Suchergebnisse

Il fenomeno della Brexit ha portato diversi cambiamenti, di natura sia politico-sociale sia linguistica. Dal 2012, anno della creazione del neologismo, da questo termine ne sono stati coniati diversi altri, atti a definire i protagonisti e le implicazioni di tale evento. Questo studio si concentra su tre composti – hard Brexit, soft Brexit e smooth Brexit – che designano tre possibili realizzazioni dell'uscita del Regno Unito dall'Unione Europea. Lo scopo è quello di confrontare le definizioni di tali termini fornite da due glossari istituzionali, quello del Parlamento inglese e quello del Parlamento europeo – entrambi denominati Brexit Glossary, con le definizioni reperite nel Brexit Corpus, un corpus giornalistico di testi raccolti dal web e disponibile sulla piattaforma SketchEngine. I dati dimostrano che le definizioni dei tre termini analizzati non sono completamente coerenti e che i processi che descrivono non sono del tutto trasparenti e chiari agli utenti.

Intro -- Foreword -- Introduction -- Chapter 1: The Path to Brexit -- 1.  Brexit Is About History   James Dennison and Noah Carl  A pair of scholars argue that the -- 2.  Where Do We Go from Here?   Lionel Barber  A financial writer tries to answer a simple bu -- 3.  In the UK., Euroscepticism Is Nothing New   Daniel P. Vajdich An academic look at the hist -- 4.  Was Brexit Really About Race?   Leah Donnella  A radio reporter traces the long-simmering -- 5.  Brexit and the Legacy of British Colonialism   Laleh Khalili  Xenophobia dates back to th -- 6.  Brexit Didn't Happen Overnight   Tsvi Bisk  A futurist reviews the legacy of English disc -- 7.  Brexit and "the Other"   Marie-Pierre Moreau  The author probes Brexit's dangerous us vers -- Chapter 2: Perspectives, Controversies, and Debates -- 1.  It's Unanimous: Brexit Will Stymie Growth  Chris Giles and Emily Cadman  UK economists wei -- 2.  Will the EU Be OK?   Judy Dempsey  A panel answers a tough question: How will the EU fare -- 3.  Fact-Checking the Brexit Campaigns   Ashley Kirk  An intrepid fact-checker looks for the t -- 4.  Old England, New System   George Monboit  The author argues that politics must change in -- 5.  Reaction and Revolution   Jacob Høi Jensen  A tax expert sizes up Brexit's ramifications. -- 6.  Brexit and Globalization   Italo Colantone and Piero Stanig  Was Brexit just a populist reac -- Chapter 3: What's Next for the UK, the EU, and the World? -- 1.  First Comes Brexit, Then Comes Trump, Then Comes...     Alastair Campbell   A speech i -- 2.  I Am Brexit. Hear Me Roar?   Jonathon Gatehouse, Charlie Gillis, and Sally Hayden  Journal -- 3.  In Brexit, There Are No Winners   Wolfgang Münchau  A financial writer concludes that the

Journalist Ian Dunt explains why leaving the EU will leave Britain poorer, key industries like finance and pharmaceuticals struggling to operate, and could even lead to the country's break up. Based on expert evidence, Brexit: What the Hell Happens Now? is a searching exploration of Brexit, shorn of the wishful thinking of its supporters

Das Vereinigte Königreich wird die Europäische Union verlassen - das erscheint sicher. Nicht so sicher sind dagegen die ökonomischen Folgen des sogenannten Brexits sowohl für das Vereinigte Königreich selbst als auch für die Länder der EU. Derzeit werden drei möglich Szenarien diskutiert, welche von einem "sanften Ausstieg" über einen "harten Ausstieg" bis hin zur "völligen Isolation" des Vereinigten Königreiches reichen und jeweils mit unterschiedlich hohen wirtschaftlichen Einbußen verbunden sind. Der Ton zwischem dem Vereinigten Königreich und der EU ist in der jüngsten Vergangenheit rauer geworden, so dass die Sorge um ein Scheitern der Verhandlungen in der Wirtschaft wächst. Das Risiko eines ungeordneten Brexit ist also nach wie vor evident. Dieser Beitrag widmet sich den verschiedenen Austrittsszenarien und geht der Frage nach, welche ökonomischen Folgen sich daraus für die Akteure ableiten lassen.

Intro -- The authors -- Foreword -- Acknowledgement -- Editorial note -- Tables, figures and boxes -- 1 A blueprint for Britain: openness not isolation , -- Iain Mansfield -- Framing the endeavour -- External negotiations -- Internal preparations -- Outcomes -- Conclusion -- Appendix A: Analysis of trade policy options -- Appendix B: Analysis of outcomes -- References -- 2 Britain's post-EU future and the development of EFTA plus -- Robert Oulds -- Introduction -- The EU and 'free' trade -- Aims and objectives: the desired outcomes of negotiations with the EU -- Negotiations under the Article 50: the EU's prescribed method of withdrawal -- EU law post-Brexit -- British post-Brexit influence in the EU -- Post-EU trade and migration policy -- The process of rejoining EFTA -- Reforming the EEA and EFTA: re-establishing the original purpose of the EEA -- Conclusion -- Appendix A. The alternatives -- Appendix B. Additional benefits of EFTA/EEA membership -- Appendix C. Problems with the Swiss option -- References -- 3 Old links, new ties - global free trade through the Anglosphere and Commonwealth -- Ralph Buckle and Tim Hewish -- Introduction -- Why the Commonwealth and Anglosphere nations? -- Current economic trends -- The Internet -- Should Britain join an enlarged NAFTA? -- EFTA - a possible stopgap? -- A trade deal down under: Australia and New Zealand -- Conclusion -- References -- 4 Reviving the age of Drake: how a Global Free-Trade Alliance (GFTA) can transform the UK -- John C. Hulsman -- Introduction: the benefits of thinking big -- The Global Free-Trade Alliance (GFTA) -- GFTA criteria in detail -- Initial GFTA membership and the updated cohort -- The advantages of living in Drake's world -- Conclusion: deciphering the riddle of Drake's prayer -- References -- About the IEA

High-flying illusions on the part of the proponents and grim predictions on the part of the sceptics have characterised the controversy around Brexit. The article assesses five key issues at stake for post-Brexit relationships between Britain, the EU, and Africa: market access, foreign direct investment (FDI), aid, security, and the nature of the partnership. The analysis focuses on those sub-Saharan African countries that belong to the Commonwealth, as the British government's vision of a "Global Britain" relies heavily on its reinforced cooperation with Commonwealth nations. The review of potential developments in these different policy fields shows that the expectations of Brexiteers and African politicians alike concerning an enhanced, partnership-like post-Brexit Commonwealth relationship are largely unfounded. Although the post-Brexit United Kingdom will increase African countries' choices regarding preferred trading partners, it remains questionable whether London could offer something new that other global players with increasing interest in Africa, such as China, do not already have on their agenda.

The article presents the results of a discourse analysis of the contextual uses of Brexit. Based on corpus-driven Internet samples, the research employs the method of semantic field analysis devised by Robin (1980) and her team of researchers from the Saint-Cloud Political Lexicography Center. According to Robin, in order to find the meaning of a word, the context of its use must be analysed, as well as its lexical relations with other linguistic units. For this reason, we have divided the elements of the co-text of the lexeme Brexit into six groups, which represent various connections of linguistic items with the SUBJECT, i.e. the lexeme under scrutiny. Subsequently, in compliance with Kłosiński's approach (1994), we propose the definitions of the SUBJECT which reflect the meanings featuring the actual usages of the lexeme Brexit and which integrate the key words from the semantic field of the concept in question. ; Izabela Sekścińska: isekscinska@pwsip.edu.pl ; Agnieszka Piórkowska: apiorkowska@pwsip.edu.pl ; Izabela Sekścińska is a lecturer at Łomża State University of Applied Sciences. Her main teaching areas are descriptive grammar of the English language and comparative linguistics. She obtained her Ph.D. degree in linguistics from Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń. Her current research is in the area of neuroscience and psycholinguistics. ; Agnieszka Piórkowska holds a Ph.D. in linguistics, and works as a lecturer at Łomża State University of Applied Sciences. Her research interests include cognitive investigation of modality and emotional attitude, as well as methodology of teaching English to young learners. ; Izabela Sekścińska - Łomża State University of Applied Sciences ; Agnieszka Piórkowska - Łomża State University of Applied Sciences ; Cowburn, A. 2016. Theresa May says 'Brexit means Brexit' and there will be no attempt to remain inside EU. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/theresa-may-brexit-means-brexit-conservative-leadership-no-attempt-remain-inside-eu-leave-europe-a7130596.html (3 September 2019). ; Davis, G. 2017. The language of Brexit. https://www.open.edu/openlearn/languages/english-language/the-language-brexit (1July 2019). ; Evans, V. & Green, M. 2006. Cognitive Linguistics. An Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ; Fatyga, B., Kietlińska, B., Michalczak, K., Michalski P., Piotrowski M. & Tomanek, P. 2014. Raport końcowy z badania dyskursu publicznego o prawie autorskim w Polsce w latach 2012–2013. https://prawokultury.pl/media/entry/attach/Fundacja_Nowoczesna_Polska-Raport_końcowy-Badanie_dyskursu_prawa_autorskiego.pdf (25 April 2019). ; Finegan, E. 1995. Subjectivity and subjectivisation: an introduction. In: D. Stain & S. Wright, (eds.), Subjectivity and Subjectification. Linguistic Perspectives, 1-15. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ; Firth, J. R. 1935. The technique of semantics. Transactions of the Philological Society 34(1): 36-73. ; Fontaine, L. 2017. The early semantics of the neologism BREXIT: a lexicogrammatical approach. Functional Linguistics 4(6): 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40554-017-0040-x (15 January 2020). ; Fries, N. 1992. Wartościowanie. Aspekty językowe i pojęciowe. In: G. Falkenberg, N. Fries & J. Puzynina (eds.), Wartościowanie w języku i w tekście na materiale polskim i niemieckim. Warsaw: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. ; Kłosiński, Marek. 1994. Semantyczna analiza pojęć 'bezrobocie' i 'bezrobotny' ('bezrobotni') w wypowiedziach prasowych. Kultura i Społeczeństwo 3: 151-162. ; Lakoff, G. & Johnson M. 1980. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ; Langacker, R. W. 2008. Cognitive Grammar. An Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc. ; Line, H. 2016. Oxford English dictionary offers definition of Brexit as it adds new words. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/brexit-definition-oxford-english-dictionary-add-new-words-2016-a7476271.html (6 September 2019). ; Nuyts, J. 2006. Modality: Overview and linguistic issues. In: W. Frawley (ed.), The Expression of Modality, 1-26. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. ; Paradis, C. 2012. Lexical Semantics. In: C. A. Chapelle (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics, 3357-3356. Wiley: Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0695 ; Paul, M. & Kisilowska, M. 2016. Czym jest czytanie? Intuicje i definicje. Kultura Popularna 4(50): 16-34. http://bazhum.muzhp.pl/media//files/Kultura_Popularna/Kultura_Popularna-r2016-t-n4_(50)/Kultura_Popularna-r2016-t-n4_(50)-s16-34/Kultura_Popularna-r2016-t-n4_(50)-s16-34.pdf (12 December 2019). ; Robin, R. 1980. Badanie pól semantycznych: doświadczenia Ośrodka Leksykologii Politycznej w Saint-Cloud. In M. Głowiński (ed.), Język i społeczeństwo, 252-281. Warsaw: Czytelnik. ; Routley, N. 2019. Ranking the top 100 websites in the world. https://www.visualcapitalist.com/ranking-the-top-100-websites-in-the-world/ (8 September 2019). ; Stolworthy, J. 2016. Collins Dictionary's 10 words of the year, from 'Brexit' and 'snowflake generation' to 'JOMO'. https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/collins-dictionarys-10-word-of-the-year-from-brexit-and-snowflake-generationto-jomo-a7395121.html (5 January 2019). ; Stone, J. 2019. France's EU minister names her cat 'Brexit' because 'he meows loudly to be let out but won't go through the door'. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/brexit-france-theresa-may-deal-nathalie-loiseau-cat-a8828026.html (4 September 2019). ; Tapper, J. 2019. The many metaphors of Brexit. https://daily.jstor.org/daily-author/james-tapper/ (1 January 2019). ; Wilhelm, A. 1999. Event structure and syntax: German*. Calgary Working Papers in Linguistics 21(Winter): 44-65. ; Ziarko, J. 2017. Framing w nowych mediach jako narzędzie manipulacyjnego oddziaływania na społeczeństwo, na przykładzie budowania dyskryminującego obrazu uchodźców. Bezpieczeństwo. Teoria i Praktyka 4: 65-83. https://btip.ka.edu.pl/pdf/2017-4/btip2017-4-ziarko.pdf (26 January 2020). ; Web 1 – BBC Media Centre. https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2019/childrens-word-of-the-year (19 January 2020). ; Web 2 – Urban Dictionary. http://www.urbandictionary.com (21 December 2019). ; Web 3 – WebCorpLive. http://www.webcorp.org.uk/live/guide.jsp (8 April 2019). ; 31 (4/2020) ; 66 ; 87

The Brexit vote precipitated the unravelling of the UK's membership of the world's deepest economic integration agreement. This paper reviews evidence on the realized economic effects of Brexit. The 2016 Brexit referendum changed expectations about future UK-EU relations. Studying its consequences provides new insights regarding the economic impacts of news and uncertainty shocks. Voting for Brexit had large negative effects on the UK economy between 2016 and 2019, leading to higher import and consumer prices, lower investment, and slower real wage and GDP growth. However, at the aggregate level, there was little or no trade diversion away from the EU, implying that many of the anticipated long-run effects of Brexit did not materialize before the new UK-EU trade relationship came into force in 2021.

Auch wenn die Briten die Europäische Union bereits zum 31. Januar 2020 verlassen haben, ist ein "harter Brexit" insofern noch nicht vom Tisch, als sich die beiden Parteien noch nicht auf ein Abkommen über die künftigen wirtschaftlichen Beziehungen geeinigt haben. Die Verhandlungen haben bisher noch kaum Ergebnisse erbracht. Mehrere Streitpunkte stehen einer Einigung bislang im Weg. Hierzu zählen die Art des Abkommens, unterschiedliche Vorstellungen darüber, wie weit das Vereinigte Königreich die Wettbewerbsbedingungen der Europäischen Union übernehmen und beibehalten muss, die Ausgestaltung der Ursprungsregeln und der künftige Zugang zu den Fischereigründen in den britischen Gewässern. Die mit den Vorbereitungen des Brexits verbundenen Unsicherheiten und die Ungewissheit darüber, ob die Europäische Union und das Vereinigte Königreich sich auf ein Freihandelsabkommen einigen können, hat dem deutsch-britischen Außenhandel schon zugesetzt. Während in der langen Frist von 1991 bis 2015 die deutschen Ausfuhren in das Vereinigte Königreich im Jahresdurchschnitt um über 5 Prozent anstiegen, ergab sich für die letzten vier Jahre ein jahresdurchschnittliches Minus von 3 Prozent. Bei den einzelnen Warengruppen mussten besonders Kraftfahrzeuge und -teile bei den Ausfuhren und Einfuhren einen Rückgang des Austauschs verzeichnen. Ihre Position gut verteidigt haben dagegen der Maschinenbau und elektrische Ausrüstungen. Die Corona-Pandemie hat den deutsch-britischen Außenhandel zusätzlich belastet. Dies zeigt ein Vergleich der Exporte und Importe in den ersten vier Monaten des Jahres 2020 mit den entsprechenden Vorjahresperioden. Aber auch hier ist das Bild nicht immer einheitlich. ; Even though the British have already left the European Union on 31st January 2020, a "hard brexit" is not yet off the table in so far as the two parties have not yet agreed on an agreement on future economic relations. So far, the negotiations have produced hardly any results. Several points of contention stand in the way of an agreement for some time. These include the nature of the agreement, differing views on the extent to which the United Kingdom must adopt and maintain the European Union's regulatory framework (level playing field), the design of the rules of origin and future access to fishing grounds in British waters. The uncertainties associated with the preparations for the Brexit and the uncertainty as to whether the European Union and the United Kingdom can agree on a free trade agreement have already affected British-German foreign trade. While in the long term from 1991 to 2015, German exports to the UK grew by over 5 per cent on average per annum, there has been an average annual decline of 3 per cent over the last four years. In terms of the individual product groups, motor vehicles and parts in particular suffered a decline in exports and imports. By contrast, mechanical engineering and electrical equipment defended their position well. The corona pandemic put an additional strain on British-German foreign trade. This is shown by a comparison of exports and imports in the first four months of 2020 with the corresponding figures for the previous year. But here too the picture is not always uniform.

A large majority of EU citizens show a great lack of interest about the issues that concern it. In fact, institutions such as the ECSC, the EEC, the EURATOM or treaties such as Maastricht, Amsterdam, Nice or Lisbon are rarely topics of conversation among them. Only the withdrawal process of United Kingdom from the EU raises some concern among EU citizens, because the perceived influence it will have on our economies. They speak of Brexit, of the "withdrawal agreement", of "backstop", etc., but without getting to the heart of these concepts. Since its creation, the EU has not stopped moving forward in the construction of its integration project. The British governments do not seem to have fully identified with the ultimate goal of the process: the political union. Thus, based on a short account of the European project, we will study the Brexit event, analyzing what these four years have meant, both for the EU and for the UK, until the arrival of "hurricane Johnson" with his controversial and disputed decisions. ; Una amplia mayoría de ciudadanos de la UE muestra un gran desinterés por los asuntos que conciernen a esta. De hecho, instituciones como la CECA, la CEE, el EURATOM o tratados como el de Maastricht, Ámsterdam, Niza o Lisboa raramente son temas de conversación. Tan solo el proceso de salida del Reino Unido despierta cierta preocupación, ya que se percibe que alguna influencia tendrá sobre nuestras economías. Se habla de Brexit, de withdrawal agreement, de backstop, etc., aunque sin llegar al fondo de estos conceptos. Desde su creación, la UE no ha parado de avanzar en la construcción de su proyecto de integración. Los gobiernos británicos no parecen haberse identificado del todo con el objetivo último del proceso: la unión política. Así pues, partiendo de una breve historia de la Unión, nos adentraremos en el evento de la Brexit, analizando lo que han supuesto estos cuatro años, tanto para la UE como para el RU, hasta la llegada del "huracán Johnson", con sus controvertidas y polémicas decisiones.