Suchergebnisse

1 May 1984: the Thatcher government announces the closure of the Cottonwood mine in Yorkshire. The strike that minors will take four days later will last one year — but the trouble opened by her failure in the lines of the workers' movement and trade union organisations will no longer close. Through it, the neo-liberal paradigm will be able to embrace and extend to the dimensions of the world. A return to a strategy, and a chronology of a disaster. ; International audience ; 1 May 1984: the Thatcher government announces the closure of the Cottonwood mine in Yorkshire. The strike that minors will take four days later will last one year — but the trouble opened by her failure in the lines of the workers' movement and trade union organisations will no longer close. Through it, the neo-liberal paradigm will be able to embrace and extend to the dimensions of the world. A return to a strategy, and a chronology of a disaster. ; 1er mai 1984 : le gouvernement Thatcher annonce la fermeture de la mine de Cottonwood, dans le Yorkshire. La grève que les mineurs engageront quatre jours plus tard durera un an — mais la trouée ouverte par son échec dans les lignes du mouvement ouvrier et des organisations syndicales ne se refermera plus. À travers elle, le paradigme néo-libéral pourra s'engouffrer et s'étendre aux dimensions du monde. Retour sur une stratégie, et chronologie d'un désastre.

International audience ; An essential component of any public policy is the need to respond to social demand and to provide arbitration and/or mediation functions between conflicting and equally legitimate interests. This paper focuses on highlighting the major role played, in the transformation of security policies, by the reshuffling of collective imaginary representations and the deep changes of social transactions process related to identity claims. The mediatic building and political exploitation of the feeling of insecurity find a particularly favorable context in the process of globalization that mutualizes threats and reduces the effectiveness of traditional protections. The concomitant rise of identity claims is no accident: since the threat comes from the other, security can only come from here. It is a systemic process with multiple interactions, the effects of which in France are all the more destructive for the Republican model, as it generates both a community withdrawal and inter-community tensions. This crisis reflects the failure of a model of coordination of public action based on the unilateral and procedural use of law in a purely institutional framework. It demonstrates the imperative need for security policies, as with many others, to have a strategic and managerial coordination, within a territorialized framework. It is on this condition that the sons of dialog and negotiation can be revived, in collective and shared ownership of security issues. Only then will it be possible to conclude, among all the stakeholders, transactions of a new type, without which there can be no refoundation of the social contract. ; Toute politique publique doit répondre à une demande sociale et jouer un rôle d'arbitrage et/ou de médiation entre intérêts contradictoires, mais également légitimes. Cette communication a pour objet de mettre en évidence la place majeure qu'occupent, dans les métamorphoses des politiques de sécurité, les remaniements des représentations imaginaires collectives sociaux et les ...

Demographic ageing is leading governments to prolong working life. Age management was therefore invented. However, our bibliographic review shows this concept is based on nothing but chronological age and economic considerations, which causes its own failure. Worst of all, health at work is not taken into consideration even if it's a major problem as far as working life extension is concerned. We propose to bring it back at the center of the debate thanks to a new concept, initially called "employability through health at work over time". Three case-studies have enabled us to test it: we analyzed how it materializes in daily current HR practices, with a particular attention given to their contexts and actors. Pichault and Nizet provide us with an analytical approach, which we completed with a theoretical framework from M. Weber's comprehensive sociology in order to enrich our political approach with a particular focus on rationalization.As a theoretical contribution, we proposed to adapt Pichault and Nizet's analytical framework to render it specifically suitable for the study of health questions in HR practices. As a managerial contribution, we observed that HR managers must answer a unique question: how long can/must a worker stay in a constraining job? We noticed that two different answers were provided, leading to the implementation of two distinct variations of "health-at-work driven employability and pathways management". Some managers consider that they ought to enable employees to stay in a constraining job during their entire professional lives, in which case, health and security at work have to be taken into consideration in each of what we call "classical" HR practices, but also in dedicated practices. Other managers consider that constraining jobs can be held for a limited period of time only. In this case, beside good practices listed above, they take measures to implement what we call "flexi-security", on a company scale, but also on a broader one. ; Le vieillissement démographique a conduit les ...

Co-encadrement de la thèse : Rémy COLLOMP ; Health sector in France was recently the subject of major reforms with the aim to optimize the management of patients by both improving performance and securing the health system. However, it is only recently, many years after the United States, that a real awareness has taken place for various actors, now positioning patient safety as a national priority. The efforts focus on reducing preventable serious adverse events, which one of the main sources is represented by the drug therapy. In hospitals, many methods of risk management are validated and their use is recommended by the French National Authority for Health. They have various limits, barely taking into account organizational or human factors although they are significantly involved in the occurrence of incidents. Meanwhile, several methodologies including organizational and human factors exist and are beginning to be used in different sectors, but have not yet been evaluated in the field of health. The objective of this thesis is to provide original and pertinent answers to the current priorities of decision-makers and health professionals, notably in health facilities. We propose to evaluate a new a priori risk analysis method, called Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) versus a reference method, the Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) and to suggest a potential position at the institutional level as part of a comprehensive risk management. The evaluation field in the context of this thesis is on the chemotherapy circuit. ; Le secteur de la santé en France, fait l'objet régulièrement de réformes qui toutes ont pour objectif d'optimiser la prise en charge des patients grâce à une amélioration de la sécurisation du système sanitaire, tout en devant tenir compte des contraintes économiques. Cependant, ce n'est que très récemment, bien des années après les Etats-Unis, qu'une véritable prise de conscience a eu lieu chez les différents acteurs, positionnant désormais la sécurité du patient comme une priorité nationale. Les efforts portent notamment sur la réduction des événements iatrogènes graves évitables, dont une des sources principales est représentée par la prise en charge médicamenteuse. Dans le domaine hospitalier, de nombreuses méthodes de gestion des risques validées existent et leur utilisation est recommandée par la Haute Autorité de Santé. Elles présentent certaines limites, ne prenant pas ou peu en compte certains facteurs comme notamment les facteurs organisationnels et humains alors qu'ils interviennent de manière importante dans la survenue des incidents. Parallèlement, plusieurs méthodologies intégrant les facteurs organisationnels et humains existent et commencent à être utilisées dans différents secteurs, mais elles n'ont pas encore été évaluées dans le domaine de la santé. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'apporter des éléments de réponse originaux et pertinents aux priorités actuelles des décideurs et des professionnels de santé notamment au niveau des établissements de santé. Nous nous proposons d'évaluer une nouvelle méthode d'analyse a priori du risque nommée Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) par rapport à une méthode de référence, l'Analyse des Modes de Défaillances, de leurs Effets et de la Criticité (AMDEC) et de proposer un positionnement potentiel au niveau institutionnel dans le cadre d'une politique globale de gestion des risques. Le champ de l'évaluation dans le cadre de cette thèse porte sur le circuit des chimiothérapies.

In this dissertation we identify the determinants of the longevity and the probability of survival of small businesses created by young graduates benefiting from bank loans at enhanced rates. The focus is on the policy impact of public support for the creation of companies. The data are based on a survey conducted in 2013 under the tutelage of the University of Sfax (Tunisia) of a cohort of 160 companies five years after they were first formed. The response rate was 81.25%. After discussing the issue of the survival of newly-established companies and the factors that promote their survival, we use duration models specifically the Cox model (1972). This analysis allows us to shed light on a business is more likely to survive if the entrepreneur is a male who started his business within a year of graduating and comes from an entrepreneurial background, stimulating his entrepreneurial spirit. The improved longevity of small companies ensues from the similarity between the entrepreneur's previous occupation and the activity of his own company, and from the initial start-up capital if it exceeds 30.000 DT. Aid granted by the State for new promoters (investment subsidy, grant, and reduction in social security contributions) does not help reduce the risk of entrepreneurial failure with the exception of State aid to support a portion of employees' wages. On the other hand, a company benefiting from entrepreneurial training before creation and from support post-creation sees its probability of survival rise. ; Dans cette thèse, nous identifions les déterminants de la survie des nouvelles entreprises créées par les jeunes diplômés de l'enseignement supérieur, bénéficiant de prêts bancaires à taux bonifié. Un accent est mis sur l'impact des politiques d'aides publiques. Les données sont issues d'une enquête réalisée en 2013, sous la tutelle de l'Université de Sfax, sur une cohorte de 160 entreprises créées entre le 01/01/2008 et 31/12/2008, soit cinq ans après la création. Le taux de réponse était de 81,25%. Après avoir évoqué la problématique de survie de la petite entreprise nouvellement créée, nous recourons aux modèles de durée, et plus précisément au modèle semi-paramétrique de Cox (1972). L'analyse conduit à mettre en lumière qu'un entrepreneur voit son entreprise plus pérenne, lorsqu'il s'agit d'un homme étudiant qui s'est lancé dans les affaires l'année de l'obtention de son diplôme, ayant un entourage entrepreneurial qui stimule chez lui le goût d'entreprendre et d'indépendance. L'amélioration de la survie découle de la similitude entre l'activité préalable de l'entrepreneur et l'activité de son entreprise, et la détention d'un capital initial de démarrage qui dépasse les 30.000 DT. Les aides octroyées par l'Etat aux nouveaux promoteurs (subvention d'investissement, bourse d'accompagnement, allégement des charges sociales et patronales) ne contribuent pas à diminuer le risque de l'échec entrepreneurial, à l'exception de la prise en charge par l'Etat d'une partie des salaires. Par contre une entreprise bénéficiant d'une formation entrepreneuriale et d'un accompagnement post-création, voit sa probabilité de survie s'accroître.

In this dissertation we identify the determinants of the longevity and the probability of survival of small businesses created by young graduates benefiting from bank loans at enhanced rates. The focus is on the policy impact of public support for the creation of companies. The data are based on a survey conducted in 2013 under the tutelage of the University of Sfax (Tunisia) of a cohort of 160 companies five years after they were first formed. The response rate was 81.25%. After discussing the issue of the survival of newly-established companies and the factors that promote their survival, we use duration models specifically the Cox model (1972). This analysis allows us to shed light on a business is more likely to survive if the entrepreneur is a male who started his business within a year of graduating and comes from an entrepreneurial background, stimulating his entrepreneurial spirit. The improved longevity of small companies ensues from the similarity between the entrepreneur's previous occupation and the activity of his own company, and from the initial start-up capital if it exceeds 30.000 DT. Aid granted by the State for new promoters (investment subsidy, grant, and reduction in social security contributions) does not help reduce the risk of entrepreneurial failure with the exception of State aid to support a portion of employees' wages. On the other hand, a company benefiting from entrepreneurial training before creation and from support post-creation sees its probability of survival rise. ; Dans cette thèse, nous identifions les déterminants de la survie des nouvelles entreprises créées par les jeunes diplômés de l'enseignement supérieur, bénéficiant de prêts bancaires à taux bonifié. Un accent est mis sur l'impact des politiques d'aides publiques. Les données sont issues d'une enquête réalisée en 2013, sous la tutelle de l'Université de Sfax, sur une cohorte de 160 entreprises créées entre le 01/01/2008 et 31/12/2008, soit cinq ans après la création. Le taux de réponse était de 81,25%. Après avoir évoqué la problématique de survie de la petite entreprise nouvellement créée, nous recourons aux modèles de durée, et plus précisément au modèle semi-paramétrique de Cox (1972). L'analyse conduit à mettre en lumière qu'un entrepreneur voit son entreprise plus pérenne, lorsqu'il s'agit d'un homme étudiant qui s'est lancé dans les affaires l'année de l'obtention de son diplôme, ayant un entourage entrepreneurial qui stimule chez lui le goût d'entreprendre et d'indépendance. L'amélioration de la survie découle de la similitude entre l'activité préalable de l'entrepreneur et l'activité de son entreprise, et la détention d'un capital initial de démarrage qui dépasse les 30.000 DT. Les aides octroyées par l'Etat aux nouveaux promoteurs (subvention d'investissement, bourse d'accompagnement, allégement des charges sociales et patronales) ne contribuent pas à diminuer le risque de l'échec entrepreneurial, à l'exception de la prise en charge par l'Etat d'une partie des salaires. Par contre une entreprise bénéficiant d'une formation entrepreneuriale et d'un accompagnement post-création, voit sa probabilité de survie s'accroître.

The improvement of working conditions (IWC) has, during the 1970s, been the object of both intensive debate and policy seeking to alter the rules of work organization. This thesis studies the main issues at stake in this newly identified area of social policy. IWC has been especially concerned with the finely divided work tasks of large batch production. The trend in occupational health risks and the change in the attitudes of workers have provoked a reassessment of the effectiveness of the taylorist and fordist methods of organization. There has been a significant increase in experimentation with new methods of work organization. On the basis of three case studies, this research analyses the main components of these innovations, their economic impact, their relationship with personnel management methods, and their long term effects. The reasons for the relative failure of these innovations are also analyzed. As concerns the framework of industrial rules governing work management, IWC has encouraged major procedural changes: a limitation in the role of law, active personnel policies by enterprises, and a decentralization of industrial relations. State policy, employers' policies designed to promote greater flexibility, and union attitudes to work organization, and the workers' participation are also analyzed from 1968 until the 1982 "Auroux laws". The articulation between the issues of substance (the implementation of IWC) and of procedure (the level and the actors involved in work organization), has favored a neo-liberal view of work management. However, the longer term implications of IWC are to be found in the attempts to go beyond the models of mass production. The methods of neo-classical economics, the study of industrial relations, and more structural analyses of work management are used. ; L'amélioration des conditions de travail (ACT) a concerné durant les années soixante-dix de nombreux discours et pratiques visant à modifier les règles de la gestion du travail. La thèse étudie les enjeux de cette ...

The improvement of working conditions (IWC) has, during the 1970s, been the object of both intensive debate and policy seeking to alter the rules of work organization. This thesis studies the main issues at stake in this newly identified area of social policy. IWC has been especially concerned with the finely divided work tasks of large batch production. The trend in occupational health risks and the change in the attitudes of workers have provoked a reassessment of the effectiveness of the taylorist and fordist methods of organization. There has been a significant increase in experimentation with new methods of work organization. On the basis of three case studies, this research analyses the main components of these innovations, their economic impact, their relationship with personnel management methods, and their long term effects. The reasons for the relative failure of these innovations are also analyzed. As concerns the framework of industrial rules governing work management, IWC has encouraged major procedural changes: a limitation in the role of law, active personnel policies by enterprises, and a decentralization of industrial relations. State policy, employers' policies designed to promote greater flexibility, and union attitudes to work organization, and the workers' participation are also analyzed from 1968 until the 1982 "Auroux laws". The articulation between the issues of substance (the implementation of IWC) and of procedure (the level and the actors involved in work organization), has favored a neo-liberal view of work management. However, the longer term implications of IWC are to be found in the attempts to go beyond the models of mass production. The methods of neo-classical economics, the study of industrial relations, and more structural analyses of work management are used. ; L'amélioration des conditions de travail (ACT) a concerné durant les années soixante-dix de nombreux discours et pratiques visant à modifier les règles de la gestion du travail. La thèse étudie les enjeux de cette ...

The improvement of working conditions (IWC) has, during the 1970s, been the object of both intensive debate and policy seeking to alter the rules of work organization. This thesis studies the main issues at stake in this newly identified area of social policy. IWC has been especially concerned with the finely divided work tasks of large batch production. The trend in occupational health risks and the change in the attitudes of workers have provoked a reassessment of the effectiveness of the taylorist and fordist methods of organization. There has been a significant increase in experimentation with new methods of work organization. On the basis of three case studies, this research analyses the main components of these innovations, their economic impact, their relationship with personnel management methods, and their long term effects. The reasons for the relative failure of these innovations are also analyzed. As concerns the framework of industrial rules governing work management, IWC has encouraged major procedural changes: a limitation in the role of law, active personnel policies by enterprises, and a decentralization of industrial relations. State policy, employers' policies designed to promote greater flexibility, and union attitudes to work organization, and the workers' participation are also analyzed from 1968 until the 1982 "Auroux laws". The articulation between the issues of substance (the implementation of IWC) and of procedure (the level and the actors involved in work organization), has favored a neo-liberal view of work management. However, the longer term implications of IWC are to be found in the attempts to go beyond the models of mass production. The methods of neo-classical economics, the study of industrial relations, and more structural analyses of work management are used. ; L'amélioration des conditions de travail (ACT) a concerné durant les années soixante-dix de nombreux discours et pratiques visant à modifier les règles de la gestion du travail. La thèse étudie les enjeux de cette ...

At the end of 2001, the scandal series was announced in the US context. Several scandals, especially the Eron failure, were revealed in the first stage by the media. The main purpose of this research is to study the impact of the new reform, in audit after Enron scandal, on auditor independence, audit comity and financial statement credibility. Three operational objectives have been treated in this study. First, we have analyzed the effects of Enron scandal on financial market reaction, auditor choice and auditor conservatism in the French context. Second, we have investigated the impact of the new reform on the auditor independence. Finally, we have examined the effect of audit committee on financial statement credibility after the adoption of the Bouton Report in 2002.The empirical results have shown that the presence of the Non-Big4 members in the legal audit process have minimized the negative effect of the reaction of the SBF 250. However, the perception of the foreign institutional investors has not changed significantly for the Big4 audit services. This auditor group (Big4) does not justify the production of the audit quality compared to other auditors in France. To restore confidence in the financial market, the French legislative authority has created the H3C. The empirical results have revealed that the establishment of the H3C has ameliorated the auditor independence. Hence, the announcement of the launch of H3C disciplinary activity after 2005 has not had a significant effect on auditor independence. In contrast, the appearance of the Bouton Report in 2002 and the reform related to the internal control depend on the audit committee characteristics (expertise and independence audit committee members). ; Fin 2001, début 2002, les États-Unis ont été frappés par un nombre élevé de scandales financiers. Plusieurs affaires ont été révélées par les médias, singulièrement le cas Enron. La reformulation de la profession d'audit en matière d'indépendance des auditeurs et des comités d'audit après le scandale ...

The growing demand for food, energy and natural resources, combined with the limited stock of natural resources available and the process of trade liberalization are among the factors that have triggered a new rush for land observed in the last years. Despite an extensive literature, most analyses of large scale land based investment are politically and ideologically anchored, reflecting strong opposing stances. On one hand, some have expressed some concerns on the potential implications of these projects on peasants' land rights and livelihood. On the other hand, some other researchers have argued that these projects should be seen as opportunities in the struggle for food security and rural development. This thesis questions the economic, social and institutional complexity of large scale land based investment including their differentiated evolutionary dynamics and implications in terms of agricultural development and agrarian change in Mozambique. Because of a high failure rate and difficulties to establish the production structures, it appears that large scale land based investments haven't led to a shift from small scale farming to large scale farming as the main farming organization in Mozambique. However, the rising interest of foreign investors tend to influence national authorities in rehabilitating the post-Independence agricultural development model, which was characterized by a dual system composed of marginalized subsistence farmers on one hand and foreign owned large scale farms. So, not only do smallholders benefit little from present agricultural investment dynamics, but also agricultural policies and support measures tend to shift away from the former towards the facilitation of large-scale investment. Our results questions the capacity of actual large scale land based investments to trigger a trajectory of agricultural development able to meet African economies challenges. ; La demande croissante pour l'alimentation, l'énergie et les ressources naturelles, combinée à la limitation des ...

this article aims to analyse the activities of the constituent and legislative monetary committees and their role in the administration of currencies. The early years of the Revolution are marked by a significant monetary shortage affecting the daily lives of several social groups. In order to resolve this crisis, central and local governments are implementing measures which appear to break the practices of the former regime's monetary administration. The two committees we are studying seek to mitigate the effects of the "cash disette" without creating new "disorder". While in principle these committees deal only with monetary legislation, due to failures in the currency administration they have to monitor, in close cooperation with the Minister for Public Contributions and the Currency Commission, the implementation of this legislation. ; International audience This article aims at analysing the activity of the monetary committees of the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies, as well as their contribution to monetary administration. During the first years of the Revolution, a considerable shortage of money occurred and affected the daily life of several social groups. In order to resolve this crisis, central and local authorities implemented measures which seemed to break with the practices of the Old Regime's monetary administration. The two committees under study attempted to alleviate the effects of the disette de numéraire without generating new disorders. If, in theory, these committees only worked on monetary legislation, the failures of the monetary administration forced them to control the execution of this part of the legislation in collaboration with the ministre des Contributions publiques and the commission des monnaies. ; this article aims to analyse the activities of the constituent and legislative monetary committees and their role in the administration of currencies. The early years of the Revolution are marked by a significant monetary shortage affecting the daily lives of several social ...

This paper surveys the literature on the impact of the French research tax credit on scientists, engineers and other R&D personnel. After reviewing the effect of this subsidy on the user cost of R&D capital, we compare the results of several econometric evaluations of its effectiveness. They reveal, among other things, that the research tax credit corrects discrimination in the hiring of PhD scientists, but with a windfall effect for PhD-engineers. In very small businesses, R&D employment aid (R&D tax credit inclusive) acts to the detriment of unaided employment. Finally, with only 2.5 % of R&D activities outsourced to public research bodies, there is no visible effect on their personnel. Given that most R&D expenditures represent staff salaries, these results support previous evidence that research tax incentive has a moderate effect on aggregated R&D in France. They also question changes from the original intent of policy makers when the research tax credit was created in 1983: to remedy for failures in the market for knowledge, not to subsidize highly qualified labour costs as a tool for competitiveness, alongside cuts in employers' social security contributions on less-skilled labor. The paper concludes with a discussion of the relevance of recent reforms. ; Cet article propose une revue de la littérature relative aux évaluations d'impact du crédit d'impôt recherche (CIR) sur l'effectif des personnels de la recherche. Après un rappel de l'effet théorique du CIR sur le prix d'usage des connaissances accumulées par les entreprises, nous comparons les résultats des études concernant l'efficacité et l'efficience du dispositif. Ils révèlent, entre autres, que le CIR corrige la discrimination à l'embauche des docteurs dans les entreprises, mais avec un effet d'aubaine pour les docteurs-ingénieurs. Dans les TPE, les aides à l'emploi de RD agissent au détriment de l'emploi non-aidé, malgré le CIR. Enfin, avec seulement 2,5 % des activités de RD éligibles au CIR confiées aux organismes ...

This thesis is a compendium of various of rights which are currently victims of African workers by their employers despite various legislations in the work that exist in all states parties ; to the point where they appear to live another operation after slavery and colonialism. They live poverty on a daily basis. These evils are recognized both in the individual employment relationship as in public reports. This is how some employees are recruited following tests of complacency, if not corruptly there, without a working document ; others work for years to collect wages, without bonus, without leave, in terrible working conditions. As for collective reporting irregularities, to better trick these workers are excluded from the management company born with the right of expression or of the right to participate in the performance of the company still less than exemplary collective representation by the staff representatives and trade unionists. In case of dispute they have virtually no state protection by labor inspectors and judges. So out of this acute crisis in the sector private work that wreaks havoc for many years after independance, well there is a view through the OHADA reform, national and international authorities to ensure the correct application of the right to work by taking the measures that are necessary. Otherwise the reform of the labour law envisaged by the OHADA of the Right Business is also doomed to failure. ; Cette thèse est un condensé de différentes irrégularités ou violations des droits dont sont victimes les travailleurs africains par leurs employeurs, en dépit des diverses législations en matière du travail qui existent dans tous les Etats parties. Au point où ils paraissent vivre une autre exploitation après l'esclavage et le colonialisme, cette fois-ci par leurs propres compatriotes. Ces maux sont constatés à la fois dans les rapports individuels de travail comme dans les rapports collectifs. C'est ainsi que certains salariés sont recrutés à la suite des tests de complaisance, sinon par ...