Suchergebnisse

Many a democratisation process since the end of the Cold War has proved to be a flash in the pan. On a global scale the steps taken in democratisation have been backwards rather than forwards for some years, at least until recent events in the Arab world. Stable democracies have emerged mainly in the regional environment of other democracies, especially the European Union. Can, conversely, the growing strength of authoritarian models of governance in other world regions be attributed to the negative influence of undemocratic regional powers? Do countries such as China and Russia promote authoritarian rule in their regional environment? And what influence, on the other hand, do such rising democratic powers as India, Brazil and South Africa have? An analysis of the three major regional powers China,Russia and India in the context of neighbouring political regimes reveals a disturbing pattern: • Russia has increasingly supported the governments of its authoritarian neighbours since the late 1990s. Since Georgia's Rose Revolution in 2003 it has also undermined and destabilised democratising regimes in its environment, as long as it can expect political benefit in the short term. • China is clearly banking on regime stability in neighbouring countries and so, given the low level of democracy in the region, helping to maintain autocratic rule. It even protects such repressive dictatorships as Burma and North Korea against international interference. • India, in contrast, hardly acts as a democratic counterbalance. After a largely unsuccessful period of actively interfering in South Asia, it has pursued a restrained foreign policy and so eased the tension of its relationship with such neighbours as Pakistan and China and increased its credibility as a representative of the concerns of the global "South" – without, however, making a significant contribution to greater democracy in its regional neighbourhood. It is true that the influence of regional powers on the regimes of neighbouring states should not be overestimated. Neither Russia nor China has yet created new dictatorships in its environment. The emergence of stable political systems also depends as much on long-term internal processes as on external influences. Yet the fact that authoritarian regional powers have problematical effects on their neighbours cannot be overlooked. Russia and China have at least helped to make successful democratic changes in their regions more difficult.

Books reviewed:Thomas Nicholas and Oliver Bernhof, George Forster, A Voyage around the WorldJohn, Merritt, That Voluminous Squatter, W.E. Abbott, WingenStephen Hamnett and Robert Freestone, The Australian Metropolis: A Planning HistoryDavid Lawrence, Kakadu: The Making of a National ParkGeoffrey Bolton and Jenny Gregory, Claremont: A HistoryHeinz, Schütte, Der Ursprung der Messer und Beile: Gedanken zum zivilisatorischen Projekt rheinischer Missionare im frühkolonialen Neuguinea (The origin of knives and axes: Reflections on the civilizing goal of Rhenish Missionaries in early colonial New Guinea)Dorothy Shineberg, The People Trade: Pacific Island Labourers and New Caledonia, 1865–1930Judith M. Heimann, The Most Offending Soul Alive: Tom Harrisson and his Remarkable LifeVictor Treadwell, Buckingham and Ireland 1616–1628. A Study in Anglo‐Irish PoliticsJoseph M. Levine, Between the Ancients and Moderns: Baroque Culture in Restoration EnglandChristina and David Bewleyl, Gentleman Radical: A Life of John Horne Tooke 1736–1812Peter Dennis and Jeffrey Grey, (eds) The 1999 Chief of Army/Australian War Memorial Military History ConferenceMary Lindemann, Medicine and Society in Early Modern EuropeIan Germani and Robin Swales, Symbols, Myths and Images of the French Revolution. Essays in Honour of James A. LeithDavid E. Barclay and Eric D. Weitz, Between Reform and Revolution. German Socialism and Communism from 1840 to 1990Peter Juviler, Freedom's Ordeal: The Struggle for Human Rights and Democracy in Post‐Soviet StatesPhilip Curtin, Disease and Empire: The Health of European Troops in the Conquest of AfricaRobert Aldrich and John Connell, The Last ColoniesRadhika Mohanram, Black Body: Women, Colonialism and SpaceMabel Lee and Michael Wilding, History, Literature and Society: Essays in Honour of S.N. Mukherjee, Sydney Studies in Society and Culture, 15S.N. Mukherjee, Citizen Historian: Explorations in Historiography. Sydney Studies in Society and Culture, 13Jonathan Spence, MaoFrederick C. Teiwes with Warren, Sun China's Road to Disaster, Mao, Central Politicians, and Provincial Leaders in the Unfolding of the Great Leap Forward 1955–1959Dr Maung Maung, The 1988 Uprising in Burma. Monograph 49Wim Stokhof and Paul van der Velde, ASEM: A Window of OpportunityManoranjan Mohanty and Partha Math Mukherji with Olle Törnquist, People's Rights: Social Movements and the State in the Third WorldJames Elliott, Tourism: politics and public sector managementBruce L. Benson, To Serve and Protect: Privatization and Community in Criminal JusticeAlan Hunt, Governing Morals: A Social History of Moral RegulationAndrew Vincent, Political Theory: Tradition and DiversityGerald Sider and Gavin Smith, Between History and Histories: The Making of Silences and Commemorations

The developing and changing international scene since the world wars has highlighted two facts on the part of nation-states as actors in the environment: One, the constant need for an effective and acceptable "governing image" and two, the construction or resetting of values, goals or structures so as to collaborate with the governing image of the times. The governing image is essentially international in character, though created by a nation or a group of nations as a world view projection and the adjustments to the international environment. In concrete terms, the post-war world has been dominated by such images as bi-polarity, containment, liberation, socialist international or nonalignment. While alliances have been a product of most of these, the last, nonalignment, emerged as an alternative world view of the then periphery powers. The situation started to change in the 1970s. Economic power and political influence became more diffuse. The utility of military force to achieve political influence reduced. Success in cases of controlled uses of military power also became problematic. United States' Vietnam and Soviet Union's Afghanistan are cases illustrative enough. The decline of Super Power capability to use their will throughout the international arena is becoming increasingly evident. The world today is entering into what has been described as a 'post-post war era'. In this era the United States and the USSR are still major powers that have continued to retain their lethal military capabilities. The INF Pact nevertheless, both the powers continue to hold a significant strategic force capability. Yet, the range of their political influence is in fact contracting. The Soviets are pulling out of Afghanistan, Namibian probem has been resolved; there have also been no 'interventions' in Burma, in the Maldives or in Eastern Europe. One may argue that the Soviet Union is going through a phase of rest and recuperation under Gorbachev'sperestroika and that the United States has already overreached itself. The fact remains that in the post-post war era there are no longer empty spaces between the United States and the USSR that need filling up. There are powers in those areas. The focus today has shifted to the regional powers and the regional state systems that they have evolved.

"In 2013 Jaivet Ealom fled Myanmar's brutal regime, where Rohingya like him were being persecuted and killed, and boarded a boat of asylum seekers bound for Australia. Instead of finding refuge, he was transported to Australia's infamous Manus Regional Processing Centre. Blistering hot days spent in shipping containers on the island melted into weeks, then years until, finally, facing either jail in Papua New Guinea or being returned to almost certain death in Myanmar, he took matters into his own hands. Drawing inspiration from the hit show Prison Break, Jaivet meticulously planned his escape. He made it out alive but was stateless, with no ID or passport. While the nightmare of Manus was behind him, his true escape to freedom had only just begun. How Jaivet made it to sanctuary in Canada in a six-month-long odyssey by foot, boat, car, and plane, with nothing but his instinct for survival, is miraculous. His story will astonish, anger and inspire you. It will make you reassess what it means to give refuge and redefine what can be achieved by one man determined to beat the odds."--

Book reviewed in this article:BRISBANE: The First Thirty Years By W. Ross Johnston.BELYANDO SHIRE: A History of Clermont and District By Dan O'Donnell.AUSTRALIAN HISTORY IN NEW SOUTH WALES 1888 to 1938 By Brian H. Fletcher.HAULING THE LOADS: A History of Australia's Working Horses and Bullocks By Malcolm J. Kennedy.WHAT'S LEFT: Memoirs of an Australian Communist By Eric Aarons.A LAST CALL OF EMPIRE: Australian Aircrew, Britain and the Empire Air Training Scheme By John McCarthy.DEPENDENT ALLY: A Study in Australian Foreign Policy By Coral Bell.MUNICH TO VIETNAM: Australia's Relations with Britain and the United States since the 1930s Edited by Carl Bridge.THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN WORLD HISTORY: Essays in World History Series By Peter N. Stearns.BRITISH PUBLIC OPINION: A Guide to the History and Methodology of Political Opinion Polling By Robert M. Worcester.REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE, 1770–1880 By François Furet, translated by Antonia Nevill.THE FRENCH FOREIGN OFFICE AND THE ORIGINS OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR, 1898–1914 By M. B. Hayne.GERMANY AND THE APPROACH OF WAR IN 1914 By V. R. Berghahn.DIE DDR‐GESCHICHTSWISSENSCHAFT AUF DEM WEG ZUR DEUTSCHEN EINHEIT: Luther, Friedrich II und Bismarck als Paradigmen politischen Wandels By Jan Herman Brinks.THE ANATOMY OF THE NUREMBERG TRIALS By Telford Taylor.THE GERMAN LEFT: Red, Green and Beyond By Andrei S. Markovits and Philip S. Gorski,LEBANON: FIRE AND EMBERS: A History of the Lebanese Civil War By Dilip Hiro.PATRIARCH: George Washington and the New American Nation By Richard Norton Smith.NEW TOWNS IN THE NEW WORLD: Images and Perceptions of the Nineteenth‐Century Urban Frontier By David Homer.BETWEEN FREEDOM AND SUBSISTENCE: China and Human Rights By Ann Kent.BROTHER NUMBER ONE: A Political Biography of Pol Pot By David Chandler.THE BURMA‐THAILAND RAILWAY Edited by H. Nelson and G. McCormack.GOVERNING THE JAPANESE ECONOMY By Kyoko Sheridan.NANMIN [Refugee] Edited by Takashi Koto and Takashi Miyajima,ESTRANGED DEMOCRACIES: India and the United States 1941–1991 By Dennis Kux,PACKAGING THE PAST? Public Histories Edited by John Richard and Peter Spearritt.NUCLEAR PRESENT G. Burns. Metuchen, N.J.ATOMIC AUSTRALIA A. Cawte.WHITE, MALE & MIDDLE CLASS: Explorations in Feminism & History By Catherine Hall.INTRODUCTION TO POLITICS By Geoffrey Ponton and Peter Gill.POLITICAL LEADERSHIP IN AN AGE OF CONSTRAINT: Bureaucratic Politics Under Hawke and Keating By Colin Campbell S.J. and John Halligan.SOCIAL SCIENCES IN AUSTRALIA: An Introduction By Chilla Bulbeck.RACE, POLITICS, AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: Community Perspectives Edited by James Jennings.THE RISE OF HISTORICAL SOCIOLOGY By Dennis Smith.SOCIAL MEMORY By James Fentress and Chris Wickham.

Proceedings of the Conference 'Change in Myanmar: Impact on India-Myanmar Relations', held at Yangon on 6th March 2013

Introduction: Highland Asia as a world region / Jelle J.P. Wouters and Michael T. Heneise -- The middle highlands of modern China as a historical inter-Asian zomia: Human-nature diversity in the Hengduan mountains / Dan Smyer Yü -- Human-nonhuman relations in the making of place in Kham / Gillian G. Tan -- Amdo: Social landscapes and change / Eveline Washul and Yumjyi -- The Tibetan frontier: From regional boundaries to disputed borders / Nadine Plachta & Galen Murton -- The Uyghurs: Conceptual highlanders of Xinjiang / Ildikó Bellér-Hann -- Kyrgyzstan: Relating to land, nation and territory / Nienke van der Heide -- Pamirs at the crossroads / Hermann Kreutzmann -- Islam in the trans-Himalayan ecumene / Radhika Gupta -- Forming communities and negotiating power in a highland borderland: The Bhotiya on the Indo-Tibet border / Subhadra Mitra Channa -- Infrastructures of change: Development among pastoralists in Dolpo, Nepal (1990-2020) / Phurwa Gurung & Kenneth Bauer -- Nepal central highland: Resistance and the state / Mukta S. Tamang -- Ethnographies of the Sherpas in the high Himalaya: Themes, trajectories, and beyond / Pasang Yangjee Sherpa -- Ethnic belonging and the reinvention of tradition in Eastern Nepal / Martin Gaenszle -- The desire to be 'primitive': The Nepalis of Darjeeling-Sikkim Himalayas and claims for tribal recognition / Tanka B. Subba -- Bhutan: History, scholarship and emerging agency in the Bhutanese narrative / Yedzin Wangmo Tobgay -- Arunachal Pradesh: from a nonstate space to a contested state space / Zilpa Modi -- Highlanders and lowlanders in Bangladesh: reflections on borders, connectivity and disconnection in highland Asia / Ellen Bal & Nasrin Siraj -- Peopling the Yunnan-Bengal corridor: An ethnographic history of the Kuki-Chin-Mizo people / David Zou -- The uplanders of Tripura: Changing questions of identity / Harirar Bhattacharyya -- Migration narratives and ritual regeneration among the Karbi and Tiwa of highland Assam / Dharamsing Teron & Manas J. Bordoloi -- Rethinking ethnographies on Garo Hills / Erik de Maaker -- Ethnic attachments and alterations among Nagas in the Indo-Myanmar borderland / G. Kanato Chophy -- Gendering Kachinland: Challenging the gender blindness of an ethnographic area in highland Asia / Mandy Sadan & Ja Htoi Pan Maran -- The Wa of the Burma-China borderlands: Identities and polities in the maelstrom of world-system cycles / Magnus Fiskesjö -- Karen: Mobile peoples with prophetic movements in Myanmar & Thailand / Mikael Gravers -- The uplands of northern Thailand: Language and social relations beyond the Muang / Nathan Badenoch -- Animism and cosmological dynamics in highland Laos / Guido Sprenger -- From 'slaves' to Indigenous peoples: Shifting identities in northeastern Cambodia / Ian G. Baird -- On both sides of the Annamese Cordilleras: The Bru of Vietnam and Laos / Gábor Vargyas -- Remoteness and connectivity: The variegated geographies of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau / Tim Oakes and Zuo Zhenting -- Ethnography in the northern Vietnamese highlands / Jean Michaud.

Section one. China and the EU: the general context. Chinese internal views of the EU / Gudrun Wacker -- The Chinese five year programme (2011-2015) and Europe 2020 / Roderic Wye -- China's green economy and EU-China cooperation / Jorgen Delman and Ole Odgaard -- Section two. Chinese internal politics and the EU. China: The National People's Congress / Roderic Wye -- The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC): its role and its future / Jean-Pierre Cabestan -- The role of Chinese soft power / Anonymous -- The situation of lawyers in the PRC / Nicholas Bequelin -- Cadre training and the party school system in contemporary China / Frank N. Pieke -- The role of think tanks in China / Nicola Casarini -- Public consultations in China / Jasper Becker -- Section three. Chinese international relations. An assessment of EU-China relations in global governance forums / Giovanni B. Andornino -- China's response to the US 'Return to Asia' tour / Andrew Small -- BRICS: a cohesive grouping? / Sylvia Hui -- China-Pakistan relations / Gareth Price -- The Chinese reaction to the March 2011 earthquake and tsunami and the nuclear aftermath / Caroline Rose -- China-Vietnam relations on maritime borders / Marianna Brungs -- Patterns of China-Russia cooperation in multilateral forums / Neil Munro -- Competing claims in the South China Sea: assessment and prospects / Philip Andrews-Speed -- The impact of the Arab revolutions on China's foreign policy / Ben Simpfendorfer -- China and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea / Amy Studdart -- Reappraising Chinese engagement in Africa / Ian Taylor -- China's energy policy towards Central Asia / Bobo Lo -- China and Latin America / Rhys Jenkins -- China's 'Non-policy' for Afghanistan / Bernt Berger -- China-Burma relations / Marianna Brungs -- China and Southeast Asia / David Camroux -- The changing politics of Nepal / Gareth Price -- China and Russia's competition for East and Southeast Asia energy resources / Philip Andrews-Speed -- Section four. The Chinese economy. The liberalisation of Chinese financial markets / Vilem Semerak -- Investment provisions in China's free trade agreements / Christopher M. Dent -- Bond issuance by local authorities in China / Vanessa Rossi -- The role of shadow banking in Chinese business / Sandrine Lunven -- Family businesses in China / Anonymous -- Where does China stand in the Eurobond debate? / Vanessa Rossi -- Innovation in China / Alice Rezkova -- Chinese investments into the EU energy sector / Hinrich Voss -- Chinese overseas acquisitions: the Nokia Siemens/Motorola case / Marc Laperrouza -- The Chinese middle class / Paul French -- Tax and pensions in China / Stuart Leckie and Rita Xiao -- Waste management in China / Anonymous -- Section five. Chinese social issues. Social unrest in China / Jude Howell -- The recent labour unrest in China and the politics of handling collective mobilisation by the party-state / Eric Florence -- Urbanisation, rural-to-urban migration and housing in China / Bettina Gransow -- Land acquisition in China / Staphany Wong -- China's food security / Robert Ash.

This paper is entitled about H. Asnawi Mangku Alam's Thought and Devotion in South Sumatra in 1921-2001. In this paper, he explains the biography of social life, environment and education, as well as the thoughts and dedication of the figure H. Asnawi Mangku Alam. This writing uses the historical method, with heuristic stages, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The theory used is the social exchange theory put forward by George Casper Homans and the habitus theory put forward by Pierre Bourdieu. H. Asnawi Mangku Alam is a local figure from South Sumatra who made a big contribution to independence. After studying, he devoted himself to being actively involved in the military field and playing a role in the struggle to defend Indonesia's independence in the Palembang and Komering regions in 1947. As well as being a governor, Asnawi Mangku Alam was also the Ambassador for Burma and Nepal. The author describes three areas of contribution from the thought of H. Asnawi Mangku Alam when he was appointed governor of South Sumatra in 1968-1978, namely the fields of religion, economy and politics. As for some of the writings of H. Asnawi Mangku Alam and then the writer made the source in writing. Among them are a collection of Da'wah, a collection of sermons, a farmer's son to become a governor, a 120 hour city war in Palembang, Padamu Lies Laitaul Qadar, Cita and Karya, as well as messages and impressions. ; Tulisan ini berjudul tentang Pemikiran dan Pengabdian H. Asnawi Mangku Alam di Sumatera Selatan Tahun 1921-2001. Dalam penulisan ini memenjelaskan tentang biografi mengenai kehidupan sosial, lingkungan, dan pendidikan, serta pemikiran dan pengabdian tokoh H. Asnawi Mangku Alam. Penulisan ini menggunakan metode sejarah, dengan tahapan heuristik, kritik sumber, interpretasi, historiografi. Adapun teori yang digunakan adalah teori pertukaran sosial di kemukakan oleh George Casper Homans dan teori habitus dikemukakan oleh Pierre Bourdieu. H. Asnawi Mangku Alam merupakan tokoh lokal dari Sumatera Selatan yang memiliki kontribusi besar untuk kemerdekaan. Pasca menempuh pendidikan, ia mengabdikan diri untuk terlibat aktif dibidang militer dan berperan dalam perjuangan mempertahankan kemerdekaan Indonesia didaerah Palembang dan Komering pada tahun 1947. Selain sebagai gubernur, Asnawi Mangku Alam juga pernah menjadi Duta Besar unutuk negara Birma dan Nepal. Penulis menguraikan ada tiga bidang kontribusi dari pemikiran H. Asnawi Mangku Alam ketika diangkat menjadi gubernur Sumatera Selatan pada tahun 1968-1978, yaitu bidang agama, ekonomi, dan politik. Adapun beberapa karya tulis H. Asnawi Mangku Alam dan selanjutnya penulis jadikan sumber dalam penulisan. Diantaranya ialah Kumpulan Dakwah, Kumpulan khotbah, Anak Petani Menjadi Gubernur, Perang kota 120 jam di Palembang, Padamu Terletak Laitaul Qadar, Cita dan Karya, serta Pesan dan Kesan.

State formation in Vietnam followed an imperial pattern, namely, a process of conquests and annexations typical of an empire. At its peak in the early nineteenth century, the frontier of the Vietnamese empire encompassed much of today's Cambodia and Laos. This imperial pattern was the basis on which the French built their Indochinese colony and the Vietnamese communist state built its modern hegemony. By re-examining Vietnamese history as that of an empire and hegemon, this paper challenges the nationalist historiography's assumption about Vietnam's need for survival from China as the driving force of Vietnamese history. In contrast, I argue that the threat to Vietnamese survival has come less from China than from other states on China's southern frontier. Vietnam has in fact benefited from a positive synergy with China in much of its premodern and modern history. By situating Vietnamese state formation in the context of mainland Southeast Asia, I hope to correct the tendency in many studies that focus exclusively on Sino-Vietnamese dyadic interactions and that posit the two as opposites. Treating Vietnam as an empire or hegemon over a large area of mainland Southeast Asia also is essential to understand why Vietnamese sometimes did not automatically accept Chinese superiority despite the obvious "asymmetry" between them. ; Scholarship on Southeast Asia has generally ignored the role of precolonial transportation in religious, political, and even economic life (in contrast to rather more on the colonial period), while historical research on precolonial West Africa has directed great attention to road building, such as that by the Ashanti Kingdom. In both cases, however, the development of colonial transportation infrastructure that came later is depicted as an entirely European and foreign political, economic, and even cultural intervention that helped to ensure colonial domination that was both a break with the past as well as the foundation for the kinds of states that emerged after independence. Precolonial transportation and everyday movement and administrative approaches to them are seen as irrelevant to the phenomenon and a standard assertion in the historiography of at least some Southeast Asian countries is that they had no roads at all before British rule. The present article argues instead that certain governmentalities regarding movement and transportation had an important influence on emerging colonial transportation networks and administrative approaches to everyday mobility. The article also suggests that the partial, long-term, and indirect impact of this influence has been the durability or failure thereof of authoritarian regimes in both areas. The article looks primarily at the case studies of Myanmar (British Burma) and Ghana (the colonial Gold Coast), although examples from others countries are used as well.