawadi is located at North latitude 150 11' 54.604" and 150 9' 51.215" and East longitude 750 58' 33.457'' and 750 56' 52.871" covering an area of about 524.88 ha coming under Halavagali, Kallahalli, Alavandi and Hyderanagar villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Halawadi micro watersheds of Bettageri subwatershed, Koppal taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 42 total respondents, 16 (38.10 %) were marginal, 12 (28.57%) were small, 9 (21.43 %) were Semi medium and 1 (2.38 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 111 (54.15%) men and 94 (45.85 %) were women. The average population of landless was 4, marginal farmers were 4.7, small farmers were 5, semi medium farmers were 5.4 and medium farmers were 5.  Majority of the respondents (46.34%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 40.49 per cent illiterates, 59.01 percent pre university education and 4.88 per cent attained graduation.  About, 92.86 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 7.14 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 64.39 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 78.57 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 9.52 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 71.43 per cent possess TV, 28.57 per cent possess mixer grinder, 102.38 per cent possess mobile phones and 54.76 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 9.52 per cent of the households possess plough, 14.29 per cent possess tractor, 9.52 per cent possess bullock cart and 11.90 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 4.76 per cent possess local cow and 9.52 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.89, women available in the micro watershed was 1.67, hired labour (men) available was 9.66 and hired labour (women) available was 9.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 83.04 per cent (51.66 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 15.78 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 6.00 live bore wells among the sampled households. 2  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 14.29 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Bajra, Red gram, Groundnut and Sunflower and cropping intensity was recorded as 99.89 per cent.  Out of the sample households 35.71 percent possessed bank account and 14.29 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 54.76 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  Per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Bajra, Red gram, Groundnut and Sunflower was Rs.38281.00 , 20291.06, 23686.60, 40972.51, and 33117.67 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.40, 1: 1.01, 1: 1.90, 1: 1.30 and 1:1.10 respectively.  Further, 21.43 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 16.67 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 72246.43 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 56722.62 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 72 horticulture trees and 68 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 928.57 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 2.33 per cent depends on own funds and 16.28 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 69.05 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 78.57 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (33.33%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 61.90 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Firewood was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 78.57 per cent of the households and 21.43 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 38.10 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.62 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 45.24 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 92.86 per cent of the households possessed BPL card and 4.76 per cent of the household's were not having ration cards. 3  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (66.67%), pulses (26.19%) and oilseeds (40.48%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (64.29%) wild animal menace on farm field (57.14%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (66.67%), inadequacy of irrigation water (61.90%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (73.81%), high rate of interest on credit (73.81%), low price for the agricultural commodities (61.90%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (66.67%), inadequate extension services (42.86%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (61.90%), Less rainfall (33.33%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (23.81%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Belagunda-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 493 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 473 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 21 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 5 soil series and 5 soil phases (management units) and 3 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 96 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 9 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m) and 0.75).  About 53 per cent area is low in available phosphorus and 43 per area is medium (23-57 kg/ha).  About 25 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium and 71 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 88 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 55 per cent area.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 63 per cent area and deficient in 33 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 4 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 26 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 425(86) 47(9) Sapota - - Maize - 471(96) Pomegranate - 367(15) Bajra - 472(96) Musambi 367(75) 104(21) Groundnut - - Lime 367(75) 104(21) Sunflower 367(75) 104(21) Amla 57(12) 414(84) Redgram - 414(84) Cashew - - Bengal gram 425(86) 47(9) Jackfruit - - Cotton 425(86) 47(9) Jamun - 424(86) Chilli - 472(96) Custard apple 471(96) - Tomato - 367 (75) Tamarind - 424(86) Drumstick - 472(96) Mulberry - - Mango - - Marigold - 472(96) Guava - - Chrysanthemum - 472(96)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUSs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Belagunda-2 is located at North latitude 160 33' 45.008" and 160 31' 56.225" and East longitude 770 13' 48.438'' and 770 11' 46.97" covering an area of about 474.74 ha coming unde Bheemanalli and Belagundi Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Belagunda-2 micro watersheds of Belagunda subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Belagunda-2 micro-watershed among households surveyed 8 (22.86%) were marginal, 11 (31.43%) were small, 9 (25.71 %) were semi medium, 2 (5.71 %) were medium and 1 (2.86 %) were large farmers. 4 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 84 (50.91%) men and 81 (49.09 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (42.42%) were in the age group of 16-35 years. The average population of landless was 5.5, marginal farmers were 4.5, small farmers were 4.4, semi medium farmers were 4.7, medium farmers were 6.5 and large farmers were 4.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 21.21 per cent illiterates, 83.64 per cent pre university education and 3.03 per cent attained graduation.  About, 82.86 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 5.71 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 41.21 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 80.00 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.86 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 48.57 per cent possess TV, 5.71 per cent possess mixer grinder, 100.00 per cent possess mobile phones and 5.71 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 25.71 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent possess tractor, 5.71 per cent possess bullock cart and 2.86 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 2.86 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.26, women available in the micro watershed was 1.17, hired labour (men) available was 7.43 and hired labour (women) available was 13.6. 2  Further, 34.29 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 53.69 per cent (46.89 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 46.31 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 10.00 live bore wells and 5.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 25.71 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Paddy, Jowar, Cotton and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 74.29 percent possessed bank account and 31.43 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 100.00 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 71.43 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Paddy, Jowar, Cotton was Rs.44928.33 , 24733.19, 36434.67 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.10, 1: 1.40, 1: 2.40 respectively.  Further, 25.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 97065.71 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 62608.57 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 2 horticulture trees and 6 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  About 34.29 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs.2914.29 for land development and Rs. 4285.71 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 17.14 per cent depends on own funds.  Regarding marketing channels, 22.86 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 65.71 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 62.86 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity. 3  Majority of the farmers (51.43%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 77.14 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 60.00 per cent of the households and 40.00 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 91.43 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 40.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (80.00%), pulses (65.71%) and oilseeds (57.14%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (80.00%) wild animal menace on farm field (51.43%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (54.29%), inadequacy of irrigation water (62.86%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (88.57%), high rate of interest on credit (85.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (88.57%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (88.57%), inadequate extension services (11.43%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (62.86%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Belagunda-1Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 492 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 476 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 16 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 476 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 10 per cent of area is shallow (25-50 cm), 6 per cent of area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 25 per cent of area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep (75-100 cm), 15 per cent of area is deep (100 - 150 cm) and 41 per cent of area is very deep (>150 cm).  About 36 per cent loamy soils and 60 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 96 per cent area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 25 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m), 6 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 10 per cent area is very low (0.75%) in organic carbon content of the soil.  About 30 per cent of area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus content of the soil, 57 kg/ha) in the microwatershed.  Available potassium content is high (>337 kg/ha) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low (1.0 ppm) in 3 per cent area and medium (0.5-0.1 ppm) in 73 per cent of area in the microwatershed.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 96 per cent of area and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 64 per cent of area in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 280 (57) Guava - - Maize - 280 (57) Sapota - - Bajra - 280 (57) Pomegranate - 250 (51) Groundnut - 30 (6) Musambi - 250 (51) Sunflower - 250 (51) Lime - 250 (51) Redgram - 250 (51) Amla - 30 (6) Bengal gram - 250 (51) Cashew - - Cotton - 250 (51) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 280 (57) Jamun - - Tomato - 30 (6) Custard apple - 280 (57) Brinjal - 30 (6) Tamarind - - Onion - 30 (6) Mulberry - - Bhendi - 280 (57) Marigold - 280 (57) Drumstick - - Chrysanthemum - 280 (57) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Belagunda-1 is located at North latitude 160 34' 39.551" and 160 33' 1.449" and East longitude 770 13' 46.099'' and 770 12' 21.566" covering an area of about 491.38 ha coming under Anura B, Heganagere and Belagundi villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Belagunda-1 micro watersheds of Belagunda subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 6 (17.14 %) were marginal, 18 (51.43%) were small, 6 (17.14 %) were Semi medium and 2 (5.71 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 111 (57.51%) men and 82 (42.49 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (43.01%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 54.92 per cent illiterates, 43.53 per cent pre university education and 2.07 per cent attained graduation.  About, 94.29 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 2.86 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 63.21 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 88.57 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.86 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 71.43 per cent possess TV, 65.71 per cent possess mixer grinder, 100.00 per cent possess mobile phones and 22.86 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 45.71 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent possess tractor and 20.00 per cent possess bullock cart.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 15.29 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 1.60.  Further, 8.57 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  In the study area, about 3.08 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 1333.33 kms for about 4.00 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 94.78 per cent (53.47 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 5.22 per cent area is irrigated land. 2  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton and Paddy and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 91.43 percent possessed bank account and 91.43 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 2.86 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 36.84 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 10.53 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton and Paddy was Rs.31650.45 , 20807.91 and 25838.76 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.10, 1: 2.00 and 1: 1.40 respectively.  Further, 31.43 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 89542.86 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 75285.71 comes from agriculture.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 9522.86 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 40.00 per cent depends on own funds and 42.86 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 145.71 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 145.71 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (97.14%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 85.71 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 88.57 per cent of the households and 14.29 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 102.86 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 34.29 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card, 2.86 per cent of the household's possessed APL card and 0.00 per cent of the household's were not having ration cards.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (68.57%), pulses (57.14%) and oilseeds (11.43%) are adequate for consumption. 3  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (111.43%) wild animal menace on farm field (100.00%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (37.14%), inadequacy of irrigation water (91.43%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (94.29%), high rate of interest on credit (91.43%), low price for the agricultural commodities (94.29%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (45.71%), inadequate extension services (94.29%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market(91.43%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Belagunda-1Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 492 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 476 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 16 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 476 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 10 per cent of area is shallow (25-50 cm), 6 per cent of area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 25 per cent of area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep (75-100 cm), 15 per cent of area is deep (100 - 150 cm) and 41 per cent of area is very deep (>150 cm).  About 36 per cent loamy soils and 60 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 96 per cent area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 25 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m), 6 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 10 per cent area is very low (0.75%) in organic carbon content of the soil.  About 30 per cent of area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus content of the soil, 57 kg/ha) in the microwatershed.  Available potassium content is high (>337 kg/ha) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low (1.0 ppm) in 3 per cent area and medium (0.5-0.1 ppm) in 73 per cent of area in the microwatershed.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 96 per cent of area and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 64 per cent of area in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 280 (57) Guava - - Maize - 280 (57) Sapota - - Bajra - 280 (57) Pomegranate - 250 (51) Groundnut - 30 (6) Musambi - 250 (51) Sunflower - 250 (51) Lime - 250 (51) Redgram - 250 (51) Amla - 30 (6) Bengal gram - 250 (51) Cashew - - Cotton - 250 (51) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 280 (57) Jamun - - Tomato - 30 (6) Custard apple - 280 (57) Brinjal - 30 (6) Tamarind - - Onion - 30 (6) Mulberry - - Bhendi - 280 (57) Marigold - 280 (57) Drumstick - - Chrysanthemum - 280 (57) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Belagunda-1 is located at North latitude 160 34' 39.551" and 160 33' 1.449" and East longitude 770 13' 46.099'' and 770 12' 21.566" covering an area of about 491.38 ha coming under Anura B, Heganagere and Belagundi villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Belagunda-1 micro watersheds of Belagunda subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 6 (17.14 %) were marginal, 18 (51.43%) were small, 6 (17.14 %) were Semi medium and 2 (5.71 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 111 (57.51%) men and 82 (42.49 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (43.01%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 54.92 per cent illiterates, 43.53 per cent pre university education and 2.07 per cent attained graduation.  About, 94.29 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 2.86 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 63.21 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 88.57 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.86 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 71.43 per cent possess TV, 65.71 per cent possess mixer grinder, 100.00 per cent possess mobile phones and 22.86 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 45.71 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent possess tractor and 20.00 per cent possess bullock cart.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 15.29 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 1.60.  Further, 8.57 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  In the study area, about 3.08 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 1333.33 kms for about 4.00 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 94.78 per cent (53.47 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 5.22 per cent area is irrigated land. 2  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton and Paddy and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 91.43 percent possessed bank account and 91.43 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 2.86 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 36.84 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 10.53 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton and Paddy was Rs.31650.45 , 20807.91 and 25838.76 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.10, 1: 2.00 and 1: 1.40 respectively.  Further, 31.43 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 89542.86 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 75285.71 comes from agriculture.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 9522.86 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 40.00 per cent depends on own funds and 42.86 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 145.71 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 145.71 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (97.14%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 85.71 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 88.57 per cent of the households and 14.29 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 102.86 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 34.29 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card, 2.86 per cent of the household's possessed APL card and 0.00 per cent of the household's were not having ration cards.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (68.57%), pulses (57.14%) and oilseeds (11.43%) are adequate for consumption. 3  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (111.43%) wild animal menace on farm field (100.00%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (37.14%), inadequacy of irrigation water (91.43%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (94.29%), high rate of interest on credit (91.43%), low price for the agricultural commodities (94.29%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (45.71%), inadequate extension services (94.29%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market(91.43%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chintalpalli-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 555 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 408 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 135 ha is covered by forest and 12 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 13 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Maximum area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 4 per cent area are shallow (25 - 50 cm), 20 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 4 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep (75-100 cm) and 45 per cent area are deep to very deep (100 to >150 cm).  About 4 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy, 28 per cent area in loamy and 41 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Maximum of 62 per cent area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 4 per cent area medium (101-150 mm/m), 28 per cent area low (51- 100 mm/m) and 4 per cent area very low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus and 73 per area is medium (23-57 kg/ha).  About 32 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium and 41 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm).  About 36 per cent area is low (<0.5 ppm) in available boron and 38 per cent is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 272(49) Guava - - Maize - 278(50) Sapota - - Bajra - 272(49) Pomegranate - 92(17) Groundnut - 112(20) Musambi - 92(17) Sunflower - 92(17) Lime - 92(17) Redgram - 160(29) Amla - 112(20) Bengal gram - 92(17) Cashew - - Cotton - 105(19) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 204(37) Jamun - - Tomato - 112(20) Custard apple - 204(37) Brinjal - 272(49) Tamarind - - Onion - 112(20) Mulberry - - Bhendi - 204(37) Marigold - 204(37) Drumstick - - Chrysanthemum - 204(37) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Chintalpalli-1 is located at North latitude 160 48' 53.641" and 160 47' 1.084" and East longitude 770 20' 41.849" and 770 18' 48.175" covering an area of about 555.11 ha coming under Chinthanapalli and Kandhakura Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Chintalpalli-1 micro watersheds of Mokadampur subwatershed, Yadagiri taluk, Yadagiri District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 14 (40 %) were marginal, 9 (25.71%) were small, 6 (17.14 %) were Semi medium and 1 (2.86 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 101 (57.71%) men and 72 (41.14 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (37.71%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 53.71 per cent illiterates, 0.57 percent were functional literates, 42.28 percent pre university education and 5.14 per cent attained graduation.  About, 85.7 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture labour was the major occupation for 72 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 71.43 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 22.86 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 82.86 per cent possess TV, 25.71 per cent possess mixer grinder, 91.43 per cent possess mobile phones and 25.71 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 14.29 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent possess tractor and 14.29 per cent possess bullock cart.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 14.29 per cent possess local cow and 8.57 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 8.57, women available in the micro watershed was 1.63, hired labour (men) available was 2.23 and hired labour (women) available was 9.47.  Further, 88.6 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was adequate during the agricultural season.  In the study area, about 0.57 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 600 kms for about 10 months. 2  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 96.13 per cent (41.87 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 3.87 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 1 live bore wells and 1 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 2.86 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Cotton, Redgram, Paddy, Jowar and Greengram and cropping intensity was recorded as 102.11 per cent.  Out of the sample households 80 percent possessed bank account and 51.43 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 40 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 100 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks, 7.14 per cent from co-operative and 35.71 per cent from Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  Per hectare cost of cultivation for Cotton, Redgram, Paddy, Jowar and Greengram was Rs.61926.99 , 43853.07, 69563.94, 27777.07 and 53407.49 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.7, 1:1.5, 1:1.9, 1:1.3 and 1:1.2 respectively.  Further, 22.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.86 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 118675.43 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 60948.57 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 15 horticulture trees and 44 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 7957.14 for land development and Rs. 2857.14 for irrigation facility.  Regarding marketing channels, 71.43 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 20 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 65.71 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (60 %) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 85.71 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire wood was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 60 per cent of the households and 37.14 per cent households has LPG connection. 3  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 28.57 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (85.71%), pulses (82.86%) and oilseeds (62.86%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (88.57%) wild animal menace on farm field (82.86%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (88.57%), inadequacy of irrigation water (82.86%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (85.71%), high rate of interest on credit (85.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (91.43%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (20%), inadequate extension services (20%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (80%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chikka Alur-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 858 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 555 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 298 ha (6%) area is covered by rock outcrops and 5 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 555 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 10 per cent of area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 20 per cent of area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep (75-100 cm), 8 per cent of area is deep (100 - 150 cm) and 26 per cent of area is very deep (>150 cm).  About 12 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 53 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 17 per cent is medium (51-100 mm/m) and 14 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m).  Entire cultivated area in the microwatershed is under very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  Entire cultivated area is moderately (e2) eroded in the microwatershed.  About 17 per cent area is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 22 per cent area is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 26 per cent area is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) and 0.75%) in organic carbon content of the soil.  About 21 per cent of area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus content of the soil, 38 per cent of area is high (>57 kg/ha) and 6 per cent of area is low (337 kg/ha) in 58 per cent area in the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 38 per cent area and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 11 per cent area in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 29 (3) 522 (61) Guava 12 (1) 29 (3) Maize 41 (5) 510 (60) Sapota 12 (1) 29 (3) Bajra 41 (5) 510 (60) Pomegranate 12 (1) 167 (20) Groundnut 12 (1) 116 (14) Musambi 12 (1) 167 (20) Sunflower - 179 (21) Lime 12 (1) 167 (20) Redgram - 463 (55) Amla 41 (5) 226 (26) Bengal gram 138 (16) 130 (15) Cashew - 41 (5) Cotton - 254 (30) Jackfruit 12 (1) 29 (3) Chilli 41 (5) 226 (26) Jamun - 12 (1) Tomato 41 (5) 88 (10) Custard apple 41 (5) 226 (26) Brinjal 41 (5) 88 (10) Tamarind - 12 (1) Onion 41 (5) 88 (10) Mulberry 12 (1) 29 (3) Bhendi 41 (5) 226 (26) Marigold 41 (5) 226 (26) Drumstick 12 (1) 167 (20) Chrysanthemum 41 (5) 226 (26) Mango - 12 (1)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Chikka Alur-2 is located at North latitude 160 59' 57.118" and 160 57' 36.993" and East longitude 770 9' 8.415'' and 770 7' 13.762" covering an area of about 840.96 ha coming under Allura.K and Allura .B Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 respondents, 16 (45.71%) were marginal, 10 (28.57%) were small and 6 (17.14%) were semi medium and 1 (2.86%) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 89 (56.33%) men and 67 (42.41%) were women.  Majority of the respondents (43.04%) were in the age group of 35-60 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 44.30 per cent illiterates and only 6.33 per cent attained graduation.  About, 80.00 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 8.57 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 60.76 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 71.43 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 8.57 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 57.14 per cent possess TV, 8.57 per cent possess mixer grinder and 97.14 per cent possess mobile phones.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 17.14 per cent of the households possess plough. Regarding livestock possession by the households, 20.00 per cent possess local cow and 2.86 per cent possess buffalo respectively.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.57, women available in the micro watershed was 1.40, hired labour (men) available was 7.34 and hired labour (women) available was 6.34.  Further, 11.43 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents (42.09 ha), 100.00 per cent of the area is under dry condition.  Cropping intensity was recorded as 100.36 per cent.  The sample households possessed 88.57 per cent bank account and 0.00 per cent of them have savings in the account.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 100.00 per cent from Cooperative bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00 %) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations. 2  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram and Jowar was Rs.30642.84 and 24912.40 with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.90 and 1: 0.70, respectively.  Further, 20.00 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 33457.14 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 26657.14 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have planted 26 neem trees, 11 acacia trees, 1 banyan trees together in both field and backyard.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 2542.86 for land development, Rs.4257.14 for adoption of improved crop production and Rs.400.00 adoption of improved livestock breeds activities.  Source of funds raised from bank as a loan and from own sources for land development and improved crop production was 11.43 and for improved livestock adoption was 2.86 per cent.  Regarding marketing channels, 91.43 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 5.71 per cent have sold by Agents/Traders.  Further, 85.71 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (97.14 %) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 94.29 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Firewood connection was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 60.00 per cent of the households and 40.00 per cent households has LPG.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 60.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.14 per cent of the households possessed BPL card and 2.86 per cent do not possess PDS card.  Cereals (54.29%), pulses (51.43%), oilseeds (42.86%) were adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (94.29%) wild animal menace on farm field (94.29%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (54.29%), inadequacy of irrigation water (74.29%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (91.43%), high rate of interest on credit (94.29%), low price for the agricultural commodities (94.29%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (28.57%), inadequate extension services (68.57%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (80.00%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Narayanpet-2Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 776 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 727 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 48 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 11 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 727 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 16 per cent of area is shallow (25-50 cm), 4 per cent of area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 23 per cent of area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep (75-100 cm), 11 per cent of area is deep (100 - 150 cm) and 39 per cent of area is very deep (>150 cm).  About 3 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 90 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 23 per cent is medium (51-100 mm/m), 4 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 16 per cent area is very low (0.75%) in organic carbon content of the soil.  About 76 per cent of area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus content of the soil and 18 per cent of area is low (337 kg/ha) in 81 per cent area in the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low (1.0 ppm) in 4.5 ppm) in 58 per cent area and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in 36 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc content is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 502 (65) Guava - 2 (<1) Maize - 502 (65) Sapota - 2 (<1) Bajra - 502 (65) Pomegranate - 227 (29) Groundnut - 30 (4) Musambi - 226 (29) Sunflower - 226 (29) Lime - 226 (29) Redgram - 475 (55) Amla - 210 (27) Bengal gram 180 (23) 175 (23) Cashew - - Cotton - 226 (29) Jackfruit - 2 (<1) Chilli - 255 (33) Jamun - - Tomato - 30 (4) Custard apple - 254 (33) Brinjal - 30 (4) Tamarind - - Onion - 30 (4) Mulberry - 2 (<1) Bhendi - 255 (33) Marigold - 254 (33) Drumstick - 182 (23) Chrysanthemum - 254 (33) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Narayanpet-2 is located at North latitude 160 30' 5.473" and 160 28' 30.247" and East longitude 770 17' 44.111'' and 770 15' 5.067" covering an area of about 768.67 ha coming under Badiyala ªÀillage of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Narayanpet-2 micro watersheds of Kodlur subwatershed, Yadgir taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 6 (17.14 %) were marginal, 8 (22.86%)were small, 13 (37.14 %) were Semi medium and 8 (22.86 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 103 (51.76%) men and 96 (48.24 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (42.21%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 23.62 per cent illiterates, 78.39 per cent pre university education and 5.53 per cent attained graduation.  About, 5.71 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 94.29 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 3.02 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 65.71 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 5.71 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 85.71 per cent possess TV, 71.43 per cent possess mixer grinder, 100.00 per cent possess mobile phones and 22.86 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 34.29 per cent of the households possess plough, 8.57 per cent possess tractor and 34.29 per cent possess bullock cart.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 5.71 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.77, women available in the micro watershed was 1.46, hired labour (men) available was 11.86 and hired labour (women) available was 15.29.  In the study area, about 1.01 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 1600.00 kms for about 4.00 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 100.00 per cent (95.11 ha) of the area is under dry condition.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Jowar and Cotton, and cropping intensity was recorded as 99.98 per cent.  Out of the sample households 97.14 percent possessed bank account. 2  About 100.00 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 5.56 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 88.89 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 5.56 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Jowar and Cotton was Rs.30866.96, 22324.79 and 25004.18 with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.80, 1: 0.90 and 1: 1.20 respectively.  Further, 42.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 17.14 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 87165.71 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 56257.14 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 9 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 10457.14 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 60.00 per cent depends on own funds and 40.00 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 65.71 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 42.86 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 42.86 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (105.71%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 91.43 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 97.14 per cent of the households and 2.86 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 37.14 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (65.71%) and oilseeds (20.00%) are adequate for consumption. 3  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (117.14%) wild animal menace on farm field (40.00%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (40.00%), inadequacy of irrigation water (74.29%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (80.00%), high rate of interest on credit (77.14%), low price for the agricultural commodities (88.57%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (94.29%), inadequate extension services (20.00%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (65.71%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Yadgir Rf-3 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 563 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 78 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 432 ha by rock outcrops and 53 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 2 soil series and 3 soil phases (management units) and 2 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Small area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 7 per cent area is shallow (25-50 cm) and 7 per cent area is very deep (>150 cm) soil.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is loamy soils at the surface.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity and 7 per cent area is very low (57 kg/ha), 7 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 5 per area is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 29 (5) 8 (2) Guava - - Maize - 38 (7) Sapota - - Bajra - 38 (7) Pomegranate - 38(7) Groundnut - - Musambi 8 (2) 29(5) Sunflower - 38 (7) Lime 8 (2) 29 (5) Redgram - 38 (7) Amla - 38 (7) Bengal gram 38 (7) - Cashew - - Cotton - 37 (7) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 38 (7) Jamun - 38 (7) Tomato - 8 (2) Custard apple 38 (7) - Brinjal 29 (5) 8 (2) Tamarind - 38 (7) Onion 29 (5) 8 (2) Mulberry - - Bhendi 38 (7) - Marigold - 38 (7) Drumstick - 38 (7) Chrysanthemum - 38 (7) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Yadgir Rf-3 is located at North latitude 160 49' 45.372" and 160 48' 2.856" and East longitude 770 15' 19.29'' and 770 13' 43.732" covering an area of about 562.73 ha coming under Belagera and Ashinal Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Yadgir Rf-3 micro watersheds of Bewanahalli subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample 35 farmers were sampled in Yadgir Rf-3 micro-watershed among households surveyed 21 (60.00%) were marginal, 7 (20.00%) were small and 3 (8.57 %) were semi medium farmers. 4 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 119 (55.87%) men and 94 (44.13 %) were women. The average population of landless was 5.5, marginal farmers were 6.1, small farmers were 5.7 and semi medium farmers were 7.7.  Majority of the respondents (51.64%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 53.05 per cent of illiterates, 17.84 per cent of them had primary school education, 8.45 per cent high school education, 5.63 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.47 per cent of them had Diploma, 8.45 per cent attained graduation and 5.63 them had other education.  About, 85.71 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 14.29 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 57.28 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 45.71 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 37.14 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 68.57 per cent possess TV, 20.00 per cent possess mixer grinder, 85.71 per cent possess mobile phones and 28.57 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 20.00 per cent of the households possess Bullock Cart, 54.29 per cent possess plough and 40.00 per cent possess Seed/Fertilizer Drill and Sprinkler, 34.29 per cent possess Sprayer, 45.71 per cent possess Weeder, 2.86 per cent possess tractor, 2.86 per cent possess Sprinkler and 0.00 per cent possess drip system.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 25.71 per cent possess local cow and 14.29 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 7.30, women available in the micro watershed was 1.82, hired labour (men) available was 1.94 and hired labour (women) available was 9.61. 2  In the study area, about 0.47 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 600.00 kms for about 12.00 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 54.07 per cent (24.16 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 18.33 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 6.00 live bore wells and 6.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 17.14 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Paddy and Green gram and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 100.00 percent possessed bank account and 51.43 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 100.00 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 25.00 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 68.75 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Paddy and Green gram was Rs.73666.65, 52458.81, 92951.51, 101578.39 and 40439.00 with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.90, 1: 1.50, 1: 1.30, 1: 0.90, and 1:2.50 respectively.  Further, 48.57 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.86 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 177206.29 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 57692.86 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 27 horticulture trees and 24 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 5285.71 for land development and Rs. 13000.00 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 14.29 per cent depends on own funds and 2.86 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 105.71 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 105.71 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (25.71%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 82.86 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 80.00 per cent of the households and 20.00 per cent households has LPG connection. 3  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 94.29 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 31.43 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 91.43 per cent of the households possessed BPL card, 5.71 per cent of the household's possessed APL card and 2.86 per cent of the household's were not having ration cards.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (97.14%), pulses (97.14%) and oilseeds (62.86%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by (80.00 %) per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (62.86%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (80.00%), inadequacy of irrigation water (34.29%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (88.57%), high rate of interest on credit (82.86%), low price for the agricultural commodities (80.00 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (54.29%), inadequate extension services (42.86 %) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (74.29%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project