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The article considers the process of forming the modern identity of Hong Kong and proves underlying role of the British influence in this process. It is pointed out that the process goes back to the 19th century, when well-off Chinese started to move to the British Hong Kong in trying to find more comfortable conditions for life and business and reaches its pinnacle in 1970-1980, when Hong Kong not only becomes economically developed but transforms into a factor of cultural influence in the region mainly due to the promotion of its original (civilization-state) pop-culture. It's stated that Hongkongers use cultural and semiotic resources to emphasize specificity of their cultural code. And particularly these kinds of resources played the biggest role in this process. Authors conclude that the British influence was one of the structural factors which determined the nature and contents of Hong Kong's identity. At the same time, they note that the process of its forming is based on evolved for centuries Chinese national tradition which contains self-preserving mechanisms which make it possible for Hongkongers to interpret external cultural drawings in a unique way.

What are the principle characteristics of that part of European civilization which Great Britain (GB) transmitted & still transmits to the diverse societies of Asia & Africa? It is concluded that it is a British type of European civilization. It is dominated by the concepts of empiricism & pragmatism, & offers these attitudes to Asian & African peoples rather than specific principles. The English speaking nations produced new talents & traits which were transmitted to African & Asiatic nations. This did not involve a transplanting of British culture. In Africa the present development is a result of the action of European civilization on the African situation. African civilization is not European but a product different from both the African past & the European present. Not European civilization, but the sudden appearance & speed of transmission of this new vehicle is disintegrating in inner Africa the basic underpinnings of African society. Wherever there is the physical & political presence of GB in Africa, there is still an effective influence of European civilization after the pattern of British culture which emphasizes the science & system of good governance. It is difficult to generalize in regard to Asia. He concludes that the British vehicle of European civilization has not been used to imprint any rigid ideology or terror upon the peoples of Asia & Africa. Therefore, much of its science & techniques are likely to be accepted &become part of the new cultural development. J E. Hughes.

This paper aims to analyse a largely uncharted topic, i.e. the representation of Ireland's struggle for political and cultural self-determination in the nationalist press for Irish youth. In particular, I will examine four papers (Our Boys, Fianna, Young Ireland, and St. Enda's), which represented the various nuances within the ranks of Irish nationalism. Combining literary and historical interests, I will devote my attention to the editorials and literary contributions published in the 1910s and 1920s to illustrate how these juvenile periodicals engaged their readership in a discussion on the necessity of Home Rule and Ireland's cultural independence. Textual attention to the rhetorical and literary strategies adopted by the contributors helps to expose the nuances and shifts in the Irish nationalists' view on the issue, and how nationalist ideas were repackaged for a youthful audience. Moreover, since the four papers were meant as home-grown substitutes for the examples of British popular culture such as the Boys' Own Paper, their analysis will cast light on the nationalists' yearning for the development and success of truly Irish popular culture among the youngsters. The Irish periodicals waged a battle against their British counterparts — a battle which Ireland's youth was incited to fight.