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Measures of levels of consumption in various countries are useful not only as means of comparing the utilization of goods and services in the countries concerned but also as partial indicators of the relative levels of welfare and of production in those countries. These indicators are particularly useful in international economic relations for determining contributions to mutual defence, and to the various United Nations organizations. Although the usefulness of these measures is recognized, agreement as to the best method of obtaining these measures has not been reached.Canada and the United States were chosen for this methodological study of international levels of consumption because of the similarity of modes of living, institutions, economic systems, age and sex distributions of the population, sizes of family, and habits of consumption in the two countries. In addition the author is familiar with both countries and most of the necessary data were available. The study was confined to the period 1947 to 1950 because a series of years is more reliable for purposes of comparison than a single year in this post-war period, and because data for more recent years were not available when the methodology was tested.A comparison of per capita national and personal incomes in Canada and the United States during the period indicated that Canadian incomes were approximately 66 per cent of American incomes. Average family incomes in the two countries were in about the same relationship; the average Canadian family received $2,233 and the average American family $3,187 in 1948. What, then, was the relative level of consumption in the two countries?

One central determinant of global environmental change is the continued expansion of personal consumption levels. In order to more fully understand the relationship between consumption and environmental degradation, the determinants of consumption must first be identified. Prior research in this area has focused on economic factors, primarily personal disposable income and population demographic characteristics. The role of cultural factors, including advertising, has been actively mentioned in theoretical analyses of the driving forces of individual consumption. However, this has not been empirically tested. In this article, we conduct an analysis of the impact of advertising on consumption levels in the United States. We start with a theoretical discussion of the literature on advertising and consumption. Based on this literature, we establish three hypotheses regarding the relationship between advertising expenditure and personal consumption. These hypotheses are then tested using time series analysis over the time period 1900–2000. The results show that advertising significantly impacts overall consumption and that these effects vary by type of consumption. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of this analysis for further research into the driving forces of global environmental change.

Sociologists, particularly in the United States, have devoted little attention to the impact of centrally directed alcohol policies on drinking problems. Sociocultural studies of religious and ethnic differences In drinking behavior appear to suggest that the liberalization of alcohol policies would favor the growth of moderate drinking patterns at the expense of excessive drinking. However, this "substitution hypothesis" receives less support in Scandinavian research on alcohol policy than does an alternative "addition hypothesis." When policy controls on alcohol are relaxed, increases in moderate consumption occur in addition to and not at the expense of relatively stable patterns of heavy drinking.

The quality and quantity of the demand for milk and dairy products are important indicators for the relevant sector stakeholders. This study aims to examine the amount and differences in individual milk and dairy products consumption, together with the factors affecting this consumption. The study was conducted through a survey on 221 consumers in Hatay, which is a multicultural and cosmopolitan city in Turkey. Monthly average consumptions of milk, cheese, yogurt, ayran/yogurt drink, butter, and milk equivalent products were determined to be 3.45 kg, 0.95 kg, 3.79 kg, 1.32 kg, 0.29 kg, and 30.55 kg, respectively. Consumption frequency was found to be "more than once a week" for milk and "every day" for dairy products. Statistically, men consume more ayran and butter than women (P < 0.05). There are significant differences among different income groups in terms of butter consumption, and among different education groups in terms of "milk and ayran" consumption (P < 0.05). Significant relationships in a positive direction were determined between height and education level and "ayran"; between weight and income level and "milk equivalent" (P < 0.01); between education and income level and "milk consumption" (P < 0.05). The socio-economic, demographic, and biological variables of the consumers should be carefully monitored in order to maintain and increase the demand for milk and dairy products, and marketing strategies should be created specifically to increase the breakfast habit.

The purpose of this research is to determine the level of the Sanandaj citizens' personality dimensions and property relation with the nationalism consumption in 2004. The method of this study is descriptive and correlation kind. The statistic society of the current study consisted of Sanandaj people with the cognitive population property (education and economy situation) that according to the over 2000 persons of population density, 384 persons was chosen based on the Korjesi and Morgan with the classification method as the statistic objects. The information collective tool included the five personality factors questionnaire and the nationalism consumption measurement. For analysis the data, the SPSS statistic software, and for surveying the relation of the criterion and foresight variables, the analysis of the Regression and Variance correlation coefficients was used. The Regression analysis represented that the personality variable dimensions, predict the nationalism consumption variable variance at 5 percent level. This coefficient was having a positive effect in extroversion dimension, it means that with the extroversion level increment, the nationalism consumption will also increase, but in other dimensions (Excitement stability, flexibility, deontology, amiability), it had negative coefficient effect thus with any dimensions increment (Excitement stability, flexibility, deontology, amiability), the nationalism consumption level decrease.