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By the decreasing tendency of the fossil energy resources more emphasis put on the usage of renewable energy resources. The consideration of environmental protection and the efforts of the European Union make current the widespread usage of renewable energy within biomass energy. One of the determinative trends of biomass energy is the direct combustion of biomass. Characteristically woody stocks are produced for this aim, but there is a considerable potential in several byproducts of growing herbaceous plants or of other processes. In our study three byproducts of plant production have been investigated which appeared at the harvest. The Higher Heating Values of wheat, maize and sunflower byproducts have been determined by an IKA C2000 Basic adiabatic calorimeter. According to the statistical analysis of the measured data the HHV of the byproducts are different, and these values are in a negative correlation with the amount of ash in % (R2=0.873) appeared by the combustion.

AbstractDo women experience orgasm because this trait was shaped by natural selection to augment female fitness? Or are women merely the lucky recipients of developmental patterns favored by selection to produce orgasm in males? A recent and widely publicized book by Elisabeth Lloyd (2005a) contends that there is insufficient evidence to validate any of the adaptive explanations yet proposed for female orgasm. We agree. But our reading of the data differs from Lloyd's. In this essay, we outline why, unlike Caton (2006), whose review of Lloyd's book appeared previously in this journal, we are not persuaded by Lloyd's argument that female orgasm is a nonadaptive byproduct of orgasm in men. We hold this view because we disagree with the criteria Lloyd uses to evaluate evolutionary hypotheses, and because we believe Lloyd defines female orgasm too narrowly, ignoring critical information about its affective aspects.

Cultural and Ecological Significance of the Date Palm -- The Date Palm Byproducts and Their Technological Heritage of Utilization -- Date Palm Byproducts In Enzymes, Food, Beverage, Pharmaceuticals, Cosmetics and Natural Wax -- Date palm Byproducts In Fibers, Textiles and Composites -- Date palm Byproducts For Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives Production -- Date palm Byproducts In Timber and Wood Substitutes -- Date palm Byproducts In Architecture Isolation and Building Materials -- Date palm Byproducts In Organic Fertilizers, Compost and Soil Amendment -- Date palm Byproducts For Natural Fodder and Silage -- Date palm Byproducts For Waste Water Treatment -- Date palm Byproducts For Green Fuels and Bioenergy Production -- Other Fields of Use of Date palm Byproducts -- The Date palm As A Springboard For Circular Bioeconomy: A Biorefinery For Each Date Palm Byproduct.

Intro -- Preface: Why this Book is Important -- Contents -- About the Authors -- List of Figures -- Part I Significance of the Date Palm and Its Byproducts -- 1 Cultural and Ecological Significance of the Date Palm -- Abstract -- 1.1 Cultural Significance of the Date Palm -- 1.1.1 The Date Palm Tree in Jewish and Christian Traditions -- 1.1.1.1 The Date Palm Tree in Jewish Traditions -- 1.1.1.2 The Date Palm Tree in Christian Traditions -- 1.1.1.3 Date Palm Tree in Qur'an and Sunnah -- Date Palm Tree in Qur'an -- Palm Tree in the Life of Prophet Mohammed -- 1.2 Ecological Significance of the Date Palm -- References -- 2 The Date Palm Byproducts: Description, History of Utilization and Associated Technological Heritage -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Date Palm: A Basic Element of the Flora of the Arab Region -- 2.3 Distribution of Date Palms in the World -- 2.4 Estimation of the World Dates Production -- 2.5 Date Palm Pruning -- 2.5.1 Benefits of Pruning -- 2.5.2 Timing and Procedure of Pruning -- 2.5.3 Products of Pruning of the Date Palm -- 2.5.4 Estimation of the Quantities of the Annual Pruning of a Date Palm -- 2.6 Traditional Forms of Date Palm Leaves Utilization -- 2.6.1 Traditional Wickerwork Wall Construction -- 2.6.2 Simple Outdoor Sheathing -- 2.6.3 Sheds and Partitions -- 2.7 Traditional Forms of Palm Midribs Utilization -- 2.7.1 Preparation of Midribs -- 2.7.2 Traditional Crates and Bird Coops -- 2.7.3 Traditional Handmade Furniture -- 2.7.4 Rural Wall and Roof Sheathing -- 2.7.5 Doors and Windows -- 2.7.6 Fencing -- 2.7.7 Boats -- 2.7.8 Bats and Discs -- 2.7.9 Miscellaneous Uses -- 2.8 Traditional Forms of Palm Leaflets Utilization -- 2.8.1 Traditional Preparation of Date Palm Leaflets -- 2.8.2 Bags, Mats and Baskets -- 2.8.3 Krena Fibers -- 2.8.4 Miscellaneous Uses -- 2.9 Traditional Forms of Palm Spadix Stem Utilization.

AbstractWildfires are complex phenomena that have served a vital role in ecosystem function for millennia. However, thermal alterations to dissolved organic matter's (DOM) solubility and chemical features can change disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation dynamics. Physicochemical changes to DOM are influenced by several factors, the most prominent being heating temperature. In this study, mineral soil samples were collected from fire‐prone areas, artificially heated in a muffle furnace to simulate wildfire heating, and leached. As heating temperature increased, chloroform and dichloroacetic acid yields decreased and increased, respectively. Of particular interest was the stimulation of dichloroacetonitrile, a highly toxic and unregulated DBP, at moderate heating temperatures. To demonstrate further insight into the chemical attributes of wildfire‐impacted DOM, optical properties were used as proxy measurements. This work provides water utilities with information on how wildfires can alter DBP formation potential, and a means to investigate correlations between intrinsic optical measurements and DBP yields.

WHAT IS LATENT DEMAND AND THE P.I.E.?The concept of latent demand is rather subtle. The term latent typically refers to something that is dormant, not observable, or not yet realized. Demand is the notion of an economic quantity that a target population or market requires under different assumptions of price, quality, and distribution, among other factors. Latent demand, therefore, is commonly defined by economists as the industry earnings of a market when that market becomes accessible and attractive to serve by competing firms. It is a measure, therefore, of potential industry earnin

954 000 tons of fish byproducts is produced annually by Norwegian processing plants alone. As a resource it is plentiful and its ongoing. This diploma project is an exploration of the potential within the marine waste streams. The Norwegian Government has set a national strategy to increase utilization and value creation of marine residual raw materials, in order to reach the United Nations goal of a circular economy. Through a multi-disciplinary design approach, this diploma project suggests two design proposals to support this strategy. Working collaboratively with relevant actors, I have mapped out necessary steps in order to expand the industry of fish byproducts. It is meant to serve as a holistic overview, to better understand the steps needed to achieve the Government's vision. To contribute to this vision, I have explored the inherent potential of fish byproducts to develop an alternative to plastic. In order to illustrate this development, I have designed alternative uses to serve as opportunity areas, with the aim to inspire further research. In addition, I hope to inspire a shift in the perceived value of fish byproducts: from waste to resource. My main ambition for this project is to stimulate the development of wholesome raw material utilization, as well as contribute to the vision of a circular economy. ; submittedVersion