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All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations used for purposes of scholarly citation, none of this work may be reproduced in any form by any means without written permission from the publisher. For information address the University of Pennsylvania Press, 3905 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4112 ; [EN] This article examines the Venice Charter's lnfluence on the evolution of restoration in Spain in the interesting perlod that bridges the gap between Francoism and the dawn of democracy. Under the organizational structure that prevailed during Francoism, the restoration of monuments in the whole state was assigned to seven specialized architects who engaged in a stylistic approach. With the subsequent dawn of demoaac:y, the field of monument restoration opened to a large range of non-specialized architects who applied Ideas of critica! restoration theory. This blatant dlchotomy led to a dlverse interpretatlon of the Venice Charter that this text strlves to analyze from the vantage point of its actors, starting with the work of the participants In the Second lnternatlonai Congress of Archltects and Technicians of Historie Monuments and continuiog with the protagonists of the discipline of restoration in this country who followed after them. ; Mileto ., C.; Vegas López-Manzanares, F. (2014). Spain under the Venice Charter. Change Over Time. 4(2):264-285. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/99945 ; S ; 264 ; 285 ; 4 ; 2

The Architecture and Household Trade Union built nearly 2,000 subsidized dwellings in Albacete from 1941 to 1971. It was the responsible entity from the end of the Civil War until the beginning of Democracy of the social policy programs in Spain. Later on, and together with the National Housing Institute, were responsible for the construction activity. Its limited budget, scarcity of technical and human resources and an urgent need for new housing developments, constituted the basis for producing a vast housing market of low construction qualities. However, thanks to the true architectonic expertise of some of the professionals, some of the developments were designed with a clear urban strategy and in direct relation with the city, which characterizes them to be studied and conserved. This is the case for the selected development for the analysis, the urban complex of the 500 dwellings in Albacete, the Hermanos Falcó Neighborhood. Designed and built between 1963, Alfonso Crespo and Adolfo Gil architects, and 1977 second reformed project by the architect Fernando Rodríguez. It is characterized by its layout on the territory, its controlled relation with the city and its different types of open blocks. Above all, its spatial and human scale strengths, directly related to the European post-war proposals, have to be emphasized; although its technical deficiencies affect the interior quality of the houses. This paper examines its virtues and failures and proposes, using current tools, its renovation. This proposal main aims are to extend its lifetime and develop the particular and urban sustainability levels.

La incorporación de la perspectiva de género a las figuras de planeamiento urbano es una obligación de las administraciones públicas que se recoge en el artículo 31.3 de la Ley Orgánica 3/2007, de 22 de marzo, para la igualdad efectiva de mujeres y hombres, y se reafirma en el Real Decreto Legislativo 2/2008, de 20 de junio, por el que se aprueba el texto refundido de la Ley de Suelo. El Ayuntamiento de Albacete y la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla La Mancha, en cumplimiento de estos preceptos y con ocasión de la revisión del PGOU, encargan, a través del equipo redactor del POM, a la autora de la presente comunicación la dirección de los equipos de trabajo para la gestión de la participación ciudadana, que se sitúa en la base misma de la consecución de los objetivos propuestos. Se explicará, habida cuenta de la casi total ausencia de referencias en nuestro país, los mecanismos e instrumentos habilitados en materia de participación in situ. ; Plataforma Tecnológica Española de la Construcción

Peñiscola is a urban fortress, placed in a privileged location in the Mediterranean, which has always adapted itself to changing times, to different military circumstances until the 19th century and to the touristic ones since the middle of the 20th century. Many important historical figures have lived there, such as Benedicto XIII, el Papa Luna, who fixed there his pontifical seat in the 15th century. There have also lived expert military engineers who started important transformations in the fortress by mandate of princes and kings, as well as ordinary people, farmers and sailors who, sheltered by the walls, built their houses.This thesis pretends to approach the study of the fortress' architecture starting from that of the different elements of the defensive complex still preserved and studying others which were hidden, transformed or lost but which are going to be identified in this research.There are two constructive key moments that configure the current morphology of the fortress. The first one was the construction of the medieval castle by the Order of the Temple, in the end of the 13th century. The next intervention, in the end of the 14th century, is the project promoted by Philip II, an architectural intervention of great significance. We are going to pay the greatest attention to these two periods in this research. Afterwards, and until the 19th century, minor changes were made to adapt the complex to the different military uses.In the middle of the 20th century, the fortress starts to become a strategic place on the valencian coast, but then, in a touristic way. Since the 60's, an intense urbanistic activity is developed, producing very important changes in the complex. The population starts to move outside the walls where the city grows along its coastline and, in the historic site, the wall stays as a residual element of the urban fabric, embedded in new streets and absorbed by some buildings.By the end of the 19th century, from a director plan, we confirm the state of abandonment suffered by the ...

[ES] El creciente interés por el estudio de la arquitectura de tierra que se desarrolló en Europa a finales de los años setenta, germinó también aunque de manera más tardía en España. A la par del creciente interés por estas estructuras históricas de tierra, se incrementó también el número de proyectos de restauración llevados a cabo en estos edificios. A partir de la década de 1980, las intervenciones en arquitectura de tapia en toda la Península Ibérica fueron en aumento, por lo que estas actuaciones tienen también ya un cierto recorrido. Esta investigación analiza las intervenciones realizadas en edificios monumentales de tapia en el territorio español financiadas con fondos estales, con las lesiones afrontadas más frecuentes, los criterios de intervención adoptados en cada caso, las técnicas constructivas empleadas y los resultados obtenidos. ; Esta investigación se ha iniciado en el marco del proyecto "La restauración de la arquitectura de tapia en la Península Ibérica. Criterios, técnicas, resultados y perspectivas" (BIA2010-18921; investigadora principal: Camilla Mileto) financiado por el Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (2011-2013) y se ha seguido desarrollando en el marco del proyecto de investigación financiado por el Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación "La restauración y rehabilitación de arquitectura tradicional de tierra en la Península Ibérica. Líneas guía y herramientas para una intervención sostenible" (Ref.: BIA2014-55924-R; investigadores principales: Camilla Mileto y Fernando Vegas López-Manzanares). ; Mileto, C.; Vegas López-Manzanares, F.; García-Soriano, L. (2017). La restauración de la tapia monumental: pasado, presente y futuro. Informes de la Construcción. 69(548):1-12. https://doi.org/10.3989/ic.16.160 ; S ; 1 ; 12 ; 69 ; 548 ; (1) AA.VV. (2011). Terra Europae: earthen architecture in the European Union. Pisa: ETS. ; (2) Correia, M. (2007). Teoría de la conservación y su aplicación al patrimonio en tierra. En Apuntes nº 20. Bogotá: Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. ; (3) Mileto, C. ...

[EN] The work carried out by the School of American Archaeology under the auspice of the United Fruit Company from 1910 to 1914 in the ancient city of Quiriguá, today world Heritage Site, implied a change of paradigm in architectural heritage preservation in the Maya Area. The development of a four-season funded by one of the most powerful companies and more politically influential at the moment, not only entailed the instauration of the first institutional archaeological Project in Guatemala but also it meant the catalyzer to set the first guidelines to preserve this architecture inherited from the ancient Maya. The present research delves into the historical, political and economic context when the agreement for this pioneer intervention was made and its repercussion in the history of Pre-Columbian architecture preservation from an exhaustive documental analysis in the institutional archives and the according emerging legislation. ; [ES] Los trabajos desarrollados por la School of American Archaeology bajo el auspicio de la United Fruit Company, que se sucedieron entre 1910 y 1914 en la antigua ciudad de Quiriguá, hoy Patrimonio de la Humanidad, supusieron un cambio de paradigma en la conservación del patrimonio arquitectónico maya. El desarrollo de un proyecto en cuatro temporadas, financiado por una de las empresas económicamente más potentes y políticamente más influyentes del momento, no sólo supuso la instauración del primer proyecto institucional de investigación arqueológica en Guatemala, sino que fue el detonante para establecer las primeras directrices para la conservación de la arquitectura heredada de la antigua civilización maya. El presente estudio profundiza en el contexto histórico, político y económico en el que se gesta el acuerdo para esta intervención pionera, y su repercusión en la historia de la conservación de la arquitectura precolombina en el área maya a partir del análisis documental de los archivos institucionales y la incipiente legislación al respecto. ; La autora agradece ...

[EN] THE NASRID WALL OF THE ALBAICÍN IN GRANADA Knowledge and restoration The doctoral thesis aims to establish a specific methodology of diagnosis and intervention in the nasrid wall of the Albaicín in Granada based on his unique characteristics, whether urban, architectural or constructive. For developing the methodology of diagnosis of the conservation state, a specific analysis of the mechanisms of degradation or alteration has been carried out; conducting a study of the phenomena that may have caused it, and, on this basis, formulate hypothesis causes. To prepare the intervention methodology, the performance over time of the consolidation or restoration actions achieved in the wall, from both the material efficiency and the discussion of the approach adopted point of view has been taken into account. The methodology proposed has not been limited to the resolution of problems identified in the diagnosis based on the application of a range of specific actions directly relate to the pathology or the state of degradation, but addresses the intervention from the challenging domain of monumental restoration, to ensure the readability of the wall and associated elements of his environment without disturbing the patrimonial significance. The development of the restoration project will enable therefore the discussion of methodological positions based on critical analysis, growing from both knowledge of the different mechanisms of degradation and restoration and consolidation works already achieved, with the aim of establishing a coherent approach to restoration which will be able to estimate the different historical and aesthetic circumstances of the nasrid wall. In this sense, the research draw from a holistic and interrelated knowledge that aims to incorporate the different social, political, urban or purely material and architectural circumstances that had conditioned the transformations and the wall current state of conservation. To facilitate the implementation of the general objective of this research, the ...

Comunicación presentada en el XI Congreso Internacional de Expresión Gráfica Aplicada a la Edificación, APEGA 2012, Valencia, 29 noviemnre-1 diciembre 2012. ; A decade before there was getting up the 'Atlantic Wall', there was executed a system of defenses along the Mediterranean coast in Spain (1936-39). The recovery of the same constructions (both of his graphical documents and of the constructed works that stay in foot) and his putting in value it can help to consolidate an own memory of the 20th century. This work considers to inventory, to measure and to draw the planes of these architectures to fix the memory that is diluted by the erosion of the time. The military pieces place in many borders: are these properly architecture? These are walking between two epochs: the one that perpetuates the epic acts in opposite to the one that shows the disasters in order that they do not forget. They are the most modern ruins of our history. In this process of reconstruction of the memory, there turns out to be crucial the graphical restitution. The drawing is a source of knowledge and demonstrates facts that were constructed. ; Una década antes de que fuera construido el 'Atlantic Wall', fue ejecutado un sistema de defensas a lo largo de la costa del Mediterráneo español (1936-39). La recuperación de estas construcciones (en su restitución gráfica y de aquellas que quedan en pie) y su puesta en valor pueden ayudar a consolidar una memoria propia del siglo XX. Este trabajo consiste en inventariar, medir y dibujar los planos de estas arquitecturas a fin de fijar la memoria que se ha diluido por la erosión del tiempo. Estas piezas militares se sitúan en muchas fronteras: son éstas propiamente arquitectura? Transitan entre dos épocas: la que perpetúa los hechos épicos y la que, en oposición, muestra los desastres a fin de no olvidarlos. Son las más modernas ruinas de nuestra historia. En este proceso de reconstrucción del pasado, resulta crucial la restitución gráfica. El dibujo se revela como fuente de conocimiento y verificación de lo construido. ; Asociación APEGA y Universitat d'Alacant

El presente trabajo final de máster tiene como objeto el estudio de la Casa Consistorial de El Toro, ejemplo destacado y de los pocos bien conservados de la arquitectura civil representativa del "poder comunal", que representa la transición del Medievo a la Modernidad. La finalidad de la investigación consiste en devolver a la memoria este tipo de edificios, que, pese a su relevancia en el devenir de la historia, han sido relegados al olvido. ; The aim of the present Master's Thesis is the study of the city hall of El Toro, because this building is an important example and it's one of the few well-conserved of the civil architecture. The city hall shows the collective power and represents the transition from the Middle Ages to Modernity. In this way, the purpose of the investigation consists on remembering this kind of buildings, because they have been forgotten in spite of its relevance along the history. ; Calvo Cortés, P. (2015). La casa consistorial como respuesta arquitectónica a la primera estructura social moderna : el caso de El Toro. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/58510. ; Archivo delegado

El período que se abarca se extiende, cronológicamente, a lo largo del primer tercio del siglo XX (1898-1936) y el espacio objeto de estudio se circunscribe a la ciudad de Albacete. El discurso se articula en dos partes: la primera se ocupa de la arquitectura, clasificada por sus tipologías (religiosa, funeraria, asistencial, educativa, institucional, penitenciaria y militar, del ocio, del negocio y residencial), y la segunda se centra en las características de los principales arquitectos que intervinieron en esta época en la ciudad (Julio Carrilero Prat, Ramón Casas Massó, Francisco Fernández Molina, Buenaventura Ferrando Castells, Francisco Manuel Martínez Villena, Agustín Morcillo López, Manuel Muñoz Casayús, Miguel Ortiz e Iribas y Daniel Rubio Sánchez).

El presente artículo plantea el paralelismo, histórico y patrimonial, entre las torres vigías del Mediterráneo de los siglos XV a XVIII y los búnkeres y baterías de hormigón armado construidos durante las guerras mundiales del siglo XX en relación a la construcción del paisaje territorial que percibimos de la costa aplicado al caso del litoral valenciano en España y el sardo en Italia (Alicante y Cerdeña). Por un lado, se equiparan este tipo de construcciones históricas y modernas, por otro, se comprueban los similares planteamientos tácticos, territoriales, arquitectónicos, funcionales, técnicos, constructivos y de presencia en el paisaje. Se reflexiona en torno a la percepción visual y sensitiva actual de este paisaje cultural para su defensa y protección en un ejercicio que traspasa las actuales fronteras. ; Universiadad de Alicante (España) y Università degli Studi di Cagliari (Italia)

La cartografica storica costituisce un'importante fonte documentaria per la conoscenza dei luoghi. Un'analisi delle rappresentazioni di un territorio nel medio e lungo periodo permette di riconoscerne le forme ed i caratteri identitari, comprenderne le dinamiche di trasformazione e conservare la memoria di paesaggi e architetture oggi definitivamente perdute. Lo studio delle produzioni cartografiche può condurre ad interessanti risultati e offrire un contributo metodologico alla ricerca se supportato da una padronanza dei sistemi e degli strumenti per il rilevamento e il disegno dell'architettura e del territorio. Impiego della bussola e di misurazioni astronomiche in appoggio ad una rete di capisaldi strumentali guidano la ricognizione territoriale ed il rilievo delle architetture a partire dal Duecento. Tali procedure, ampiamente collaudate nel corso del Cinquecento, nel Settecento possono far affidamento su attrezzature più precise e sono interessate da un processo di standardizzazione dei metodi di acquisi- zione e trascrizione grafica. Gli elaborati grafici realizzati dagli ingegneri militari durante il XVIII secolo e finalizzati alla descrizione del tratto di costa della Spagna compreso tra Santa Pola ed Alicante ed al progetto del nuovo insediamento fortificato nella 'Isla Plana', offrono l'opportunità di applicare un percorso incentrato sull'analisi della mappe ripetibile in ambito scientifico ad altri contesti. ; The historical cartography is an important documentary source for the knowledge of the places. An analysis of the representations of a territory in the medium and long term makes it possible to recognize its forms and its identity characters, understand the dynamics of transformation and preserve the memory of landscapes and architecture now definitively lost. The study of the maps can lead to interesting results and offer a methodological contribution to the research if supported by a mastery of systems and tools for survey and drawing of the architecture and the territory. The use of the compass and astronomical measurements in support of a network of instrumental stations starting from the thirteenth century guide the territorial reconnais- sance and the survey of the architectures. These procedures, widely tested during the sixteenth century, in the eighteenth century can rely on more precise equipment and are subject of a process of standardization of the methods of acquisition and graphic representation. The eighteenth century's drawings made by military engineers for the description of the stretch of Spanish coast between Santa Pola and Alicante and for the project for a new fortified settlement in the 'Isla Plana' offer the opportunity to apply a research path focused on the analysis of the maps scientifically repeatable in other contexts.

In 1936-1939 the War of Spain took place, turning its territory into the testing ground of Europe in anticipation of the Second World War; here new weapons were tested: mass media, propaganda and aviation. The national side used Mallorca as "aircraft carrier" from which it launched airstrikes on the Mediterranean coast: a rearguard that required fortification. To defend the cities, the Republican government ordered, in 1937, to build a coastal defensive system ("Mediterranean Wall"). On the Valencian coast there were ten basic enclaves: from the lighthouse of Castellón to the end of Santa Pola. This network of defenses had two built lines. The first was constituted by elements located at zero level, by the sea and on the beaches, which maintained regular distances from each other; these were reinforced concrete bunkers that sought to camouflage themselves. A second was formed by coastal and antiaircraft, concrete and masonry batteries that merged with the land, located in the hills to have a wider horizon and be closer to its objectives. Bunkers and batteries that followed geometric patterns in constant evolution. This communication studies the defensive settlements built by the Republican army in the cities of Xàbia and Dénia (Marina Alta), which had a port, airfield and armament factories, which made them the target of enemy aviation. In these territories many of these architectures have disappeared under real estate pressure, but there are still several bunkers, batteries and ammunition deposits that are intended to be inventoried and documented (especially the 7th of the Montgó and the 8th of the Portixol batteries) to insert into of the tradition of historical military forts (typological genealogies) and their understanding as a networked defensive system that maintains parallels with the system of coastal towers of the system of coastal towers of the Modern Age.

[EN] Romania's significant German (Saxon) heritage is perfectly conserved in southern Transylvania, where Saxons arrived in the mid-1100s from the Rhine and Moselle river regions. Highly respected for their skill and talent, this population succeeded in gaining administrative autonomy, a feat practically unrivalled through a feudal Europe of absolute monarchies. The result of almost nine centuries of existence of the Saxon (German) community in southern Transylvania is still visible today in a stunning melting pot of cultural and architectural heritage, unique in Europe. Within the framework of the project ¿3d Past, Living & virtual visiting European World Heritage¿ the set of 7 villages (Biertan, Câlnic, Dârjiu, Prejmer, Saschiz, Valea Viilor, Viscri) listed by UNESCO since 1993, have been studied in detail. Strategies for maintenance and conservation have been analysed in order to contribute to the awareness and preservation of the principles of authenticity and integrity of those sites. ; This paper is the result of the research project 3D Past - ¿Living & virtual visiting European World Heritage¿ [Grant Agreement Ref Nº570729-CREA-1-2016-1-PT-CULT-COOP1], which was co-funded by the European Union, under the programme Creative Europe (2016-2020). ; Cristini, V.; García-Soriano, L.; Vegas López-Manzanares, F. (2020). Villages with Fortified Churches in Transylvania: Architecture, History and Intangible Culture. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences (Online). 44:249-254. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIV-M-1-2020-249-2020 ; S ; 249 ; 254 ; 44

Between 1769 and 1779, the military engineer Fernando Méndez Ras performs a survey of the coastline of isla Plana –located in front of Alicante– and various drawings for its colonization. A project that – with the construction of the fortified citadel of "Nueva Tabarca"– joins design of new city and military architecture. The realization of this fortress was part of Carlos III's policy of founding new settlements. The proposed contribution analyses various urban projects (characterized by a high graphic quality and a rigorous technique), checking the evolution of the initial strategy of war machine until a settlement construction intended as an industrial village and a village of fishermen. The study of the three urban plans (1770-71, 1774-75, 1779) reveals these changes and shows how, in conjunction with decreasing the political interest for the defensive project, the engineer increases the definition of the urban project. The author transforms his design from military to civilian use, defining the citadel as a large cistern to collect rainwater for survival guarantee. The absolutist idea of man's control over the nature coexists with reasoning to understand that city, architecture and water realize a unit of military design.