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Intro -- COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION AND EMPOWERMENT -- COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION AND EMPOWERMENT -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 THE OUT OF SCHOOL HOURS SPORTS PROGRAM: DEVELOPING A HEALTHY COMMUNITY THROUGH ACTIVE PARTICIPATION AND EMPOWERMENT? -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- VALUES ORIENTATION -- LEVELS OF USE -- COMMUNITIES AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT -- COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION -- EMPOWERMENT -- BACKGROUND -- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AIM -- Study 1: The OSHSP as a Diverse Community -- Theoretical Background -- Values Orientation Inventory (VOI) -- Participants -- Measure -- VOI Survey -- Procedure -- Data Analysis -- Value Orientation Inventory Results -- Discussion and Conclusion -- Study 2: The OSHSP as an Example of Diverse Implementation Practices -- Theoretical Background -- Level of Use (LoU) -- Participants -- Measure -- LoU Semi-structured Interview -- Procedure -- Data Analysis -- Results -- Categories of Use of the OSHSP -- Knowledge -- Acquiring Information -- Sharing -- Assessing -- Planning -- Status Reporting -- Performing -- Overall Level of Use -- Discussion -- Study 3: The OSHSP as an Example of Community Development -- Participants -- Procedure -- Data Analysis -- Results -- Community Development -- Community Participation -- Empowerment -- Discussion -- SUMMARY DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 SYNTHESISING DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY: LESSONS FROM THE STANAGE FORUM -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY -- INTRODUCING THE STANAGE FORUM -- TRADE-OFFS BETWEEN THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY IN THE STANAGE FORUM -- Stage 1: Setting the Agenda -- Stage 2: The Process of Deliberation -- Participation and Representation -- Processes of Deliberation -- Stage 3: Decision-Making -- Stage 4: Implementation.

Building community participation into the operation of a mental health center may be difficult, but staff and community residents can gain from the process

The invariable governmental approach to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has been to effect theWhite Knight stance of Don Quixote, defending the population from the "Virus Dragon" and dedicatingits knight-errantry to the damsel Dulcinea. Though essential, new therapeutics, vaccines, physical dis-tancing, rigorous hygiene standards and efficient health systems are not sufficient to counter the effectsof the virus. Individual compliance to public health guidelines also matters, while remaining similarlyinsufficient to diminish the threat. Earthier, citizen-led, community participation strategies, however,lead to innovative, tailored solutions that better fulfil the needs of diverse neighbourhoods and assuresgreater virus resistance and increase in population health compared to a top-down, knightly approachor isolated individual efforts. The challenge of COVID-19 offers communities a moment to build moreresilient, antifragile communities that not only survive the current crisis, but that thrive after it, and thatare better equipped for the next challenge. This is not the time for the singular heroics of the WhiteKnight, or the antics of Don Quixote, tilting at windmills. It is the time of Sancho Panza, which is to say ofregular non-credentialed citizens, and their collective efforts, who up to now have largely been consid-ered pawns in this contest. Asset-based community development (ABCD) rejects both the individual asan island and the institutional, knightly emphasis on assessing needs and deficits within communities. Itfavours identifying and mobilising available and latent assets within a community to forge closer connec-tions among all people, the better to collectivise problem-solving efforts. Community-driven initiativesare assisted in this by localised not-for-profit agencies that practice subsidiarity.

Foreword -- Preface -- Introduction -- Understanding "community participation" -- The method -- The context -- Similarities and differences in coastal community participation -- A typology of community participation -- Conclusion

It is the wish of every stakeholder to see to it that development programs are successful and beneficial to the intended community. Literature shows that successful development programs must provide opportunities for the intended program beneficiaries to effectively participate in the programs. This implies that program beneficiaries ought to be seen as stakeholders in the program and not as recipients of final program results. This is a community engagement thinking deeply rooted in the stakeholder theory. Hence, by taking into account the importance of community participation in development programs, this study explored community participation methods that were being employed in four different categorized programs and how such methods were influencing effective participation in such programs in Tanzania. These programs were categorized as Locally Funded, Government Funded, Donor Funded and Joint Funded development programs. A combined sample size of 316 participants from all the four programs was employed. Collected data were analyzed through the within-case analysis and the comparative analysis approaches. Results of the study revealed that methods used in Government funded programs were not effective enough in promoting effective community participation when compared to methods used in the other three examined programs. As such, the study concluded by emphasizing on the need to improve on the participation methods used in Government funded programs.

Community participation (CP) is emphasized in the planning and implementation of the various projects and sector. Renewable energy (RE) sector like other sectors requires community participation for its effectiveness and efficiency. This review aims at exploring the community participation in the renewable sector in Tanzania. Five themes were identified for through literature review where a Seven-Step Model for comprehensive literature review was used. These themes include (i) access to information on RE resources; (ii) community awareness of the RE technologies and related policies, laws, and regulations; (iii) RE as the source of employment opportunities; and (iv) RE as an alternative to fossil fuels and for poverty alleviation. These study revealed that despite the different efforts taken by the government and other energy stakeholders the community still lack enough information and awareness about renewable energy technologies, institutional and regulatory framework. However, the interesting issue is that renewable energy sectors play an important role in providing employment opportunities to the local communities. Moreover, the use of renewable energy has contributed to poverty alleviation. For instance, hydropower has an increase in electricity supply, solar energy has improved the local households' standard of living, education and health services. It is recommended that the government and other energy stakeholders should cooperate to provide more information and awareness of renewable energy technologies to the community. This should be accompanied by the introduction of the national policy and law which is specifically for renewable energy to enable its development. Community participation (CP) is emphasized in the planning and implementation of the various projects and sector. Renewable energy (RE) sector like other sectors requires community participation for its effectiveness and efficiency. This review aims at exploring the community participation in the renewable sector in Tanzania. Five themes were identified for through literature review where a Seven-Step Model for comprehensive literature review was used. These themes include (i) access to information on RE resources; (ii) community awareness of the RE technologies and related policies, laws, and regulations; (iii) RE as the source of employment opportunities; and (iv) RE as an alternative to fossil fuels and for poverty alleviation. These study revealed that despite the different efforts taken by the government and other energy stakeholders the community still lack enough information and awareness about renewable energy technologies, institutional and regulatory framework. However, the interesting issue is that renewable energy sectors play an important role in providing employment opportunities to the local communities. Moreover, the use of renewable energy has contributed to poverty alleviation. For instance, hydropower has an increase in electricity supply, solar energy has improved the local households' standard of living, education and health services. It is recommended that the government and other energy stakeholders should cooperate to provide more information and awareness of renewable energy technologies to the community. This should be accompanied by the introduction of the national policy and law which is specifically for renewable energy to enable its development.