The most common ways to present data for research, demographic, political, and other reporting purposes is by administrative unit or the unit of measure that recognizes the political boundaries and area of a country. The map shows Africa divided into nation equivalent (zero-level) units. The majority of these zero-level units represent countries that are further divided into smaller subnational (first-level) units, such as departments or states, which vary in size and number per country. ; PR ; IFPRI1; HarvestChoice; CRP2 ; EPTD; PIM ; CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM)
This introduction provides a descriptive typology and normative analysis of the ways boundaries are being questioned in Europe. We distinguish between boundary-making (defining or redefining the territorial borders of a polity), boundary-crossing (determining the rules of access to territorial borders) and boundary-unbundling (allowing boundary-making and boundary-crossing to vary between policies and polities), noting each of these categories possesses internal and external dimensions. Cosmopolitans and statists offer contrasting normative evaluations of these processes, favouring weakening and maintaining or strengthening state boundaries respectively. We endorse a demoicratic approach lying between these two as better reflecting how individuals relate to each other and to the EU, a view shared by some but not all contributors to this volume. We conclude by situating the contributions within our topological framework, highlighting how they illustrate the contemporary questioning of European boundaries.
The practice of Illustration has seen significant change in the last 30 years in response to affordable technology and digital communications. This period of rapid change has been accompanied by political and economic uncertainty. This climate of upheaval provides an opportunity for reflection on contemporary Illustration practice. A similar environment at the beginning of the 20th Century saw movements such as Constructivism and the Bauhaus emerge, with significant impact on design for the remainder of that century. I propose that discussions on the future direction of illustration may be informed by mapping practitioners on the boundaries of Illustration practice as well as the wider field of Communication Design. In my paper I have included a review of practitioners I believe to be significant in relating the diversity of contemporary illustration practice, who have adapted their practice effectively to change, and represent possible models for future illustration practice. I have also included work from recent graduates on the Masters in Communication Design at The Glasgow School of Art to relate their perspectives of illustration practice. I believe this will facilitate discussion on the possible future directions of illustration practice, informing the future teaching of illustration, and how we, as educators, equip our graduates for a climate of rapid change.
First published online: 25 May 2017 ; This introduction provides a descriptive typology and normative analysis of the ways boundaries are being questioned in Europe. We distinguish between boundary-making (defining or redefining the territorial borders of a polity), boundary-crossing (determining the rules of access to territorial borders) and boundary-unbundling (allowing boundary-making and boundary-crossing to vary between policies and polities), noting each of these categories possesses internal and external dimensions. Cosmopolitans and statists offer contrasting normative evaluations of these processes, favouring weakening and maintaining or strengthening state boundaries respectively. We endorse a democratic approach lying between these two as better reflecting how individuals relate to each other and to the EU, a view shared by some but not all contributors to this volume. We conclude by situating the contributions within our topological framework, highlighting how they illustrate the contemporary questioning of European boundaries.
International audience ; The goal of this paper is to demonstrate that usual evalua- tion methods for text segmentation are not adapted for every task linked to text segmentation. To do so we dierentiated the task of finding text boundaries in a corpus of concatenated texts from the task of finding transitions between topics inside the same text. We worked on a corpus of twenty two French political discourses trying to find boundaries be- tween them when they are concatenated, and to find topic boundaries inside them when they are not. We compared the results of our distance based method to the well known c99 algorithm.
International audience ; The goal of this paper is to demonstrate that usual evalua- tion methods for text segmentation are not adapted for every task linked to text segmentation. To do so we dierentiated the task of finding text boundaries in a corpus of concatenated texts from the task of finding transitions between topics inside the same text. We worked on a corpus of twenty two French political discourses trying to find boundaries be- tween them when they are concatenated, and to find topic boundaries inside them when they are not. We compared the results of our distance based method to the well known c99 algorithm.
International audience ; The goal of this paper is to demonstrate that usual evalua- tion methods for text segmentation are not adapted for every task linked to text segmentation. To do so we dierentiated the task of finding text boundaries in a corpus of concatenated texts from the task of finding transitions between topics inside the same text. We worked on a corpus of twenty two French political discourses trying to find boundaries be- tween them when they are concatenated, and to find topic boundaries inside them when they are not. We compared the results of our distance based method to the well known c99 algorithm.
"Harmonising Subnational Boundaries" discusses GRID3's work to support the harmonisation, production, and use of digitised legal/administrative units, operational units, and statistical areas. GRID3's boundaries work has three primary areas of focus: improving and harmonising operational units; fostering improved collaboration on boundary harmonisation among disparate government bodies; and using boundaries harmonisation to support census efforts. The paper focuses on case studies in Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Zambia. GRID3 works with countries to generate, validate and use geospatial data on population, settlements, infrastructure, and subnational boundaries. For more information, see https://grid3.org/. Keywords: administrative units; census; community health workers; digital boundaries; emergency operations; enumeration area; GIS; gridded population data; harmonisation; health catchment; microplan; operational units; points of interest; pre-enumeration area; routine operations; semi-automated delineation; settlement; settlement layer; settlement mapping; statistical areas; statistical infrastructure; subnational boundaries; sustainable development; GRID3; health zones; participatory mapping; vaccination; immunisation; CIESIN; UNFPA; Flowminder; WorldPop; polio
TEDxWarwick talk in 2017 at Warwick Arts Centre. In October 2015, artist Mark Farid shared with the world login details to all his online accounts — both personal and private — in an attempt to live without a digital footprint for 6 months. Through this practice, he examined the formation of our projected-self, and how our constructed identity is shaped by societal expectations. http://www.data-shadow.com 1st - 30th September 2016, Farid proceeded to broadcast all of his personal and professional emails, text and Facebook messages, phone and Skype calls, web browsing, and Social Media activity, in real-time, online. Any pictures or videos he captured appeared on his 'newsfeed', and his phones' location was updated every 20 minutes. In addition, any adverts generated by websites he visited were also broadcast. http://www.poisonous-antidote.com
205 212 46 336 ; S ; In the 1890 s and early 1900s, the National Geographic Institute (IGN) of Spain carried out geodetic studies required to georeference the boundaries of every single municipality in Spain, survey the boundaries and mark them out. The field notes for these studies still exist and can still be referenced today. Nowadays, most of the landmarks that were located in these studies have disappeared; replacing these monuments could be of great interest to the local government, both administratively and economically. The indeterminacy or change of municipal boundaries can lead to tax collection and even supply problems. This paper studies the accuracy of those studies. Furthermore, a technical method for locating the lost monuments is shown; this method could also be used to map the monuments in a precise and reliable way. In this way, the problem of replacing boundaries is subsequently analysed. Garrido-Villén, N.; Berné Valero, JL.; Antón Merino, A.; Anquela Julián, AB. (2014). Jurisdictional boundaries in Spain, survey and marking of boundaries in Teruel (Spain). Survey Review. 46(336):205-212. doi:10.1179/1752270613Y.0000000071 Collier, P. (2009). International Boundary Surveys and Demarcation in the Late 19thand Early 20thCenturies. Survey Review, 41(311), 2-13. doi:10.1179/003962608x325457 Dale, P. F. (2006). Reflections on the Cadastre. Survey Review, 38(300), 491-498. doi:10.1179/sre.2006.38.300.491 Demir, O., Uzun, B., & Çete, M. (2008). Turkish cadastral system. Survey Review, 40(307), 54-66. doi:10.1179/003962608x253484 National Geographical Institute of Spain (IGN), http://www.fomento.es/MFOM/LANG_CASTELLANO/DIRECCIONES_GENERALES/INSTITUTO_GEOGRAFICO/Geodesia/ (accessed 19 October 2010). Pirti, A., Arslan, N., Deveci, B., Aydin, O., Erkaya, H., & Hosbas, R. G. (2009). Real-Time Kinematic GPS for Cadastral Surveying. Survey Review, 41(314), 339-351. doi:10.1179/003962609x451582 ; Berné J. L.et al. 2008. Catastro en España, Ed. UPV, Valencia. Dirección General del Catastro, ...
In the 1890 s and early 1900s, the National Geographic Institute (IGN) of Spain carried out geodetic studies required to georeference the boundaries of every single municipality in Spain, survey the boundaries and mark them out. The field notes for these studies still exist and can still be referenced today. Nowadays, most of the landmarks that were located in these studies have disappeared; replacing these monuments could be of great interest to the local government, both administratively and economically. The indeterminacy or change of municipal boundaries can lead to tax collection and even supply problems. This paper studies the accuracy of those studies. Furthermore, a technical method for locating the lost monuments is shown; this method could also be used to map the monuments in a precise and reliable way. In this way, the problem of replacing boundaries is subsequently analysed. ; Garrido-Villén, N.; Berné Valero, JL.; Antón Merino, A.; Anquela Julián, AB. (2014). Jurisdictional boundaries in Spain, survey and marking of boundaries in Teruel (Spain). Survey Review. 46(336):205-212. doi:10.1179/1752270613Y.0000000071 ; S ; 205 ; 212 ; 46 ; 336 ; Berné J. L.et al. 2008. Catastro en España, Ed. UPV, Valencia. ; Capdevila i Subirana J. 2005. Treballs de la SCG, 60. ; Collier, P. (2009). International Boundary Surveys and Demarcation in the Late 19thand Early 20thCenturies. Survey Review, 41(311), 2-13. doi:10.1179/003962608x325457 ; Dale, P. F. (2006). Reflections on the Cadastre. Survey Review, 38(300), 491-498. doi:10.1179/sre.2006.38.300.491 ; Demir, O., Uzun, B., & Çete, M. (2008). Turkish cadastral system. Survey Review, 40(307), 54-66. doi:10.1179/003962608x253484 ; Dirección General del Catastro, www.catastro.meh.es/esp/normativa1.asp?lu = m6&im = m6i#menu1_3 (accessed 23 June 2010). ; Fábrega Golpe J.et al. 2007. Proyecto que desarrolla de la Metodología para la optimización de la base de datos de líneas límite del Instituto Geográfico Nacional ; National Geographical Institute of Spain ...
International audience ; This article demonstrates that public attitudes towards EU enlargement are strongly affected by exposure to the mass media. It reveals `priming' effects by showing that media exposure affects the standards by which individuals evaluate the accession of potential candidate countries. To gain a more refined understanding about media effects on enlargement attitudes, we analytically separate three different factors that underlie EU enlargement support for a given candidate country: its economic performance, its state of democracy and its perceived cultural `match' with the EU. Employing an experimental design, we probe the media-induced effects of these factors on EU enlargement attitudes.
During the period 1000-1700 major transformations took place in material culture. Quite simply, more objects were manufactured and used than ever before and many objects travelled across geographic, political, religious, linguistic, class and cultural boundaries. By starting with a focus on past objects, this volume brings together essays from art historians, historians, archaeologists, literary scholars and museum curators to reveal the different disciplinary approaches and methods taken to the study of objects and what this can reveal about transformations in material culture 1000-1700. Contributors: Katherine A. Wilson, Leah R. Clark, Alison M. Leonard, Steven P. Ashby, Michael Lewis, Robert Maniura, Sarah Hinds, Christina Antenhofer, Alexandra van Dongen, Bettina Bildhauer, Julie De Groot, Jennifer Hillman, Ruth Whelan, Christopher Donaldson, Thomas Pickles.
This paper develops and applies a test of the property rights theory of the firm in the context of global input sourcing. We use the model by Pol Antràs and Elhanan Helpman, "Global Sourcing," Journal of Political Economy, 112:3 (2004), 552-80, to derive a new prediction regarding how the productivity of a firm affects its choice between vertical integration and outsourcing and how this effect depends on the relative input intensity of the production process. The prediction we derive hinges on less restrictive assumptions than industry-level predictions available in existing literature and survives in more realistic versions of the model featuring multiple suppliers and partial vertical integration. We present robust firm-level evidence from Spain showing that, in line with our prediction, the effect of productivity works more strongly in favor of vertical integration, and against outsourcing, in more headquarter-intensive industries.
This paper places the issue of subsidiarity in the context of a wider question: "What boundaries between political units ought there to be?" Rejecting the idea of a world without borders, it begins by examining the view of international lawyers, encapsulated in the principle of uti possidetis, that existing state boundaries must be treated as sacrosanct unless modified by mutual consent. It then considers three normative approaches to boundary-drawing. The functional approach seeks to create political units that can best perform the economic and other functions expected of states. The political approach argues for boundaries that will enclose well-functioning democracies, which depends partly on the constitution of the demos itself, and partly on its likely impact on those outside of the boundaries. The homeland approach looks for boundaries that respond to the pre-existing territorial claims of nations and other groups. Since all three approaches have merit, boundary-drawing must try to accommodate each of them, which in the case of disputed boundaries will mean looking for solutions other than the traditional hard-bordered nation-state.
