Suchergebnisse

Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Introduction -- About This Book -- Foolish Assumptions -- Icons Used in This Book -- Beyond This Book -- Where to Go from Here -- Part 1: Getting Familiar with Brexit -- Chapter 1: What Is Brexit and What Does It Mean for You? -- The Votes Are In, But How Did We Get Here? -- Looking at the 2016 results in more detail -- Understanding the UK's complex relationship with Europe -- Breaking Down the Brexit Timeline -- Looking at the Key Elements of the Brexit Negotiations -- Deal or No Deal? Brexit Goes Down to the Wire -- How Businesses Reacted to the Brexit Decision -- Assessing the Potential Impact of Brexit on Your Business -- Trading across borders -- Dealing with logistics challenges -- Managing the impact on employees and access to labor -- Looking at other considerations -- Planning for the impact on your business -- Looking to life after Brexit -- Chapter 2: The Road to Brexit: The UK's Rocky Relationship with the EU -- From Empire to the Aftermath of World War II -- The end of an empire -- Keeping Europe at arm's length -- Flares and Friends: The UK and Europe Cozy Up in the 1970s -- Officially joining the club -- Looking for greater influence in Europe -- Things (Start To) Fall Apart: The UK and Europe in the 1980s and Early 1990s -- Alarm bells start ringing in the 1980s -- Black Wednesday -- The Maastricht Treaty -- The increasing transfer of power -- Rising Euroscepticism from the 1990s Onward -- Right, Lads, Let's Have a Vote -- Drawing the Battle Lines: Looking at the Key Issues in the Brexit Referendum -- Britain's financial contributions to the EU -- Immigration and free movement of people -- The tricky issue of trade -- UK sovereignty -- Divided kingdom? How the referendum results played out across the UK -- Meanwhile, what did the EU make of all this?.

Der Aufsatz analysiert die Folgen des Austritts des Vereinigten Königreichs aus der EU hinsichtlich der zollrechtlichen Folgen

This week, the government published some commissioned research on the financial impact of Brexit on UK universities. The work looked at the likely impact of changing demand from EU students in response to various changes in fees and finances. The broad picture of the impact was that while numbers would fall markedly, that would be […]
The post HE and Brexit appeared first on Politics at Surrey.

Das britische Austrittsreferendum ist eng mit der größeren Thematik der EU-Krise verknüpft. Gäbe es keine Krise der europäischen Integration, hätte der Brexit weniger Appeal. Umgekehrt könnte das Votum der britischen Bevölkerung die EU-Krise dramatisch verschärfen. Aus der Sicht dritter Staaten kann die Reputation des globalen Akteurs EU nur leiden, wenn eines der größten und wichtigsten Mitglieder die Leinen kappt, weil, so die "Brexiteers", das europäische Projekt ohnehin keine Zukunft habe. Welche Konsequenzen der Brexit für den Rest der EU haben wird, hängt auch davon ab, wie Großbritannien den Exit-Schock und die Folgen verarbeitet. Möglicherweise wird den Briten (und anderen) der Wert der EU erst mit dem Ausscheiden deutlich. Dennoch erwischt der Brexit die EU in einer denkbar ungünstigen Phase und könnte die Krise vertiefen. Zumindest macht das Beispiel Schule. Bereits vor der britischen Entscheidung forderten Parteien und Bewegungen in mehreren EU-Ländern ebenfalls das Recht auf ein Referendum über Verbleib oder Austritt. Und Umfragen deuteten an, dass zumindest in einigen EU-Ländern eine Mehrheit für den Austritt votieren könnte. Nach dem Brexit rufen Marine Le Pen, Norbert Hofer und andere noch lauter nach Abstimmungen in ihren Ländern. Die europäischen Eliten werden sich in dem Spagat üben müssen, einerseits bei europäischen Fragen auf ihre Bevölkerungen zu hören, andererseits die Forderungen nach organisierter Beteiligung in Form von Referenden abzuwehren.

This week we look at parliament's role in shaping Brexit-related legislation between 2017 and 2019. We ask: What role did parliament play in Brexit? More particularly, how much influence has it had over Brexit legislation? And has it done harm or good?

Das Vereinigte Königreich wird die Europäische Union verlassen. Dies wird die EU verändern. Zunächst steht die politisch aufgeladene Frage nach einer Einmalzahlung ("Schlussrechnung") der Briten an die Union im Vordergrund. Auf lange Sicht bedeutsamer sind jedoch die strukturellen Veränderungen, die der Austritt eines der größten Nettozahler aus der EU auslösen wird. Die strukturelle Lücke im Haushalt der EU durch höhere Beiträge zu finanzieren, ist aus Sicht der deutschen Steuerzahler inakzeptabel und in der Union hoch umstritten. Der Brexit ist Notwendigkeit und Chance, die Aufgaben und Ausgaben der EU zu überprüfen und die EU zu reformieren. Im Folgenden werden die erwarteten fiskalischen Effekte der aktuellen Szenarien des Brexit und der Verhandlungen der EU-27 dargestellt.

Abstract
On January 1, 2021, Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales) left the EU single market and customs union. Although the Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the UK and EU ensures that no tariffs or quotas are to be imposed on traded goods, there are still numerous non-tariff barriers to trade. These added a significant layer of trade complexity that did not exist pre-Brexit and it was thus inevitable that there would be ramifications for the UK economy. Carefully judging this impact is a complicated task, however, as a counterfactual must be used: how would the UK economy have fared if it were still in the EU? This difficulty is exacerbated by two other highly significant events affecting the UK economy at the same time, namely the Covid-19 pandemic and the Ukraine war. Disentangling Brexit from all this and deciding what is and is not a Brexit effect makes the evaluation thereof difficult. Nevertheless, there have been a number of studies published that have attempted such a task.
UK-EU trade is widely judged to have taken a significant hit due to Brexit, with smaller firms producing a limited range of products being affected the most. The consensus view is that Brexit has also had a negative impact on UK investment levels and GDP, with the latter judged to be approximately 6 % lower than if the UK had stayed in the EU. In the long run, the UK economy may benefit from more skilled foreign labour due to the post-Brexit immigration rules. Nevertheless, any positive effects are likely to be outweighed by the non-tariff barriers in UK-EU trade, acting as a deterrent in exploiting comparative advantage and widely seen as being the main drag on UK productivity.

Abstract:
Brexit repatriates agriculture policy and subsidies after over 40 years of determination by the European Commission. The paper starts by describing the baseline at Brexit, noting the relatively small economic contribution, the problems of competitiveness given the UK's geology and geography, and the poor environmental outcomes. The scope for improvement is correspondingly large, and in particular through the impacts of the new agricultural policy based upon public money for public goods and for England, the Environmental Land Management Schemes. Larger and more long-term impacts will come through new trade agreements, through new technologies, including digitalization, robotics, and genetics, and through carbon farming and offsets. Finally, the paper sets out a framework for a future assessment of the impact of Brexit.

Special Issue on 'The Brexit Negotiations & The May Government' ; The article opens with a brief review of the UK's central place in European security and defence but highlights its ambivalent position towards security and defence cooperation within the EU. It tracks the impact of Brexit on EU debates and the catalytic effect that this appears to have had on a substantive acceleration in EU defence cooperation over the last three years. After highlighting the need for a continued security and defence partnership, the article goes on to identify ヨ first from an EU and then from a UK perspective ヨ the possible scenarios for such cooperation. It notes the very limited intersection of these scenarios and sets out the likely horizon for future negotiations. It concludes by suggesting that both partners ヨ while suffering a net loss as a result of Brexit ヨ nonetheless have vital strategic interests in crafting a new bilateral partnership.

The slogan 'take back control' can be seen as an expression of protest at the hollowing out of democracy. The Brexit referendum has caused many problems, but it has also opened up the possibility for a sense of re-empowerment - the renewed possibility for discussion of 'substantive
politics'. The article distinguishes between procedural democracy and substantive democracy - the ability to actually affect decisions. The former is in a relatively healthy state across Europe, the latter is not. The only political position on Brexit that has the potential to assist in the
restoring of substantive democracy is the remain and reform position. The 2016 referendum has hugely strengthened the forces of reaction - racism, exclusive nationalism and market fundamentalism - but it has also galvanised a new generation of pro-European green, socialist and democratic activists.
This opens up the possibility of restoring a degree of meaningful political participation for individual citizens across the continent, and reversing the sense of disempowerment that led to Brexit.

Abstract
The United Kingdom's exit from the European Union (Brexit) has negatively affected its economic performance in the years after the 2016 referendum. A growing literature on the short-run effects of Brexit has documented that UK economic activity has been affected through a mix of uncertainty and anticipation effects. This literature has shown that UK GDP and investment have been negatively affected and inflation has increased as a consequence of the outcome of the referendum. Comparatively little is known about the effects of the UK's subsequent exit from the single market and customs union in January 2021, but existing research has documented negative effects on UK trade, in particular UK imports from the European Union. But whether this will lead to subsequent further declines in UK GDP remains to be seen and will also depend on future EU-UK efforts to reduce the trade barriers created by the trade and cooperation agreement (TCA) of 2020.

This article offers a conjunctural analysis of the financial and political crisis within which Brexit occurred with a specific attentiveness to race and racism. Brexit and its aftermath have been overdetermined by racism, including racist violence. We suggest that the Leave campaign secured its victory by bringing together two contradictory but inter-locking visions. The first comprises an imperial longing to restore Britain's place in the world as primus inter pares that occludes any coming to terms with the corrosive legacies of colonial conquest and racist subjugation. The second takes the form of an insular, Powellite narrative of island retreat from a "globalizing" world, one that is no longer recognizably "British". Further, the article argues that an invisible driver of the Brexit vote and its racist aftermath has been a politicization of Englishness. We conclude by outlining some resources of hope that could potentially help to negotiate the current emergency.

It has been suggested that Brexit creates opportunities for the UK to become a tax haven with low rates of tax and new tax incentives. The opportunities created should not be exaggerated. On the one hand, some of the actions now being mooted, such as the further reduction of corporation tax, could have been taken regardless of the decision to leave the EU. On the other hand, the UK has played a leading role in formulating the OECD's action points to combat base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS). Moving too far away from this programme would be contrary to stated government policy to counteract aggressive tax avoidance and would be seen as reneging on agreements with the global tax community. The UK's extensive network of bi-lateral double taxation agreements could be placed in jeopardy by changes seen to be out of line with international norms, nor would such changes be conducive to the making of new international trade agreements. Most forms of Brexit would remove some constraints on the making of tax policy in the UK, enabling the government to introduce new exemptions and reliefs without the restrictions currently imposed by VAT directives, the requirement to satisfy the four freedoms, or the state aid regime. But this removal of restrictions on the freedom to make tax policy could lead to a temptation to respond to pressure groups and make rapid changes to the tax system that might well turn out to be ill-advised. Brexit offers some opportunities but also dangers. Any tax changes made need to be part of long-term and principled planning for the tax system as a whole, and tax incentives and reliefs should not be seen as quick fixes.

Many political and constitutional steps are needed in order for the UK to leave the European Union, after 45 years as a full member. Cumulatively they form one of the biggest constitutional changes in British history, and one dogged by intense controversy and disputes. Joelle Grogan examines how far the Brexit process can meet democratic criteria for such a momentous transition, or may fall short of these standards