Suchergebnisse

How to finance the Green Transition toward net-zero carbon emissions remains an open question. The literature either operates within a market-failure paradigm that calls for carbon taxes or cap-and-trade to help markets correct themselves, or via war finance analogies that offer a "triad" of state intervention possibilities: taxation, treasury borrowing, and central bank money creation. These frameworks often lack a thorough conceptualization of endogenous credit money creation and disregard the systemic and procedural dimensions of financing the Green Transition. We propose "Monetary Architecture" as a more comprehensive framework that perceives the monetary and financial system as a constantly evolving and historically specific hierarchical web of interlocking balance sheets. Using the United States as a case study, we stress the importance of a systemic financing dimension that uses all available elasticity space in the monetary architecture while considering a division of labor between firefighting balance sheets such as central banks or treasuries and workhorse balance sheets such as off-balance-sheet fiscal agencies or shadow banks. Procedurally, public workhorses should provide an initial balance sheet expansion and crowd in the rest of the monetary architecture, notably shadow banks, for long-term funding. Firefighters should prevent systemic instability and manage a possible final contraction.

Linking of two or more cap-and-trade systems promises gains in cost effectiveness and signals a strong commitment to carbon policy. Linking is also seen as one possible way of converging from regional climate policy initiatives toward a global climate policy architecture. Moreover, linking may be used to direct investment into low-carbon technology – one form of green finance – to low-abatement cost locations. Two linked systems have been established recently, one in Europe and one in North America. However, linking also comes with challenges, such as increased exposure to shocks originating in other parts of the linked system and a greater need for policy coordination. We first consider the benefits and challenges of linking conceptually, including its incentives for green financial flows. We then present some of the main features of the European and North American linked systems and outline the process that led to their establishment. Finally, we consider preliminary evidence on the workings of each linked system. We conclude that from a green finance perspective linking should be viewed as a long-term option. ; Die Verknüpfung von zwei oder mehr Cap-and-Trade-Systemen – "Linking" – verspricht Kostenvorteile und signalisiert ein starkes Engagement für die gemeinsame Klimapolitik. Linking wird auch als eine mögliche Option angesehen, um von vereinzelten regionalen Initiativen zu einer globalen klimapolitischen Architektur zu konvergieren. Darüber hinaus kann Linking genutzt werden, um Investitionen in klimafreundliche Technologien – eine Form von "Green Finance" – in Regionen mit geringen Vermeidungskosten zu lenken. Kürzlich wurden zwei verbundene Systeme eingerichtet, eines in Europa und eines in Nordamerika. Linking ist jedoch auch mit Herausforderungen verbunden. So können Schocks, die von Teilen des verknüpften Systems ausgehen, leichter durch das verbundene System propagieren, so dass ein hoher Bedarf an Politik-Koordination besteht. Wir betrachten zunächst die Vorteile und Herausforderungen von Linking konzeptionell, einschließlich der Anreize für Green Finance. Anschließend betrachten wir einige Hauptmerkmale bestehender Links in Europa und Nordamerika und skizzieren den Prozess, der zu ihrer Einrichtung geführt hat. Schließlich betrachten wir die verfügbare Evidenz zur Wirkungsweise der bestehenden Links. Wir schlussfolgern, dass aus der Perspektive von Green Finance Linking eher als langfristige Option anzusehen ist.

The European Union's Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) is complemented by a Market Stability Reserve (MSR). After a major revision of the EU ETS in 2018, the MSR effectively makes the supply of allowances responsive to demand. In this paper, we show that a cap-and-trade scheme with an endogenous cap, such as the EU ETS produces a green paradox. Abatement policies announced early but realized in the future are counter-effective because of the MSR, they increase cumulative emissions. We present the mechanisms in a two-period model, and then provide quantitative evidence of our result for an annual model disciplined on the price rise in the EU ETS that followed the introduction of the MSR. Our results point to the need for better coordination between different policies, such as the "European Green Deal." We conclude with suggestions to improve the workings of an endogenous cap, ahead of the MSR review scheduled for 2021. ; publishedVersion

The European Union's Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) is complemented by a Market Stability Reserve (MSR). After a major revision of the EU ETS in 2018, the MSR effectively makes the supply of allowances responsive to demand. In this paper, we show that a cap-and-trade scheme with an endogenous cap, such as the EU ETS produces a green paradox. Abatement policies announced early but realized in the future are counter-effective because of the MSR, they increase cumulative emissions. We present the mechanisms in a two-period model, and then provide quantitative evidence of our result for an annual model disciplined on the price rise in the EU ETS that followed the introduction of the MSR. Our results point to the need for better coordination between different policies, such as the "European Green Deal." We conclude with suggestions to improve the workings of an endogenous cap, ahead of the MSR review scheduled for 2021. ; publishedVersion

Abstract
The European Union's Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) is complemented by a Market Stability Reserve (MSR). After a major revision of the EU ETS in 2018, the MSR effectively makes the supply of allowances responsive to demand. In this paper, we show that a cap-and-trade scheme with an endogenous cap, such as the EU ETS produces a green paradox. Abatement policies announced early but realized in the future are counter-effective because of the MSR, they increase cumulative emissions. We present the mechanisms in a two-period model, and then provide quantitative evidence of our result for an annual model disciplined on the price rise in the EU ETS that followed the introduction of the MSR. Our results point to the need for better coordination between different policies, such as the "European Green Deal." We conclude with suggestions to improve the workings of an endogenous cap, ahead of the MSR review scheduled for 2021.

The role of environmental analysis in economic policy making has remained largely limited despite vast literature on environmental economics and governance. An effective integration of economic and environmental sciences with pragmatic design of institutions and policies is still urgently needed for practical use. This book offers a policy framework for economic policies that meaningfully integrate environmental and ecological resource factors. Based on analyses and new insights on sustainable development, this book provides pragmatic approaches for economic policy formulation and implementati.