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While the rule of law has been an important topic of research for entrepreneurship in transition economies, the relationship entrepreneurs have with the body of law remains understudied. This article explores everyday legality among politically affiliated and non-affiliated businesspeople in Russia; that is, the role of laws, written rules, standards, and requirements in their everyday business activities. Drawing on interviews and participant observations in Russian communities, I trace how an individual's political position impacts the ability of small entrepreneurs to navigate paperwork and bureaucracy. Utilizing a sociological approach to explore the behaviour of the law among businesspeople, my research demonstrates that although bureaucracy and written rules affect all entrepreneurs, multiple facets of the law constrain or promote an individual's access to opportunities in different ways. I found that political affiliation strengthens the power to succeed in the bureaucratic game, and to protect one's interests through court appeals. In contrast, non-affiliated entrepreneurs are limited in their capacity to deal with Russian bureaucracy, and to litigate the state using legal procedures. The main conclusion of the research is that political affiliation is the most significant line of differentiation and inequality among small and medium-sized enterprises because it affects their legal knowledge, their strategies for coping with paperwork, and their opportunities to mobilise the law. In addition, the study of small entrepreneurs also shows that in contemporary Russia everyone depends greatly on the power of the bureaucratic machine, rather than on the power of the law.

Both lay understandings of crisis moments and influential psychological models of cognition in times of uncertainty emphasize how crises limit thinking. Conversely, scholars as diverse as Foucault, Swidler, Bourdieu, and Butler have elaborated generative conceptions of crisis, which specify crises as moments of change, transformation, and heightened cognition. The research presented here takes up the question of how crises become thinkable, as actors gradually make sense of a newly uncertain context. Against a backdrop of polarization on the topic, in-depth interviews with 60 businesspeople navigating the coronavirus pandemic show that they see public health and economic well-being as interrelated. This has important effects on how businesses interpret and implement government directives and public health guidelines, from choosing to close before being mandated to do so, to staying closed even when allowed to reopen. Taken together, these findings substantiate generative models of crisis while drawing attention to the polysemous justifications elaborated by actors as they navigate shifting cultural and social scaffoldings.

Effective and ethical leadership, as practiced by scientists, statisticians, businesspeople, doctors, and politicians, is necessary to solving today's vexing and knotty crises.

The article proposes to approach the complaint made by the foreign businessman Manuel Cortissoz over damages suffered in the war of 1884-85, seeking to identify his connections withthe Santander Regenerator group, which made him into one of the great victors after the end of the war. Making use ofthe prosopographical method and the analytic postulates of microhistory, it will investigate those relationships with the actors of the Regeneration in Santander during this historic moment (1886 - 1898) and attempt to understand the implementation of this political project in the regions. The documentation willpermit the proposal of the hypothesis that, in effect, the close relationship Cortissoz had with the regenerator group not only meant that he would emerge unscathed from the war, but it wasalso crucial at the time of his complaint, which was accepted, despite the many errors in its execution. ; El artículo se propone abordar la reclamación instaurada por el negociante extranjero Manuel Cortissoz por perjuicios sufridos en la guerra de 1884-85, buscando identificar sus conexionescon el grupo regenerador santandereano, las cuales le ubicarían como uno de los grandes triunfadores luego del final de la guerra. Haciendo uso del método prosopográfico y los postulados analíticos de la microhistoria, indagará por tales relaciones con actores de la Regeneración en Santander durante el citado momento histórico (1886 - 1898), e intentará acercarse a la implementación de este proyecto político en las regiones. La documentación permitirá plantear como hipótesis que en efecto la cercana relación de Cortissoz con el bando regenerador no solo significó que saliera indemne de la guerra, sino que también fue crucial a la hora de fallar su reclamación, que fue concedida a pesar de incontables defectos en su trámite. ; Cet article se propose d'explorer le plaidoyer du commerçant étranger Manuel Cortissoz suite à des préjudices soufferts dans la guerre de 1884-85, afin d'identifier ses connexions avec legroupe régénérateur du ...

"October 2009." ; Caption title. ; Includes bibliographic references (p. 11). ; Battling the resource curse -- National context -- Businesspeople -- Business environment -- Perceptions -- Moving ahead -- Recommendations. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Purpose: The principal objective of this study is to determine the hierarchy of importance of the location factors as seen by entrepreneurs and representatives of different institutions in the business environment. Design/Methodology/Approach: Primary data collected through questionnaires designed specifically for this study served as the basis for analyses. The questionnaires were addressed to representatives of various business environment institutions (BEI) and entrepreneurs. For each of the location factors, an analysis was made whether its perception by entrepreneurs was statistically different from the one provided by the BEI representatives. The significance of a difference was tested with the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. Findings: The research results indicated that the most important location factor according to entrepreneurs was the total costs of conducting business activities, whereas the BEI representatives pointed to the information and telecommunications infrastructure as the most important factor. All the location factors were evaluated differently by the two categories of respondents, and nearly all (except four) occupied different positions in the hierarchies developed by both groups. The results also suggested that the difference in the perception of location factors between the two groups of respondents was in most cases statistically significant. Practical Implications: The research results can be helpful to government and non-government institutions that create the institutional environment for business. Having the knowledge of what entrepreneurs expect with regard to location factors, BEI managers can introduce new or improve existing measures implemented to facilitate business. Originality/Value: The institutional environment as well as the theory and factors of location have been the subject of many empirical studies. However, a comparative analysis of the assessment of location factors provided by BEI representatives and by entrepreneurs is a new direction in research. ; peer-reviewed

This paper focuses on the extent to which, and the ways in which, the rise of one specific segment of the middle class, the bourgeoisie, contributes to a push for the institution of democracy in Taiwan and China. Taiwan appears--more or less--to fit the conventional theory, which alleges a link between economic growth, the emergence of a newly monied class, and demands for democracy, while China does not. The loyalties, allegiances, and resentments of businesspeople that were the product of the aims and behaviors of these two regimes can explain the divergent outcomes. The nature of the social connections of the bourgeoisie--their guanxi--those relations with others that so famously shape social, economic and political life in these two contexts--provides the most succinct and parsimonious explanation for businesspeoples' role in the movement toward new forms of governance in China and Taiwan. The opportunity for democratization to unfold was in past in Taiwan, and seems presently in China, to be a function of capitalists' contacts, a matter of which contact mattered most to them as they launched and developed their firms and their ventures.

Purpose: The purpose of the article is to study the concepts and criteria for classifying businesses to the category of Small and Medium-sized business according to the legislation of the Russian Federation. In the course of the study, the authors analyzed the criteria by which the subjects are identified as Small and Medium-sized enterprises and, accordingly, are entitled to receive state support. Design/Methodology/Approach: The authors' analysis is based on the literature review and statistical data analysis regarding the concept of entrepreurship and its legal background. Findings: The authors presented analytical data on business entities, citizens engaged in entrepreneurial activity, state support of entrepreneurial activity and introduced a conceptual classification benchmark. Practical implications: Authors' findings could be applied in improving the legal and economic entrepreneurial frameworks of Russia. Originality/Value: The contribution of the article is the authors' approach in classifying SMEs (Small and Medium-sized entities) and their state support as well as recommendations regarding the entrepreneurial activity and its development. ; peer-reviewed

Purpose: Entrepreneurship can be perceived as a weapon in the fight against unemployment. It is especially true within the segment of young people. The paper seeks to investigate and report on the incentives for and obstacles to entrepreneurial motivation among youth. The focus will be put on capturing the extent of school pupils' self-estimated chances and capabilities of becoming an entrepreneur. Design/Methodology/Approach: A structured survey questionnaire was used to collect primary data from school pupils aged 12-17. A sample group of over 350 young participants of university-run entrepreneurship programs was selected. The data gathered in the research were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Findings: Our findings suggest that entrepreneurial motivation is the resultant of numerous factors such as one's individual characteristics and intuitive capacity, as well as various environmental variables. Of the last ones, formal entrepreneurship education is crucial. Practical Implications: Efforts to encourage people to become entrepreneurs could start as early as childhood or adolescence. University programs and courses for youth are a perfect forum for shaping entrepreneurial skills. Therefore, such initiatives should be supported by government funding schemes and heavily promoted. Originality/Value: To the author's best knowledge, the present study is the first empirical research into incentives and challenges that build perceptions and attitudes towards entrepreneurship among youth aged 12-17 in Poland. ; peer-reviewed

This study aimed to identify Batik Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) problems in Medan and provide solution for Batik SMEs' problems in Medan. Using force field analysis to identify the problems faced Batik SMEs in Medan, it was found that the problems in Batik enterprise development in Medan occurred from: Batik craftsmen, entrepreneurs, materials and equipment, government support and customer. To make Batik enterprise development in Medan optimal, a synergized enterprise-based Batik development model in Medan was required. It involved three elements which were government SME businesspeople, and academicians, so that Batik enterprises in Medan can develop comprehensively.L22, L26, L67, L81

Corruption is a major threat faced by China and anyone who wants to do business in the country. In recent years, the Chinese government's crackdowns in corruption has led to some success. In the Berlin-based non-profit Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index 2017, China ranked 77th with a score of 41 out of 100, a slight improvement from the score of 36 in 2014. The index ranks 180 countries and territories by their perceived levels of public sector corruption according to experts and businesspeople with a scale of 0 to 100, where 0 is highly corrupt and 100 is very clean.

This working paper analyses the relationship between different forms of patriotic discourse and electoral support in Krasnodar kray. Two main forms of patriotic discourse are identified. One is labelled 'civil-patriotic', and the other 'national-patriotic'. In the civil-patriotic conception, Russian society is conceived of as a unified whole, encompassing numerous and diverse ethnic groups. In the national-patriotic conception, in contrast, Russian society is seen as divided between a good Russian core, and elements that threaten it, such as Jews, reformers, businesspeople or the West. This working paper argues that politicians who have espoused national-patriotic discourse have experienced greater electoral success than those who have drawn upon civil-patriotic discourse. ; publishedVersion

In EU governments, there is widespread concern of the current trends in small businesses. Their importance in generating wealth and employment justifies the adoption of economic measures to foster their development and durability. Experience shows that few European micro-enterprises are handed on to a second generation of owners and almost none to a third.Moreover, in times of crisis, the notion that micro-enterprises (including self-employed or businesspeople with no employees) should become the first link in economic recovery and employment generation appears recurrently.This paper studies the distinguishing features of such companies in a Spanish province through a descriptive statistical analysis of the basic data and ratios in their accounting statements.

Purpose: Communism, being one of the most repressive systems, influences the whole spec-trum of behaviors of individuals, groups, and society. Countries that changed their politi-cal system start a journey of external (economic, social) and internal (personal, interper-sonal, group) changes. The post-communist burden determines human behavior, and man-agers and leaders should pay attention to these consequences. The research deals with the perception of creative identities (a creator, artist, manager, entrepreneur, and leader) by the society of post-communist countries compared to countries without communist history. Design/methodology/approach: Quantitive research (n = 160) among people from a dozen nations; chi-square test of independence used; qualitative analysis of feature differences. Findings: There are no statistical differences in the perception of the creative identities of a creator, artist, manager, entrepreneur, and leader between citizens of post-communist and non-communist countries. Practical implications: The study in perception of the particular creative identities might have practical implications for managers and leaders of groups, and business organiza-tions dominated or not by creative individuals. These differences are shown in detail, and links between this research results and the literature are built. Originality value: The originality of the research lies in the conclusion that societies that finished their intercourse with communism more than one generation ago (ca. 30 years) should be perceived similarly to non-communist societies. Perception of the creative indi-viduals' social capital by these societies does not show essential discrepancies. ; peer-reviewed

GrEEEn Solutions for Livable Cities is a result of a 2-year innovative, exploratory, and reflective study of cities as unique urban spaces that support life, work, and play. It responds to major issues that affect the quality of life of urban residents. This publication offers practical ways on how urban managers, urban practitioners, businesspeople, and citizens can engage to make cities more livable by building on their distinctive physical, social, cultural, and economic characteristics. With the adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals by the United Nations, the book comes at the right time to offer integrated urban development solutions that can translate global development commitments into urban-level actions to achieve livable cities.