Suchergebnisse

International audience ; Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate (MACC/MACCII) currently represents the European Union's Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) (http://www.copernicus.eu), which will become fully operational in the course of 2015. The global near-real-time MACC model production run for aerosol and reactive gases provides daily analyses and 5 day forecasts of atmospheric composition fields. It is the only assimilation system world-wide that is operational to produce global analyses and forecasts of reactive gases and aerosol fields. We have investigated the ability of the MACC analysis system to simulate tropospheric concentrations of reactive gases (CO, O3, and NO2) covering the period between 2009 and 2012. A validation was performed based on CO and O3 surface observations from the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) network, O3 surface observations from the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) and furthermore, NO2 tropospheric columns derived from the satellite sensors SCIAMACHY and GOME-2, and CO total columns derived from the satellite sensor MOPITT. The MACC system proved capable of reproducing reactive gas concentrations in consistent quality, however, with a seasonally dependent bias compared to surface and satellite observations: for northern hemispheric surface O3 mixing ratios, positive biases appear during the warm seasons and negative biases during the cold parts of the years, with monthly Modified Normalised Mean Biases (MNMBs) ranging between −30 and 30% at the surface. Model biases are likely to result from difficulties in the simulation of vertical mixing at night and deficiencies in the model's dry deposition parameterization. Observed tropospheric columns of NO2 and CO could be reproduced correctly during the warm seasons, but are mostly underestimated by the model during the cold seasons, when anthropogenic emissions are at a highest, especially over the US, Europe and Asia. Monthly MNMBs of the satellite data evaluation range between −110 and 40% for NO2 and at most −20% for CO, over the investigated regions. The underestimation is likely to result from a combination of errors concerning the dry deposition parameterization and certain limitations in the current emission inventories, together with an insufficiently established seasonality in the emissions.

Failed or fragile states are those that are unable or unwilling to provide a socio-political framework for citizens and meet their basic needs. They are a source of terrorism and international crime, as well as incubators of infectious disease, environmental degradation, and unregulated mass migration. Canada's engagement with countries such as the Congo, East Timor, Bosnia, and Afghanistan underlines the commitment of successive Canadian governments to addressing the threats posed to Western security by state fragility. From Kinshasa to Kandahar: Canada and Fragile States in Historical Perspective brings together leading Canadian historians and political scientists to explore Canada's historic relationship with fragile states. The collection spans the period from the 1960s to the present and covers a geographical range that stretches from the Middle East to Latin America to Southeast Asia. Authors embrace a variety of approaches and methodologies, including traditional archival historical research, postmodern textual analysis, oral history, and administrative studies to chronicle and explain Canada's engagement with fragile and failed states. This collection reflects the growing public interest in the issue of failed states, which are of increasing concern to Canadian policymakers and are making headlines on the world stage. It helps explain the historic forces that have shaped Canadian policy towards failed and fragile states, and provides a platform for a national discussion about Canada's future role addressing state fragility. With contributions by: Stephanie M. Bangarth Duane Bratt Darren Brunk Hevina S. Dashwood Jean Daudelin Tom Keating Stephen Saideman Julian Schofield Kevin Spooner Andrew Thompson David Webster ; Social Sciences, through the Awards to Scholarly Publications Program, using funds provided by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. The University of Calgary Press acknowledges the support of the Government of Alberta through the Alberta Media Fund for our ...

Care management (CM) is a promising team-based, patient-centered approach "designed to assist patients and their support systems in managing medical conditions more effectively." As little is known about its implementation, this article describes CM implementation and associated lessons from 12 Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality–sponsored projects. Two rounds of data collection resulted in project-specific narratives that were analyzed using an iterative approach analogous to framework analysis. Informants also participated as coauthors. Variation emerged across practices and over time regarding CM services provided, personnel delivering these services, target populations, and setting(s). Successful implementation was characterized by resource availability (both monetary and nonmonetary), identifying as well as training employees with the right technical expertise and interpersonal skills, and embedding CM within practices. Our findings facilitate future context-specific implementation of CM within medical homes. They also inform the development of medical home recognition programs that anticipate and allow for contextual variation.

"Les détracteurs et les partisans des programmes d'immunisation canadiens se distinguent sous de nombreux angles, mais partagent un sentiment d'exaspération au sujet de l'approche adoptée par leurs opposants présumés en matière de santé personnelle et de santé publique. En Europe et en Amérique du Nord, la polémique entourant la vaccination et la santé publique atteint à un point tel que les participants, campés dans leur position, ont tendance à faire peu de cas de leurs opposants ou à les discréditer, les percevant comme manifestant une ignorance dangereuse, peut-être délibérée, au sujet du fonctionnement réel du corps humain, de l'économie, de la santé publique et même de l'univers. Le résultat de ces débats est d'une grande importance pour l'intérêt public, car toute discussion sur des flambées de maladies contagieuses graves mène généralement à une mésentente au sujet de ce que chacun doit à la société, de la confiance que méritent les scientifiques, les fabricants de médicaments ou les experts de la médecine, du respect à accorder aux objections basées sur la religion ou la culture et des limites que les gouvernements devraient imposer à la liberté individuelle. De là découlent des préoccupations à la fois profondes et légitimes, non seulement pour ceux qui s'inquiètent des épidémies qu'un vaccin aurait pu prévenir, mais aussi chez les regroupements culturels et religieux qui ont constamment défendu leur capacité d'exercer des choix conformes à leurs convictions et traditions. […]" ; Remerciements / Paul Bramadat, Maryse Guay, Julie A. Bettinger et Réal Roy – INTRODUCTION ET THÉORIE. Introduction : pour un dialogue plus fructueux / Paul Bramadat -- 1. Crise de confiance et crise de vérité : religion, culture et réticence à la vaccination au Canada / Paul Bramadat -- 2. Hésitation face à la vaccination : considérations éthiques vues de multiples perspectives / Kieran C. O'Doherty, Christine Smith et C. Meghan McMurtry -- 3. Le rôle de la perception du risque dans la réticence à la vaccination et le défi de la communication / Conrad G. Brunk -- HISTOIRE. 4. Leçons à tirer du refus de l'inoculation variolique : premiers débats entre scientifiques et évolution de la tendance au refus de la vaccination / Réal Roy -- 5. Jamais sans risque : résister à la vaccination dans le centre du Canada, 1885-1960 / Heather MacDougall et Laurence Monnais -- BIOMÉDECINE, L'ÉTAT ET LES COMMUNAUTÉS RÉTICENTES À LA VACCINATION OU QUI LA REJETTENT. 6. Portrait des Canadiens réticents à la vaccination / Maryse Guay, Ève Dubé et Caroline Laberge -- 7. Réticence à la vaccination et recours aux médecines alternatives et complémentaires / Ève Dubé, Chantal Sauvageau et Dominique Gagnon -- 8. Maladies évitables par la vaccination : tendances épidémiologiques au Canada / Julie A. Bettinger et Shannon E. MacDonald -- 9. Le système canadien de surveillance de l'inocuité des vaccins / Monika Naus, Barbara Law et Aline Rinfret -- POLITIQUES VACCINALES EN CONTEXTE CLINIQUE, MÉDIATIQUE ET COMMUNAUTAIRE. 10. « Ton corps, ta décision » : perspective anthropologique sur la réticence à la vaccination contre le VPH / Jennafer Roberts et Lisa M. Mitchell -- 11. Engager le dialogue avec les parents réticents : la perspective du clinicien / François D. Boucher -- 12. Les origines de l'hésitation face à la vaccination / André Picard -- 13. La santé publique et l'heuristique personnelle / Noni E. MacDonald. – CONCLUSION. 14. Poursuivre le dialogue / Paul Bramadat, Julie A. Bettinger et Maryse Guay – Annexe –Collaborateurs.

Copies of the correspondence sent to Melchor Ortega from Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles while he was living in exile in San Diego, CA. B.A. Roberto Lomelí donated the copies. Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles writes to Melchor Ortega and regrets he has a serious bronchitis. He tells his son Rodolfo and friends Mr. Terminel, Mr. Brunk and Mr. Romo visited him. He writes about the economic situation in Mexico, the war between China and Japan, the victory of Franco in Spain and daily life news. He gives his opinion regarding the U.S. navy. He states that Moscow is interested in Mongolia and that Russia and Japan could start a battle. He gives his opinion regarding politics in Mexico and the creation of a new party, which he considers to have a communist ideology. He mentions the books published by the Count of Paris. He compares the count's ideology to Cardenas' ideology. He criticizes the sale of 35 million ounces of silver to the United States. He argues the economic outlook is difficult. Letter from Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles to Melchor Ortega dated on February 10, 1938 (see folder 2, p. 25). Letter from Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles to Melchor Ortega dated on February 24, 1938 (see folder 2, p. 28). Letters from Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles to Melchor Ortega dated on March 12, 1938 (see folder 2, p. 34). March 27, 1938 (see folder 2, p. 43). April 12, 1938 (see folder 2, p. 49). April 21, 1938 (see folder 2, p. 50). May 17, 1938 (see folder 2, p. 52). May 27, 1938 (see folder 2, p. 53). June 9, 1938 (see folder 2, p. 59). July 12, 1938 (see folder 2, p. 72). July 22, 1938 (see folder 2, p. 92). August 5, 1938 (see folder 2, p. 99). August 26, 1938 (see folder 2, p. 106). September 13, 1938 (see folder 2, p. 121). October 25, 1938 (see folder 2, p. 123). November 14, 1938 (see folder 2, p. 128). November 14, 1938 (see folder 2, p. 134). December 2, 1938 (see folder 2, p. 137). December 22, 1938 (see folder 2, p. 140). / Copias fotostáticas de correspondencia enviada a Melchor Ortega por el general PEC, quien residía en San Diego, Cal., en el exilio, correspondientes al año de 1938. Estas copias fueron donadas al APECFT por el licenciado Roberto Ortega Lomelí. El general PEC escribe a Melchor Ortega lamentándose de una fuerte bronquitis de la que no se puede recuperar, comentando que lo visitaron para las fiestas navideñas su hijo Rodolfo y sus amigos Terminel, Brunk y el ingeniero Romo, a quienes convenció de ir a Los Ángeles al gran juego de fútbol del año. Con respecto a la situación económica de México se duele de la forma en que se está mermando la reserva monetaria, la fuerza de capitales, la alarma y desconfianza que generan medidas como la formación del Frente Popular, de ideología comunista. Asegura que en sus apreciaciones no hay pasión, él está tranquilo de espíritu y habla con la autoridad que le da la experiencia. Por último comenta los acontecimientos mundiales, la guerra chino-japonesa; la victoria de Franco en España y espera que nuestro país se mantenga al margen. El general PEC escribe a Melchor Ortega comentando asuntos de la vida cotidiana y de su salud. Respecto a la situación internacional analiza las complicaciones en Oriente, donde Inglaterra y Estados Unidos tienen muchos intereses, pero que de momento lo único que quieren es ganar tiempo. El presidente norteamericano busca promover el desarrollo naval y aéreo, él dice que no con propósitos bélicos sino para hacer respetar a su país. En Asia él considera que el gran peligro está en la Mongolia Soviética porque Moscú tiene mucho interés en la zona y es bien conocido el odio ruso-japonés, naciones que pueden entrar en conflicto en cualquier momento. La situación en España sigue igual aunque se prevé un triunfo de los nacionalistas. Por último analiza la política de nuestro país, la formación de un nuevo partido de tendencias comunistas aunque se hable de que la nueva agrupación representa a todas las tendencias y lo compara con el Frente Popular en Francia, que ha tenido que enfrentar una aguda crisis. Le menciona el libro que acaba de publicar el Conde de París, pretendiente al trono de Francia, en el que habla de una monarquía de campesinos y soldados y usa términos y radicalismo al estilo de Lenin y Trotsky. Opina que este es un engendro como el que ha concebido el presidente Cárdenas de constituir un partido de campesinos, soldados y trabajadores que sería oficial y obraría con intransigencia y atacaría a quienes no comulguen con sus ideas. A este partido se sumarían los acomodaticios, que en cuanto cambien las condiciones se convertirán en sus críticos. De la situación económica y la venta de 35 millones de onzas de plata a Estados Unidos en nada ayuda, se agotan nuestras reservas para sostener un tipo de cambio ficticio y los dólares seguirán fugándose; además el desplome de la producción es evidente, por lo que es cada vez más lo que necesitamos exportar para comer, con lo que nuestra economía a largo plazo tiene un panorama difícil. Carta del general PEC a Melchor Ortega fechada el 10 de febrero de 1938 (ver legajo 2, p. 25). Carta del general PEC a Melchor Ortega fechada el 24 de febrero de 1938 (ver legajo 2, p. 28). Carta del general PEC a Melchor Ortega fechada el 12 de marzo de 1938 (ver legajo 2, p. 34). Carta del general PEC a Melchor Ortega fechada el 27 de marzo de 1938 (ver legajo 2, p. 43). Carta del general PEC a Melchor Ortega fechada el 12 de abril de 1938 (ver legajo 2, p. 49). Carta del general PEC a Melchor Ortega fechada el 21 de abril de 1938 (ver legajo 2, p. 50). Carta del general PEC a Melchor Ortega fechada el 17 de mayo de 1938 (ver legajo 2, p. 52). Carta del general PEC a Melchor Ortega fechada el 27 de mayo de 1938 (ver legajo 2, p. 53). Carta del general PEC a Melchor Ortega fechada el 9 de junio de 1938 (ver legajo 2, p. 59). Carta del general PEC a Melchor Ortega fechada el 12 de julio de 1938 (ver legajo 2, p. 72). Carta del general PEC a Melchor Ortega fechada el 22 de julio de 1938 (ver legajo 2, p. 92). Carta del general PEC a Melchor Ortega fechada el 5 de agosto de 1938 (ver legajo 2, p. 99). Carta del general PEC a Melchor Ortega fechada el 26 de agosto de 1938 (ver legajo 2, p. 106). Carta del general PEC a Melchor Ortega fechada 13 de septiembre de 1938 (ver legajo 2, p. 121). Carta del general PEC a Melchor Ortega fechada el 2 de octubre de 1938 (ver legajo 2, p. 123). Carta del general PEC a Melchor Ortega fechada el 25 de octubre de 1938 (ver legajo 2, p. 128). Carta del general PEC a Melchor Ortega fechada el 14 de noviembre de 1938 (ver legajo 2, p. 134). Carta del general PEC a Melchor Ortega fechada el 2 de diciembre de 1938 (ver legajo 2, p. 137). Carta del general PEC a Melchor Ortega fechada el 22 de diciembre de 1938 (ver legajo 2, p. 140).

The Community Land Model (CLM) is the land component of the Community Earth System Model (CESM) and is used in several global and regional modeling systems. In this paper, we introduce model developments included in CLM version 5 (CLM5), which is the default land component for CESM2. We assess an ensemble of simulations, including prescribed and prognostic vegetation state, multiple forcing data sets, and CLM4, CLM4.5, and CLM5, against a range of metrics including from the International Land Model Benchmarking (ILAMBv2) package. CLM5 includes new and updated processes and parameterizations: (1) dynamic land units, (2) updated parameterizations and structure for hydrology and snow (spatially explicit soil depth, dry surface layer, revised groundwater scheme, revised canopy interception and canopy snow processes, updated fresh snow density, simple firn model, and Model for Scale Adaptive River Transport), (3) plant hydraulics and hydraulic redistribution, (4) revised nitrogen cycling (flexible leaf stoichiometry, leaf N optimization for photosynthesis, and carbon costs for plant nitrogen uptake), (5) global crop model with six crop types and time-evolving irrigated areas and fertilization rates, (6) updated urban building energy, (7) carbon isotopes, and (8) updated stomatal physiology. New optional features include demographically structured dynamic vegetation model (Functionally Assembled Terrestrial Ecosystem Simulator), ozone damage to plants, and fire trace gas emissions coupling to the atmosphere. Conclusive establishment of improvement or degradation of individual variables or metrics is challenged by forcing uncertainty, parametric uncertainty, and model structural complexity, but the multivariate metrics presented here suggest a general broad improvement from CLM4 to CLM5. ; National Science Foundation (NSF)National Science Foundation (NSF); National Center for Atmospheric Research - NSF [1852977]; RUBISCO Scientific Focus Area (SFA) - Regional and Global Climate Modeling (RGCM) Program in the Climate and Environmental Sciences Division (CESD) of the Office of Biological and Environmental Research in the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science; Columbia University Presidential Fellowship; U.S. Department of Agriculture NIFA Award [2015-67003-23485]; NASA Interdisciplinary Science Program Award [NNX17AK19G]; U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research, Terrestrial Ecosystem Science programUnited States Department of Energy (DOE) [DE-SC0008317, DESC0016188]; National Science FoundationNational Science Foundation (NSF) [DEB-1153401]; NASA's CARBON program; NASA's TE program; National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNational Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) ; We would like to thank the reviewers for their insightful comments and helpful suggestions that improved the clarity and presentation of the manuscript. The CESM project is supported primarily by the National Science Foundation (NSF). This material is based upon work supported by the National Center for Atmospheric Research, which is a major facility sponsored by the NSF under Cooperative Agreement 1852977. Computing and data storage resources, including the Cheyenne supercomputer (doi:10.5065/D6RX99HX), were provided by the Computational and Information Systems Laboratory (CISL) at NCAR. D. M. L. was supported in part by the RUBISCO Scientific Focus Area (SFA), which is sponsored by the Regional and Global Climate Modeling (RGCM) Program in the Climate and Environmental Sciences Division (CESD) of the Office of Biological and Environmental Research in the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science. D. K. and P. G. were supported by Columbia University Presidential Fellowship. G. B., D. L. L., W. R. W., and R. Q. T. were supported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture NIFA Award 2015-67003-23485. W. R. W. and G. K. A. were supported by the NASA Interdisciplinary Science Program Award NNX17AK19G. J. B. F. and M. S. carried out the research in part at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. California Institute of Technology. Government sponsorship acknowledged. All rights reserved. J. B. F. and M. S. were supported in part by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research, Terrestrial Ecosystem Science program under Awards DE-SC0008317 and DESC0016188; the National Science Foundation Ecosystem Science program (DEB-1153401); and NASA's CARBON and TE programs. All model data are archived and publicly available at the UCAR/NCAR Climate Data Gateway (https://doi.org/10.5065/d6154fwh).

If there is a "Chekhov's gun" in the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict, it consists of circa $300 billion worth of central bank assets sitting in the coffers of the U.S. and (more so) its close allies. Frozen at the outset of Moscow's invasion, the money represents both the object of the strongest sanctions taken so far against a state outside of a UN-authorized regime, and, at the same time, the possible target for even more dramatic further escalatory measures.The question at the moment is whether G7 states will make the crucial transition from "freezing" to "seizing" – i.e., liquidate the funds and then reallocate them to assist Ukraine. The issue has gathered urgency amidst flagging support in the U.S. and in Europe for continuing to expend funds on shoring up Ukraine's struggling defenses.At home in the U.S., the bipartisan REPO Act endorsed by the Senate Foreign Relations Committee would empower the President to "confiscate ... Russian sovereign assets'' and to then deposit them into a "Ukraine Support Fund" that would aid in reconstruction, recovery, and the "welfare of the Ukrainian people." Those goals, if vague, are hardly objectionable. But using seized sovereign assets to promote them is, as a matter of law, untested and problematic. As a matter of economic statecraft, meanwhile, it is still more inadvisable, for several reasons. These include the significant risk of alienating allies, further discrediting U.S. "dollar power", boosting China's prestige and its own "yuanization" aims, and endangering U.S. assets abroad.Piercing the Veil of SovereigntyThe legal objections are quite simple to summarize. The norm of sovereign immunity is one of the most well-established customs in international law. In the eyes of many experts, it is precisely the firmness of this bedrock principle that has allowed exceptions, such as litigation for commercial disputes involving states, to become reliable.The rule is reflected in the law of countries around the world, including in the U.S.'s own Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act. China, notably, has only as of this year finally implemented legislation for immunity that clearly separates commerce from matters of state, putting foreign businesses and investors on equal footing as litigants — which should be seen as a victory for U.S. interests in its market.Despite immunity's inarguable applicability to central banks, advocates of asset seizure have pointed to the custom of "countermeasures'' to justify their project. These are illegal acts taken by states injured by a previous wrong of another state, and intended only to induce the latter to cease its misbehavior. Usually, only a directly injured party (here, Ukraine) can take such actions, but emerging arguments for "collective countermeasures"would extend the field of retaliators for some core wrongs to include any state in the global community.Experts critical of asset seizure have pointed out, however, that doctrinal support is lacking. As Vanderbilt Law School's Ingrid (Wuerth) Brunk rightly summarizes: "There is little or no state practice on countermeasures for reparations ... There is little practice of third-party countermeasures, little or no practice of countermeasures used to deny immunity, and no practice that provides clear support for denying central bank immunity as a countermeasure."Meanwhile, given that most of the funds currently lie in special accounts at the financial services company Euroclear, any repercussions would also be primarily borne not by Washington, but rather by its European allies. That fact has prompted considerable opposition to the initiative among European policymakers, despite their willingness to join earlier rounds of sanctions. After all, Europe's leaders are, in effect, being deputized to carry out a policy of financial warfare whose costs they will have to bear right along with that policy's targets.First of all, the precedent of a geopolitically-motivated confiscation could threaten the euro's hard-won status as the world's second reserve currency. The euro's attractiveness has been based on numerous ingredients, obviously including Europe's economic productivity, stability, and growth potential; however, its apparent security for asset-holders as compared with the more thoroughly weaponized U.S. financial system is also a key factor. And then there is, of course, European states' relatively far greater vulnerability than Washington in the case of any escalations of the broader NATO-Russia conflict.It is understandable why the EU has so far balked on agreement to a plan of outright confiscation of Russian funds. It has, instead, begun to implement a much more moderate approach of reallocating to Kyiv the sizable interest payments being generated by the frozen assets. However, the G7 is still due to discuss the proposal for seizure at its next meeting. The Biden administration, along with Canada and Japan, remain strong backers of this idea.A Financial Coalition of the Willing?Debates are intensifying. For example, when Swiss lawmakers discussed reparations involvement this month, the motions were adopted in the Senate by 21 votes to 19, with three abstentions. Some senators worried about "weakening" international law protections, which "exist to protect small states." Those misgivings are still more widely shared beyond Europe, of course, as large swathes of the Global South know precisely how vulnerable they can already be to Western sanctions. A dubious new practice of asset confiscation would make U.S. dollar power, already a subject of widespread discontent, even more unpalatable.If the G7 financial offensive provokes as much backlash as it seems poised to, could China stand to benefit? Certainly, Beijing is likely to reap diplomatic dividends from perceptions that Western financial warfare has become too extreme. Xi Jinping's Party center has emphasized portraying China as a law-abiding global power, especially by embracing UN institutions (where it, of course, exerts great influence at little cost). The contrast with a G7 maneuvering around the UN at every turn makes a potent impression in the Global South.A separate question is whether China's vision of a "de-dollarized" world could receive a boost from Western confiscation efforts. Certainly, Beijing has long sought to increase the yuan's share of global foreign currency reserves and cross-border usage, and has made some recent progress. The RMB would indeed become more attractive as dollar and euro accounts began to look ever more vulnerable to seizure.But it has a long way to go. Currently, the yuan is only the fifth global reserve currency, still narrowly trailing the yen and the pound. It is also limited by domestic economic issues and, especially China's strict capital controls and heavily managed exchange rates. As a recent article produced for a PRC Ministry of Education research project phrased it, given all of the current obstacles to international use of the RMB, even for Russia itself, "de-dollarization cannot be a complete renminbization."Still, intensified weaponization of Western currencies could indeed boost China's yuan efforts, and, more significantly, provide a major stimulus to plans for a BRICS basket reserve currency. The move would simultaneously improve Beijing's reputation as an apparently more responsible actor with respect to foreign assets, while also perversely incentivizing it to further experiment with its own nascent unilateral sanctions regime.A managed process of de-dollarization with cross-bloc participation could be a good thing, but a chaotic transition triggered by Western hubris, provoking similar ventures by great power rivals, would not be. Like the "coalition of the willing" that supported the illegal Iraq War in 2003, arguably helping to normalize behaviors like those of Russia today, the coalition now aligning for ever-escalating financial warfare may ultimately weaken international law protections for everyone, not only their intended targets. It is time to put a freeze on the transition to seizure.

Correspondence between Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles and his son Rodolfo Elías Calles, Emilia Lacy Elías Calles, Porfirio E. Ledesma and Fernando Torreblanca. It contains information about visits by relatives of Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles who is in San Diego, CA and birthday congratulations. Rodolfo Elías Calles informs his father on April 1936 that they are facing with calm the difficult moments they are going through. He informs that a group of drunk men led by Luis Zapata tried to take the house in Anzures but the police stopped them. Work is decreasing at the hacienda and they are selling livestock because he knows there will not be guarantees and he notices concern among the workers. He will only keep the best cows and will sow alfalfa and oat. He informs that he sold the stock of the Sugar Bank for a good price. He will fix the house in Azures to sell it. He will take Gen. PEC's documents to keep them. He asks authorization to lease the house in Cuernavaca. He informs that other goods and jewelry are well kept. He asks him to trust him to handle his matters of which he will give him a detail account. He warns him to be careful with his expenses since difficult times are coming. Rodolfo Elías Calles requests information to Fernando Torreblanca about equipment for a stable. Reply informing they already bought six devices. Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles asks his son Rodolfo to send him to San Diego an envelope with his photographs and the ones of the Hacienda Santa Bárbara. Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles expresses he is satisfied with the report presented by the Inspector of the Department of Public Health related to the strike of electricians in which he describes the service of milk delivery by the Hacienda Santa Bárbara as excellent. Copy of a reported sent by Porfirio Ledesma and signed by Bernardo Suárez Siller. Rodolfo Elías Calles informs Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles about family and business affairs in Mexico, the management of the Hacienda Santa Bárbara, the situation in El Mante, the agreement with the National Bank concerning the affairs of Jorge Almada, the possibilities to sell or lease the house in Anzures and the possibility to get a power of attorney. The power of attorney would let him manage the assets of his brother Gustavo who is underage. (See file Elías Calles Chacón, Gustavo) He informs him of a possible trip to San Francisco with his friend Bunk if business go well and allow him to stay for a month there with his family. Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles sends the power of attorney requested. Porfirio Ledesma sends to Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles a copy of the letter he sent to the Directorate of Rural Population, National Lands and Colonization of the Secretariat of Agriculture and Development refusing the colonization of the farm that some neighbors had requested. He argues that the farm works intensively and that makes it a case of exception. Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles is glad for the good news. Rodolfo Elías Calles informs his father of the business of the Hacienda Santa Bárbara, economic struggles, agricultural incertitude, the hostile political environment against him and the isolation his family is experiencing. Balance of the Hacienda Santa Bárbara for the months of July, August and September 1936. Rodolfo Elías Calles informs his father he is sending newspaper clippings with interviews and news about him. He informs the difficult environment continues and that is in Villa Juárez and Tampico dealing with the issues of El Mante, sugar harvest and land issues. Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles says he is sorry for the bad situation and informs that he is having treatment at the Geysers in Cloverdale with Dr. Sooy. He suggests him to invite Dr. Ayala and Chole (Soledad González) in case he is going to San Diego. / Correspondencia entre el Gral. PEC y su hijo Rodolfo Elías Calles, Emilia Lacy de Elías Calles, Porfirio E. Ledesma y Fernando Torreblanca: Informes sobre visitas de familiares al Gral. PEC que se encuentra en San Diego y felicitaciones por onomásticos. Rodolfo Elías Calles cumunica a su padre, en abril de 1936, que están afrontando con serenidad los tiempos adversos, que un grupo de individuos ebrios encabezados por un tal Luis Zapata intentó tomar posesión de la casa de Anzures, pero que fue detenido por la policía, que en la hacienda se está reduciendo trabajo y liquidando ganado porque está seguro que no tendrá garantías y que nota cierta inquietud entre los trabajadores, sólo dejará los mejores ejemplares de vacas; que va a sembrar alfalfa y avena. Le comunica que vendió las acciones del Banco Azucarero a muy buen precio, que la casa de Anzures la va a arreglar para rentarla y que en cuanto a sus archivos y papeles él se los va a llevar para guardarlos. Respecto a la casa de Cuernavaca solicita su autorización para rentarla. De otros valores y alhajas informa que están debidamente resguardados. Le solicita confianza para manejar sus asuntos de los cuales le entregará cuentas detalladas y le aconseja economía en sus gastos, ya que se avecinan épocas difíciles. Rodolfo Elías Calles solicita informes a Fernando Torreblanca sobre compra de aparatos para el establo. Respuesta informando ya se compraron seis. El Gral. PEC pide a su hijo Rodolfo le envíe a San Diego, un sobre con sus fotografías y las de la Hacienda de Santa Bárbara. El Gral. PEC se muestra satisfecho con el informe que rindió el Inspector Oficial de Salubridad al Departamento de Salubridad Pública con motivo de la huelga de electricistas, calificando de excelente el servicio de la Hacienda de Santa Bárbara en su entrega de leche. Informe que le envía Porfirio Ledesma en copia y que está firmado por Bernardo Suárez Siller. Rodolfo Elías Calles informa al Gral. PEC de como van todos los asuntos en México tanto familiares como de negocios, del funcionamiento de la Hacienda Santa Bárbara, de la situación de El Mante, del arreglo con el Banco Nacional del asunto de Jorge [Almada]; de la conveniencia de vender o rentar la casa de Anzures cuyo mantenimiento es muy costoso y la posibilidad de que le otorgue un poder especial para poder disponer de los bienes de su hermano Gustavo que es menor de edad, poder que deberá otorgar ante notario si prefiere no ir al Consulado (ver Exp. ELIAS CALLES CHACON, Gustavo). Le anuncia un posible viaje a San Francisco con su amigo Brunk si los negocios marchan bien y le asegura estancia de un mes en San Diego con toda la familia. El Gral. PEC informa estar enviando el poder solicitado. Porfirio Ledesma envía al Gral. PEC copia del oficio que giró la Dirección de Población Rural, Terrenos Nacionales y Colonización de la Secretaría de Agricultura y Fomento negando la colonización de la finca que habían pedido algunos vecinos, ya que la misma trabaja intensamente y su explotación agrícola industrial la coloca dentro de los casos de excepción. El Gral. PEC contesta congratulándose. Rodolfo Elías Calles informa a su padre de la marcha de los negocios de la Hacienda de Santa Bárbara, de las dificultades económicas que enfrenta, de la incertidumbre agraria, del hostil ambiente político que hay en su contra y del aislamiento que sufre la familia. Balance de cuentas de la Hacienda Santa Bárbara, de julio, agosto y septiembre de 1936. Rodolfo Elías Calles informa a su padre estarle enviando con Alfredo recortes de periódico con entrevistas y noticias sobre él; que el clima de linchamiento continúa y que él está en Villa Juárez y Tampico atendiendo los graves problemas de El Mante, zafra por el agotamiento de las tierras. El Gral. PEC se lamenta de la mala situación e informa a su hijo que está en tratamiento en los Geysers de Cloverdale con el Dr. Sooy. Le sugiere que si va a ir a San Diego invite al Dr. Ayala y a la Chole (Soledad González).