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Bioeconomy, which encompasses a broad scope of activity and can be terminologically explained in many ways, essentially contributes to the innovation, sustainability, economic growth and employment. The common features of cooperatives and bioeconomy are recognized, among other things, in the values such as equality, social responsibility, environmental protection, self-reliance, self-responsibility, democracy, etc. Cooperatives possess a social note, but the goal of their positioning as the creators of sustainability has to involve raising public awareness about what a sustainable cooperative business is. A cooperative is an association that puts people, environment, and social responsibility first, after the profit. The aim of the research was to identify the links between a cooperative business and bioeconomy in the function of sustainable rural development, thus identifying the characteristics and challenges of cooperatives in Osijek-Baranja County while proposing the measures for cooperative operations in the context of social economy. The paper analyses internal and external problems, such as institutional support, legal regulation, administrative measures, financial incentives, interpersonal relationships, educational structure etc. Based on the identified problem, a correlation between the given variables was investigated. Numerous experiences demonstrate that a cooperative, as a model of socially responsible entrepreneurship, ensures better living conditions and contributes to the overall and sustainable development of the European society. In Osijek-Baranja County, cooperatives have great significance, and although the number of cooperatives in the observed period(20 1-2016) tends to fall, the total annual income of cooperatives and the number of employees tend to grow.

Before 1973 there were only a few cooperative societies existing in Afghanistan. But with the end of the monarchy, the new republican government assigned importance to the establishment of agricultural cooperatives. Consequently the number of cooperatives rose from 6 in 1973 to 124 in early 1978. Most of these cooperatives are agricultural multipurpose societies, a type which is the most difficult to manage but certainly has the greatest potential to promote the economies and households of members. Membership has increased to more than 15 000 persons and total paid-up share capital makes up for about 14 Mill. Afs. This is a remarkable success in mere numerical terms, taking into account the short time of development. However, a deeper analysis of the existing societies reveals that their range of activities is still very limited. The main activity of the cooperatives is to act as outlets of productive credits to members. Necessary funds are made available by the Agricultural Development Bank. The possibility to receive credit is still the main incentive for farmers to join the societies. Repayment rates of cooperative members are clearly higher than the corresponding rates of non-members who receive credit through the bank under similar conditions. The main activities in the field of marketing are the collection and export of raisins to the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China and the marketing of cotton for para-statal companies. The benefits from cooperative marketing of raisins are not equally shared among all members, as only a minority, usually consisting of the upper strata of members, takes part in marketing. Had the government not taken the initiative, there would only be a few cooperatives existing by now. The responsible "Department for Cooperative Development" has an agent in every cooperative, who manages the society as long as members are not able to employ their own staff. There is a manifest dependency of the cooperatives and their members on this personnel and on the government. This ...

AbstractThis paper analyses the influence of political institutions on the development of financial cooperatives. It proposes a political economy theory where autocratic regimes deliberately oppose the development of a well-functioning financial cooperative sector to maintain their political influence, and prevent the formation of strong pressure groups that can threaten the current politicalstatus quoand reduce the governing elites' economic benefits from underdeveloped and exclusive financial sector. Using panel data from 65 developing countries from 1995–2014, the results show that democracy, political rights and civil liberties promote financial cooperative development. These results are robust in controlling for endogeneity as well as other economic and institutional factors.

This paper analyses the influence of political institutions on the development of financial cooperatives. It proposes a political economy theory where autocratic regimes deliberately oppose the development of a well-functioning financial cooperative sector to maintain their political influence, and prevent the formation of strong pressure groups that can threaten the current political status quo and reduce the governing elites' economic benefits from underdeveloped and exclusive financial sector. Using panel data from 65 developing countries from 1995–2014, the results show that democracy, political rights and civil liberties promote financial cooperative development. These results are robust in controlling for endogeneity as well as other economic and institutional factors.

The cooperative is one of the oldest socio-economic movement and has spread to many countries around the globe. In Indonesia, the beginning of the cooperative movement can be traced back to the 1800s. In July 1947, a congress in cooperatives was held at the national level and it was considered as a milestone of cooperative movement. The development of cooperatives, unfortunately, was not satisfied. Up to this writing, there is a lack of successful cooperative presence in the national level. This study aims to portray the development of cooperatives in Indonesia and to develop national level cooperative development strategies. This study was conducted from June 2013 until February 2014. Data was collected through several approaches, including desk study, in-depth interview and focus group discussion (FGD) involving the cooperative leaders and policy makers at both the local and national level. Collected data then was analyzed using content analysis, fishbone and mind mapping, and SWOT (strengths, weakness, opportunity, and threats) analysis, followed by architecture strategic. This study found that in macro level the development of cooperative grows as much as 3% per year; however 30% of it was not active. At the micro level, the economic performance of cooperatives was less profitable, and organizationally, was biased from the cooperative's identity. In order to enhance the development of cooperatives, we formulated 13 strategies which were divided into two phases: the consolidation stage and expansion stage. The 13 strategies, however, will not be successful unless it is fully supported by the government, both at the local and national level.

Micro Small Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are very necessary because MSMEs are able to absorb a lot of jobs. However, the most basic problem faced by MSMEs is capital. Cooperatives as a people's economic movement are expected to solve the MSMEs problems. Therefore, cooperatives need to get development in order to be strong and independent. The purpose of this study is to find out how the development of cooperatives is carried out by the Tasikmalaya City Government in strengthening MSMEs. The research is supported by the theory of development, cooperatives and MSMEs. A qualitative approach was used in the study, with data collection techniques through interviews, observations and documents review. The results showed that the development of cooperatives by the Tasikmalaya City Government was not optimal, so the cooperatives in Tasikmalaya City had not played a maximum role in strengthening MSMEs. For this reason, the Tasikmalaya City Government needs to implement a partnership model with State-Owned Enterprises and Regional-Owned Enterprises to participate in developing cooperatives collaboratively.