Suchergebnisse

AbstractWhile the administrative bottlenecks presented in this Special Issue appear obvious, perceptions of them are confused with unanswerable questions of organization, policy, procedure, and technology. This leads to contradictory conclusions and the so‐called 'mysteries of development'. To separate out what we can generalize about from what we cannot, a 'political software' approach is suggested, using the common sense steps that a serious, enlightened, and experienced businessperson might take in facilitating a development project. Combining these steps or requirements into 'the theory of political elasticity', we can see why violations of them lead to the bottlenecks illustrated in this issue. While reform is difficult, the effort must be made, encouraged by examples of success. The World Bank can play a useful role, if it can insist and build upon the borrower's commitment to reform and use a learning process approach.

According to this report, which includes an interview with Dr. Siddiq Umbada from the University of Khartoum Senate, a fundamental problem of Sudan's education system is that higher education has not increased at the same rate as general education. The result is a bottleneck and disappointment for many school leavers. One of the prerequisites of any solution of this problem is a revision of the controversial system of certificates as well as of the higher education admission policies. (DÜI-Asd)

Die verschiedenen verwaltungswissenschaftlichen Theorien seit Anfang der 1950er Jahre bis heute sind in ihrer Konzentration auf Organisation, Vorgehensweise, Vorschriften und Gesetze unergiebig für das Verständnis administrativer Entwicklungshemmnisse in der Dritten Welt. Erfahrungen mit der praktischen Umsetzung sind äußerst gegensätzlich und erlauben keine Generalisierung. Zur Verbesserung der Umsetzung politisch/administrativer Ziele wird unter dem Begriff "political elasticity theory" schwerpunktmäßig, (neben nachdrücklicher, aus Macht- und Führungspositionen abgeleiteter Durchsetzung), der Nutzen "sanfter", vielfältiger Methoden und Möglichkeiten der Mitarbeiterführung herausgestellt. Dieser Ansatz überträgt Aspekte vernünftiger innerbetrieblicher Menschenführung auf makroökonomische, regionale und gesamtstaatliche Bereiche. Einzelne Punkte werden näher ausgeführt, ebenso wie Beispiele für gravierende, nur sehr schwer umkehrbare Fehlentwicklungen in bestimmten Ländern. Weltbank sowie die Fachgebiete Politische Wissenschaft und Verwaltungswissenschaft müssen bei diesen Aufgaben zusammenwirken. (APAF-Glz)

One of the primary examples of Web Science is the study of political movements and how they are mediated by the Web in an effort to understand the challenges involved in information-remixing. The lack of transparency around the decisions made during knowledge base creation becomes more pernicious as users move farther away from a single data source where a particular decision can be connected more readily back to its origin. DBpedia and other Web-sourced knowledge bases are extremely useful as a resource for analysis of these issues. These resources are being integrated into text analytics pipelines, which is a key technique for Web science, data science, and computational social science. The lack of transparency can also be solved through careful and extensive forensic work.

AbstractThe bottleneck transportation problem can be stated as follows: A set of supplies and a set of demands are specified such that the total supply is equal to the total demand. There is a transportation time associated between each supply point and each demand point. It is required to find a feasible distribution (of the supplies) which minimizes the maximum transportaton time associated between a supply point and a demand point such that the distribution between the two points is positive. In addition, one may wish to find from among all optimal solutions to the bottleneck transportation problem, a solution which minimizes the total distribution that requires the maximum timeTwo algorithms are given for solving the above problems. One of them is a primal approach in the sense that improving fcasible solutions are obtained at each iteration. The other is a "threshold" algorithm which is found to be far superior computationally.

AbstractWe consider the transportation problem of determining nonnegative shipments from a set of m warehouses with given availabilities to a set of n markets with given requirements. Three objectives are defined for each solution: (i) total cost, TC, (ii) bottleneck time, BT (i.e., maximum transportation time for a positive shipment), and (iii) bottleneck shipment, SB (i.e., total shipment over routes with bottleneck time). An algorithm is given for determining all efficient (pareto‐optimal or nondominated) (TC, BT) solution pairs. The special case of this algorithm when all the unit cost coefficients are zero is shown to be the same as the algorithms for minimizing BT. provided by Szwarc and Hammer. This algorithm for minimizing BT is shown to be computationally superior. Transportation or assignment problems with m=n=100 average about a second on the UNIVAC 1108 computer (FORTRAN V)) to the threshold algorithm for minimizing BT. The algorithm is then extended to provide not only all the efficient (TC, BT) solution pairs but also, for each such BT, all the efficient (TC, SB) solution pairs. The algorithms are based on the cost operator theory of parametric programming for the transportation problem developed by the authors.