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Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most important crops grown for food in the world, but many potato-yield limiting biotic factors are present such as plant parasitic nematodes (PPN). This study was conducted to determine the nematodes associated with potato growing areas during 2014-2016 growing seasons in Bolu province. Overall, Root lesion nematode, Pratylenchus spp. were the most common nematode genus occurring in potato production fields with an incidence of over 52.5%. The Cyst nematode, Globodera spp. was found in 35% and Root knot nematode, Meloidogyne spp. was in 20% of the samples whereas potato cropping very frequently with low rotation, incidences of plant-parasitic nematodes were 62.5% of Ditylenchus spp., 50% Geocenamus spp., 40% for Helicotylenchus spp. or Rotylenchus spp., 30% for Paratylenchus and Amplimerlinus spp., 9% for Pratylenchoides spp. and Tylenchorhynchus spp. The survey results suggested that the presence and the abundance of plant-parasitic nematodes were found relatively high in potato growing areas in Bolu and may have a potential to cause dramatic yield losses. The comprehensive surveys are indispensable to define the distribution, frequency as well as more accurate identification of plant parasitic nematodes species, particularly Globodera spp., Meloidogyne spp. and Pratylenchus spp. species in potato growing areas of Bolu province. ; Patates (Solanum tuberosum L.) dünyada insan beslenmesinde kullanılmak amacıyla yetiştiriciliği yapılan önemli tarımsal ürünlerden biri olup, başta bitki paraziti nematodlar (BPN) olmak üzere, birçok biyotik faktör patates yetiştiriciliğini önemli ölçüde sınırlandırmaktadır. Bu çalışma, Bolu ili patates üretim alanlarında patateste zararlı nematodların belirlenmesi amacıyla 2014-2016 yılları arasında yürütülmüştür. Çalışma sonucunda, Kök yara nematodları Pratylenchus spp. .5 oranla patates üretim alanlarında en fazla bulunan nematod olarak tespit edilmiştir. Kist nematodu, Globodera spp. , Kök-ur nematodu Meloidogyne spp. ise oranında bulunmuş olup, münavebenin yapılmadığı lokasyonlarda bitki paraziti nematodların bulunma oranları: Ditylenchus .5 Geocenamus spp. , Helicotylenchus spp. or Rotylenchus spp. , for Paratylenchus ve Amplimerlinus spp. , Pratylenchoides spp. ve Tylenchorhynchus spp. %9 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Survey sonuçları, Bolu ili patates yetiştiriciliği yapılan alanlarda bitki paraziti nematodların yüksek yoğunlukta bulunduğu ve ekonomik ürün kayıplarına neden olabilecek potansiyele sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu nedenle, Bolu ili patates üretim alanlarında bitki paraziti nematodların yaygınlık ve yoğunluğunu belirlemek amacıyla daha kapsamlı surveylerin yapılması, patateste zararlı nematodların, özellikle Globodera spp., Meloidogyne spp. ve Pratylenchus spp. türlerinin teşhislerinin yapılması gerekmektedir.

Abstrak Sumber daya alam dan budaya dapat menjadi daya tarik wisata yang sangat berpotensi untuk diperkenalkan kepada wisatawan bila dikelola dengan terencana. Pemerintah Indonesia berkomitmen untuk melakukan pengembangan daerah desa dengan potensi pariwisata yang melimpah seperti yang terdapat pada desa Cikolelet, Banten. Dalam pengembangan sebuah desa diperlukan juga pemberdayaan masyarakat yang baik sehingga masyarakat setempat dapat menjadi pengelola yang memiliki bekal pengetahuan dan keterampilan yang mumpuni sehingga mampu menciptakan desa wisata yang berkelanjutan. Salah satu keterampilan yang dapat diajarkan adalah dalam bidang kuliner yakni pembuatan kue dengan menggunakan bahan lokal yakni buah durian. Kreasi yang dimunculkan dari perpaduan kue dan buah durian adalah bolu garing. Keterampilan ini dapat memicu kreatifitas dan secara berkelanjutan dapat dimanfaatkan sehingga pada akhirnya buah durian akan memiliki nilai ekonomi yang lebih dan dapat menjadi salah satu oleh-oleh khas desa Cikolelet. Selain itu, kreasi produk dapat membuka lapangan pekerjaan bagi masyarakat di desa Cikolelet. Abstract Natural and cultural resources can be tourism attractions which potentially being introduced to the tourist if being managed well. Indonesian government committed to developing village area with an abundance of tourism potential like displayed at Cikolelet village, Banten. In the development of a village, community empowerment is a very important thing therefore the community will be good managers who have the knowledge and skill required to create a sustainable tourism village. One of the skills can be learned by the local community is in the culinary field, cake making using local fruits which is durian. Creation from the combination of cake and durian is called bolu garing. This kind of skill can trigger creativity and for sustainable purposes can be used so in the end durian will have more economic value and this cake can be one of food souvenir from Cikolelet village. Besides, this product creation can open a new job opportunity for the community in Cikolelet village.

Artykuł dotyka problemów bólu i cierpienia związanego z życiem każdego człowieka. Autor skupia się na kwestii obecności choroby i fizycznego bólu w życiu dzieci. Szczególnie wnikliwie zajmuje się zagadnieniem działań wychowawczych rodziców i opiekunów, działań, które powinny przygotować dzieci do przyjęcia i poradzenia sobie z cierpieniem, utratą osób bliskich, chorobą.

Hydrological drought refers to the decrease in the amount of water found in surface or groundwater resources and monitoring of this natural disaster is very important due to causing serious problems in drinking and irrigation water supply and hydroelectric energy production. In this study, hydrological drought analysis was made for two streams in Bolu city located in the Western Black Sea Region in the north of Turkey and 3, 6 and 12 month streamflow drought indices were calculated by using the Streamflow Drought Index method. For this aim, the streamflow data of Bolu stream - Beşdeğirmen and Ulusu - Afatlar streamflow monitoring stations were used. According to the results, extreme and severedroughts were determined for two stream flow stations and it is seen that drought periods varied between 1 and 9 years. The most severe and longest droughts were detected for Bolu stream - Beşdeğirmen station. Mild droughts are much higher than moderate, severe and extreme droughts. It has been observed that the severity and number of drought for Bolu stream - Beşdeğirmen station have increased in recent years. In order to reduce the effects of hydrological drought, hydrological drought should be monitored continuously and necessary precautions should be taken regarding the management of water resources. People should be informed about water consumption and so waste should be prevented. Interms of irrigation water, drip irrigation method should be used instead of flood irrigation or sprinkler irrigation methods. For this aim, farmers should be made aware of this issue. Alternative renewable energy sources or other energy sources should be used for reductions in hydroelectric energy production.

Jöntürk hareketinin ve TBMM'nin dikkat çekici simalarından biri olan Tunalı Hilmi'yi yaşadığı döneme göre anlaşılamayan adam olarak değerlendirebiliriz. 1871 yılında Bulgaristan'ın Eskicuma kentinde doğan Tunalı Hilmi Osmanlı -Rus savaşı sırasında ailesiyle birlikte Anadolu'ya göç etmiştir. Tıbbiyedeyken Jöntürklük fikrine kapılarak İsviçre'ye kaçmıştır. Böylece Tunalı Hilmi'nin siyasi hayatı da başlamıştır. Yurt dışında İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti'nin önemli isimleri arasında yer alan Tunalı Hilmi meşrutiyetin ilanıyla birlikte yurda tekrar dönmüştür. Anadolu'nun birçok yerinde kaymakamlık yapmıştır. Son Osmanlı Mebusan Meclisi'nde üye olarak bulunmuş olan Tunalı Hilmi, 1920 de TBMM'nin açılmasıyla Bolu milletvekili seçilmiştir. Bu çalışmamızda Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun yıkılışına, yeni Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin kuruluşuna tanık olan Tunalı Hilmi'nin çalışmalarını değerlendirdik. TBMM ilk dönem Bolu mebusu seçilen Tunalı Hilmi mecliste eğitim, iktisat, sağlık, sosyal yardım ve tasarı komisyonlarında çalışmıştır. Mecliste en çok söz alan milletvekillerinden biri olan Tunalı Hilmi, milliyetçilik ve Türkçülük konularına ağırlık vermiştir. Türk dili üzerindeki çalışmalarında gösterdiği kararlılık sonucu mecliste ''Dil Komisyonu'' kurulmuştur. Dilciliği ve Türkçülüğü birbirinden ayırmayan Tunalı Hilmi eğitime, kadın haklarına, demokrasiye, köylülere önem vermiştir. Tunalı Hilmi de dikkat çeken nokta fikirlerine olan bağlılığıdır. ; And Turkey, the Grand National Assembly of Jöntürk movement, one of the remarkable figures Tunali Hilmi quarter then lived as man can not be understood. Born in 1871 in the town of Bulgaria Eskicuma Tunali Hilmi during the Ottoman-Russian war with his family emigrated to Anatolia. Be tempted to flee to Switzerland when the medical school was Jöntürklük. Thus began Tunali Hilmi's political life also. Abroad between the Union and Progress Party's most prominent figures in the Tunali Hilmi return to your country has with the declaration of legitimacy. District has made many parts of Anatolia. As a member of the last Ottoman Parliament who Tunali Hilmi, 1920 at the Grand National Assembly of Turkey Bolu opening of parliament was elected. This is our work to the fall of the Ottoman Empire, witnessed the founding of the new Republic of Turkey which we evaluate the work of Tunali Hilmi. This study, we in the fall of the Ottoman Empire, the new Republic of Turkey to witness the work of Tunali Hilmi.Turkey Grand National Assembly deputies, the first term of Bolu Tunali Hilmi parliament elected in education, economics, health, social welfare and the commission worked on the draft. One of the deputies in the Assembly, most of these Tunali Hilmi, has given weight to issues of nationalism and Turkism. Work on the Turkish language as a result of the commitment shown in parliament''Commission''language has been established. And not distinguish between Turkism Dilcilik Tunali Hilmi education, women's rights, democracy, attention was given to peasants. Tunali Hilmi selected first term in parliament deputies Bolu education, economics, health, social welfare and the commission worked on the draft. One of the deputies in the Assembly, most of these Tunali Hilmi, has given weight to issues of nationalism and Turkism. Work on the Turkish language as a result of the commitment shown in parliament''Commission''language has been established. And not distinguish between Turkism Dilcilik Tunali Hilmi education, women's rights, democracy, attention was given to peasants. Tunalı Hilmi also notable point is its commitment to ideas.