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AbstractProfessionalism is a concept that centers on specialization of labor and control of occupational practice. It has traditionally been used to describe and define individuals who are affiliated with an occupational community that has managed to secure a certain measure of autonomy and jurisdiction over an area of expertise and has a claim to a public service ethos. In this review essay, we consider the changing professional status of journalism. Whether or not journalism is "truly" a profession, it is clear that a discourse of journalistic professionalism plays a crucial role in legitimizing the journalistic occupation. Consequently, this essay explores different approaches towards the professionalization of journalism and positions this discussion within two interrelated contexts: first, it investigates the ramifications of the current crisis in western news media on journalistic professionalism. Next, the essay probes the professional standing of journalism in view of the development of new digital technologies that are re‐shaping essential aspects of journalistic work. We conclude that journalism has lost some of its cohesion and fragmented into tribes of professionalism practiced by a diverse set of actors.

AMERICAN HIGHER EDUCATION GENERALLY BEHAVES TOO MUCH LIKE A TIMID ADVENTURER AND NOT ENOUGH LIKE A RESOLUTE FELLOW. THIS IS NOWHERE MORE EVIDENT THAN IN ITS ACQUIESCENCE IN THE PREPOSTEROUS DISPARAGEMENT OF EDUCATION AS DIVORCED FROM THE SO-CALLED REAL WORLD. SUCH ACQUIESCENCE AMOUNTS IN PRACTICE TO A TACIT ADMISSION THAT WHAT HAPPENS IN CLASSROOMS IS NAIVE, IMPRACTICAL, INDIFFERENT TO THE FACTS OF LIFE, AND NOT SO USEFUL AS "WORLDLY" EXPERIENCE. NO ONE WHO SUBSCRIBES TO SUCH A VIEW DESERVES TO BE ENTRUSTED WITH THE AWESOME RESPONSIBILITIES OF CLASSROOM TEACHING. BECAUSE CLASSROOMS HAVE TO DO WITH THE FORMATION OF RIGOROUS AND ABLE MINDS-THE MOST REAL AND USEFUL OF ALL POSSIBLE MOVERS OF HUMAN AFFAIRS.

GREAT BRITAIN'S PARLIAMENT SHOULD NOT EXPECT BLIND LOYALTY FROM THE PUBLIC; IT HAS TO EARN THE TRUST OF THE PEOPLE. OVER TIME, HOWEVER, A NUMBER OF EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL CHALLENGES TO PARLIAMENT HAVE ARISEN TO FRUSTRATE THE LEVELS OF FAITH THAT THE PUBLIC COULD REASONABLY EXPECT TO HAVE IN PARLIAMENT. THIS ARTICLE DISCUSSES THESE CHALLENGES, WHICH INCLUDE: INDIFFERENCE, CYNICISM, AND THE CAREERIST BEHAVIOR OF MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT. IT THEN SUGGESTS SOME WAYS IN WHICH FAITH IN PARLIAMENT COULD BE RESTORED.

THE AUTHOR EXAMINES DECADAL COHORTS OF LEGISLATORS ELECTED TO THE 3RD FRENCH REPUBLIC'S CHAMBER OF DEPUTIES & COMPARES THEM WITH SIMILAR GROUPS OF THE US HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES FOR THE PERIOD 1871-1940. FOCUS IS ON RELATIONSHIP OF REGIME STABILITY TO DEVELOPMENT OF LEGISLATIVE INSTITUTIONALIZATION, & SPECIFICALLY TO CAREERISM. GREATER INSTABILITY IN FRENCH CHAMBER SHOWN BY VARIATIONS IN ELECTORAL SYSTEMS.

The military career has most often been compared with "traditional" professions, eg, law, medicine, & the clergy, but it is perhaps more appropriate to compare it with corporate executive development. There are many differences, but both systems are essentially "careerist" rather than "professional." In business, such careerism may well be utilitarian, but in the armed services, it is harmful to military capability & thus to national defense. Members of a new "Military Reform Movement" are disturbed by the focus on careerism, but their demands for military self-reform are misdirected. The services are incapable of self-reform; externally generated reform is the only cure. HA.

I present a measure of legislative professionalism for 41 states based on the degree to which legislators hold outside careers while in office. Higher salaries & longer sessions alter the incentives & opportunities for legislators to maintain outside careers. Consequently, outside career activity provides a behavioral indicator of professionalism to supplement existing measures based solely on institutional characteristics. I use financial disclosure reports to assess outside interests. Aggregated to the state level, my indicator is highly correlated with institutional measures of professionalism; at the individual level, it varies by sex & age. These findings support hypotheses that outside career choices are influenced by labor market participation & the financial opportunity costs of legislative service. 3 Tables, 1 Figure, 1 Appendix, 38 References. Adapted from the source document.

Explores the Members of Parliament (MPs) of Denmark as political professionals & as a political class. The country's parliamentary system & electoral system during the last centuries are summarized, & the dimensions of professionalization of MPs include increased workloads, increased resources under their command, income, & status-based or intellectual professionalization. Professional politicians compose a small group, & their political recruitment & careers are analyzed for educational & occupational backgrounds & political experience. Income levels for professional politicians are compared with attention to outside financial sources & comparisons with private sector wages. Conclusions are drawn concerning Danish political culture & its professional politicians. 7 Tables, 1 Figure, 35 References. L. Collins Leigh