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AbstractThe number of Japanese‐Brazilians working in Japan grew from less than 15,000 in 1989 to more than 300,000 in 2006. This rapid growth in migration was initiated by a law change in Japan allowing third‐generation Japanese‐Brazilians to work in Japan, the "push" of poor economic conditions in Brazil, and the "pull" of a booming economy in Japan. Cultural links between Japan and the Japanese‐Brazilians, together with the development of highly efficient organized labour recruitment networks, have acted to foster this, leading to the creation of what some experts believe to be a self‐sustaining migration system. We use a new representative survey of Japanese‐Brazilians to examine the sustainability of this migration flow. We find both the economic and cultural reasons for emigration to be weakening. Japanese‐Brazilians now occupy the upper tiers of the income and occupational distributions in Brazil, and the majority of the third‐generation are not participating in many aspects of the Japanese community in Brazil. Moreover, demographic analysis shows that over the next 20 years, the share of migration‐age Japanese‐Brazilians who are fourth‐generation will rise considerably, with such individuals not eligible to migrate under current Japanese immigration law. As a consequence, we predict the rapid growth in the Japanese‐Brazilian population in Japan will soon turn to a gradual decline in migrant numbers, and in the long term, erode the stability of this new migration system.

We argue that botanic gardens, as plant conservation focused institutions, have been tested in temperate regions that possess a relatively robust conservation infrastructure and a relatively low number of threatened species. The ability of the Brazilian botanic gardens to support plant conservation is especially challenging, given their small number relative to Brazil's plant diversity and the increasing rate of habitat loss and plant endangerment. This study, the first for Brazil, assesses the conservation capacity of Brazilian botanic gardens. An assessment is made of the status of conservation facilities in Brazilian botanic gardens and the conservation status of their plant collections.This was based on a survey sent to thirty-six Brazilian botanic gardens in 2011– 2013 using information from the 2008 Brazilian Red List, and seven state conservation lists. The results identified a small percentage of threatened species (n =102/21 per cent) in ex situ collections of 22 botanic gardens and less than 10 per cent representation for each state red list. An assessment based on the updated Brazilian Red List (2014) showed that 425 threatened species were maintained in living collections of 18 botanic gardens. Despite the extensive size of some collections, the proportion of threatened species in the collections was found to be very low. Improvement in infrastructure, technical capacity, including horticultural skills, and development of policies and protocols will benecessary to increase the effectiveness of the collections for conservation aims.

In this paper, the Brazilian tax system is reviewed in detail, covering the key points of its main taxes and contributions. Additionally, a brief historical overview spanning the tax system as well as the budgetary and economic framework is provided, accompanied by extensive data on the tax structure. Two other relevant issues are subsequently addressed: the regressive nature inherent in the system and the tax competition that exists between sub-national governments. Finally, the paper assesses the two recent failed attempts to reform the tax system and suggests some hypotheses as to why these attempts failed.

Abstract: The rise and development of Left-wing literature in Brazil is closely connected to the obstacles and dilemmas encountered during the evolution of its nation, and it is also inseparable from international political movements and intellectual trends. From the abolishment of slavery and collapse of empire in the nineteenth century, to the establishment and return of dictatorship in the 30s and 60s of the twentieth century, at every moment of crisis, Brazilian left-wing literature always played a seminal role. While criticizing social injustices, it also invigorates the development of modern Brazilian literature by incorporating different forms of language, thoughts and art. It is safe to say that left-wing literature forms a kind of literary tradition in Brazil, as it not only represents a moral and ethical stand, but also innovates the form and aesthetics.

Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- Brazilian migration -- Colonisation and slavery in Brazil -- Hierarchy and difference in post- -- Here and there: ethnography and difference -- Moving forward -- Notes -- Chapter 1: Arriving and settling in London: difference in motion -- Brazilian migration to/in the United Kingdom -- Brazil and decisions to migrate -- Leonardo -- Tiago -- Dealing with the border -- Leonardo, Manoel and Maria -- Elza and Tiago -- Working, living and negotiating the migration project -- Leonardo -- Manoel -- Maria -- Elza -- Tiago -- Conclusion -- Note -- Chapter 2: The law and its others -- De-naturalising the state and its (moral) categories -- Problematizing the figure of the 'good migrant' -- Differential inclusion structuring lives -- Negotiating 'the good' and 'the bad' migrant -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Chapter 3: Negotiating 'culture' and racism -- Inferiorising Brazilians and Brazil through culture, 'race' and gender -- Drawing closer to Western Europeans/British bodies and spaces -- Negotiating 'Britishness' and navigating 'Brazilian- -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Chapter 4: (Re)making class differences in London -- Cosmopolitans and the Brazilian migrant -- Rearranging class: the precarious cosmopolitans and the 'uneducated migrant worker' -- Making and negotiating (spatialised) class through morality -- Negotiating class through (disgusting) bodies and taste -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Chapter 5: 'The migrant' and the boundaries of 'community' -- In dialogue with the stigmatised 'Brazilian migrant' and 'the community' -- Reflection and self- critique: negotiating 'Brazilians' and 'community' -- Drawing class boundaries: workers and students -- Re-drawing class boundaries: 'the in-betweeners' -- Conclusion -- Notes.