Le travail met en évidence l'effet d'un laser C02 sur le spectre d'absorption de ce même gaz dans la région de 15 fi. On étudie plus spécialement le comportement des raies d'absorption sous l'effet d'un rayonnement laser régulièrement interrompu. Eu égard aux variations de population des états excités, on explique de manière satisfaisante les variations d'intensité de l'absorption en fonction des temps d'irradiation. L'action du laser sur le spectre d'absorption d'un mélange de C02 et de gaz non absorbants apparaît comme une fonction de la conductibilité thermique du mélange.
Fragen Sie sich auch manchmal, warum wir eigentlich noch ein Klimaproblem haben? Wenn man den Ankündigungen und Werbebotschaften der vielen Firmen glaubt, dann müsste es … "C02-Ausgleich (2)Der Handel mit dem guten Gewissen" weiterlesen Der Beitrag <b>C02-Ausgleich (2)</b>Der Handel mit dem guten Gewissen erschien zuerst auf Wirtschaftliche Freiheit.
Für eine breite Öffentlichkeit sind Klimakompensationsgeschäfte seit jeher ein Instrument aus der moralischen Schmuddelecke. Mitgeprägt wurde diese Skepsis wohl von der ablehnenden Haltung der aktivistischen Seite der Klimaschützer, die mit ihrem «System Change» gleich auch den Kapitalismus überwinden wollen. Für sie ist ein Instrument, das es Unternehmen erlaubt, sich aus der Verantwortung gleichsam freizukaufen, inhärent … "C02-Ausgleich (1)Ablasshandel oder effizientes Mittel zum Klimaschutz?" weiterlesen Der Beitrag <b>C02-Ausgleich (1)</b>Ablasshandel oder effizientes Mittel zum Klimaschutz? erschien zuerst auf Wirtschaftliche Freiheit.
Die Reduzierung der Treibhausgasemissionen, insbesondere von CO2 ist eines der wichtigsten Ziele im Rahmen der europäischen Energiepolitik. Im Folgenden wird untersucht, ob die Kopplung von zwei unterschiedlichen dezentralen Erzeugungsanlagen, einem Photovoltaiksystem (PV) und einem Blockheizkraftwerk (Kraft-Wärme-Kopplungsanlage (KWK)) in einem Haushalt, einen Beitrag leisten kann. Dazu wurde eine Regelung entwickelt, die aus einem Optimierer und einer regelbasierten Nachregelung besteht. Die Nachregelung korrigiert die Vorgaben des Optimierers, sollte es zu Abweichungen der Last- und Erzeugungsprognosen kommen. Die Ergebnisse werden beispielhaft an einem Übergangstag im April diskutiert. Als Ergebnis der CO2 minimierenden Optimierung ergibt sich eine flexible Regelung der Anlagen, die eine strom-autarke Energieversorgung bevorzugt. PV Strom ist mit der kleinsten CO2 Emission verbunden, während der Netzstrom in Deutschland durch den vorhandenen Strommix noch hohe CO2 Emissionen zur Folge hat. Der Eigenverbrauch, unter Verwendung einer Batterie, von PV-Strom wird gegenüber dem Verbrauch des KWK-Stroms bevorzugt, da dieser der CO2 freundlichste Strom ist. Am Beispieltag kann unter Einsatz von ca. 11 % höheren Kosten etwa 13 % der CO2 Emissionen vermieden werden. An Sommertagen liegt die Reduktion der CO2-Emissionen sogar bei 50 % ohne zusätzliche Betriebskosten. Die Regelung ist sehr flexibel und reagiert auf sich ändernde Eingabeparameter, z.B. CO2 Emissionswerte, so dass eine Anlage auch langfristig in der Lage wäre, sich an wandelnde Werte anzupassen, sollte z. B. der Energiemix im Verbundnetz zunehmend aus erneuerbaren Energien bestehen, oder in einem anderen Land ein anderer Energiemix vorliegen. Die hier dargestellten Ergebnisse basieren auf einer Simulation und werden zurzeit an einer realen Laboranlage getestet.
Nächste Woche beginnt in Paris die Klimakonferenz der Vereinten Nationen COP21. Bis zum 11. Dezember werden Politiker aus 190 Ländern erbittert um ein neues Abkommen zum Klimaschutz ringen. Ein wichtiges Argument für eine drastische Einschränkung von CO2-Emissionen ist der Anstieg der Meeresspiegel, den Wis-senschaftler gegenwärtig weltweit beobachten. Durch ihn drohen Länder wie Bangladesch vollständig von der Landkarte zu verschwinden. Aber auch das Leben in den Ozeanen selbst ist durch den Klimawandel bedroht.
In this contribution we propose to use revenues from environmental taxes within each sector to reduce wage taxes. Such a recycling scheme enhances the political feasibility of environmental taxes since no inter-sectoral transfers take place. Furthermore, we show that this proposal will lessen the distortion of efficiency in production compared to a sectoral differentiation of energy taxes. This result holds provided the cost share for energy in all sectors is smaller than for labor.
Reduction in energy dependancy and emissions of CO2 via renewables targeted in the European Union energy mix and taxation system, might trigger the production of bioenergy production and competition for biomass utilization. Torreed biomass could be used to produce second generation biofuels to replace some of the fuels used in transportation and is also suitable as feedstock to produce electricity in large quantities. This paper examines how the CO2 price aects demand of torreed biomass in the power sector and its consequences on the protability of second generation biofuel units (Biomass to Liquid units). Indeed, the protability of the BtL units which are supplied only by torreed biomass is related to the competitive demand of the power sector driven by the CO2 price and feed-in taris. We propose a linear dynamic model of supply and demand. On the supply side, a prot-maximizing torreed biomass sector is modelized. The model aims to represent the transformation of biomass into torreed biomass which could be sold to the renery sector and the power sector. A two-sided (demanders and supplier) bidding process led us to arrive at the equilibrium price for torreed biomass. The French case is used as an example. Our results suggest that the higher the CO2 price, the more stable and important the power sector demand. It also makes the torreed biomass production less vulnerable to uncertainty on demand coming from the rening sector. The torreed biomass co-ring with coal can oer a near-term market for the torreed biomass for a CO2 emission price lower than 20 euros/tCO2, which can stimulate development of biomass supply systems. Beyond 2020, the demand for torreed biomass from the power sector could be substituted by the rening sector if the oil price goes up whatever the CO2 price.
Reduction in energy dependancy and emissions of CO2 via renewables targeted in the European Union energy mix and taxation system, might trigger the production of bioenergy production and competition for biomass utilization. Torreed biomass could be used to produce second generation biofuels to replace some of the fuels used in transportation and is also suitable as feedstock to produce electricity in large quantities. This paper examines how the CO2 price aects demand of torreed biomass in the power sector and its consequences on the protability of second generation biofuel units (Biomass to Liquid units). Indeed, the protability of the BtL units which are supplied only by torreed biomass is related to the competitive demand of the power sector driven by the CO2 price and feed-in taris. We propose a linear dynamic model of supply and demand. On the supply side, a prot-maximizing torreed biomass sector is modelized. The model aims to represent the transformation of biomass into torreed biomass which could be sold to the renery sector and the power sector. A two-sided (demanders and supplier) bidding process led us to arrive at the equilibrium price for torreed biomass. The French case is used as an example. Our results suggest that the higher the CO2 price, the more stable and important the power sector demand. It also makes the torreed biomass production less vulnerable to uncertainty on demand coming from the rening sector. The torreed biomass co-ring with coal can oer a near-term market for the torreed biomass for a CO2 emission price lower than 20 euros/tCO2, which can stimulate development of biomass supply systems. Beyond 2020, the demand for torreed biomass from the power sector could be substituted by the rening sector if the oil price goes up whatever the CO2 price.
Reduction in energy dependancy and emissions of CO2 via renewables targeted in the European Union energy mix and taxation system, might trigger the production of bioenergy production and competition for biomass utilization. Torreed biomass could be used to produce second generation biofuels to replace some of the fuels used in transportation and is also suitable as feedstock to produce electricity in large quantities. This paper examines how the CO2 price aects demand of torreed biomass in the power sector and its consequences on the protability of second generation biofuel units (Biomass to Liquid units). Indeed, the protability of the BtL units which are supplied only by torreed biomass is related to the competitive demand of the power sector driven by the CO2 price and feed-in taris. We propose a linear dynamic model of supply and demand. On the supply side, a prot-maximizing torreed biomass sector is modelized. The model aims to represent the transformation of biomass into torreed biomass which could be sold to the renery sector and the power sector. A two-sided (demanders and supplier) bidding process led us to arrive at the equilibrium price for torreed biomass. The French case is used as an example. Our results suggest that the higher the CO2 price, the more stable and important the power sector demand. It also makes the torreed biomass production less vulnerable to uncertainty on demand coming from the rening sector. The torreed biomass co-ring with coal can oer a near-term market for the torreed biomass for a CO2 emission price lower than 20 euros/tCO2, which can stimulate development of biomass supply systems. Beyond 2020, the demand for torreed biomass from the power sector could be substituted by the rening sector if the oil price goes up whatever the CO2 price.
Reduction in energy dependancy and emissions of CO2 via renewables targeted in the European Union energy mix and taxation system, might trigger the production of bioenergy production and competition for biomass utilization. Torreed biomass could be used to produce second generation biofuels to replace some of the fuels used in transportation and is also suitable as feedstock to produce electricity in large quantities. This paper examines how the CO2 price aects demand of torreed biomass in the power sector and its consequences on the protability of second generation biofuel units (Biomass to Liquid units). Indeed, the protability of the BtL units which are supplied only by torreed biomass is related to the competitive demand of the power sector driven by the CO2 price and feed-in taris. We propose a linear dynamic model of supply and demand. On the supply side, a prot-maximizing torreed biomass sector is modelized. The model aims to represent the transformation of biomass into torreed biomass which could be sold to the renery sector and the power sector. A two-sided (demanders and supplier) bidding process led us to arrive at the equilibrium price for torreed biomass. The French case is used as an example. Our results suggest that the higher the CO2 price, the more stable and important the power sector demand. It also makes the torreed biomass production less vulnerable to uncertainty on demand coming from the rening sector. The torreed biomass co-ring with coal can oer a near-term market for the torreed biomass for a CO2 emission price lower than 20 euros/tCO2, which can stimulate development of biomass supply systems. Beyond 2020, the demand for torreed biomass from the power sector could be substituted by the rening sector if the oil price goes up whatever the CO2 price.
Reduction in energy dependancy and emissions of CO2 via renewables targeted in the European Union energy mix and taxation system, might trigger the production of bioenergy production and competition for biomass utilization. Torreed biomass could be used to produce second generation biofuels to replace some of the fuels used in transportation and is also suitable as feedstock to produce electricity in large quantities. This paper examines how the CO2 price aects demand of torreed biomass in the power sector and its consequences on the protability of second generation biofuel units (Biomass to Liquid units). Indeed, the protability of the BtL units which are supplied only by torreed biomass is related to the competitive demand of the power sector driven by the CO2 price and feed-in taris. We propose a linear dynamic model of supply and demand. On the supply side, a prot-maximizing torreed biomass sector is modelized. The model aims to represent the transformation of biomass into torreed biomass which could be sold to the renery sector and the power sector. A two-sided (demanders and supplier) bidding process led us to arrive at the equilibrium price for torreed biomass. The French case is used as an example. Our results suggest that the higher the CO2 price, the more stable and important the power sector demand. It also makes the torreed biomass production less vulnerable to uncertainty on demand coming from the rening sector. The torreed biomass co-ring with coal can oer a near-term market for the torreed biomass for a CO2 emission price lower than 20 euros/tCO2, which can stimulate development of biomass supply systems. Beyond 2020, the demand for torreed biomass from the power sector could be substituted by the rening sector if the oil price goes up whatever the CO2 price.
