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According to UNHCHR's Recommended Principles & Guidelines for Human Rights & Human Trafficking, human rights must be at the heart of counter-trafficking measures. Destination countries may need to reassess strategies to ensure that they conform to international standards & provide better protection to the victims of trafficking. Adapted from the source document.

The paper uses the 1994-2000 waves of the European Community Household Panel to conduct a systematic analysis of the earnings of immigrants as compared to native workers, in particular to test whether there is any systematic variation in the labor market performance of immigrants across gender related to duration in the destination, schooling, age at immigration, country of origin, or country of destination. We find a significant negative effect of immigrant status on individual earnings of around 40% at the time of arrival in the pooled sample, although the difference is somewhat smaller for women. Those differences, however, vary greatly across countries with migrants in Germany and Portugal faring best relative to natives, and those in Sweden, Denmark, Luxembourg or Spain the worst, particularly among non-EU born migrants. Gender differences are more important among those born outside the European Union, with women doing relatively better than men. Among men, those from Asia, Latin-America and Eastern Europe receive the lowest earnings. Latin- American and Eastern European women are at the bottom of the women?s distribution. Earnings increase with duration in the destination and the foreign born ?catch-up? to the native born, others variables being the same, at around 18 years in the destination among both men and women. Education matters more for women in terms of explaining earnings, whereas language skills are relatively more important for men.

Besides exhibiting substantial heterogeneity across firms or products of different quality, markups can vary within a firm across products of the same type that are sold to different markets. This implies that part of the observed markup heterogeneity is driven by differences in market characteristics. Openness to international trade plays a crucial role in this heterogeneity by allowing firms to operate in multiple markets simultaneously. This paper aims to assess the variation in markups across export destinations of different characteristics, with a particular focus on country size. The markup variation is estimated through an export demand specification using product–firm–country matched data from Luxembourg, where prices and quantities are observed separately. The results show that markups for products exported to larger destinations are significantly lower. In addition to destination size, markups are found to vary with the export destination's productivity advantage, distance, strictness of tariffs, EU membership status and richness. Exporters' markups also vary significantly with firm age but not with firm size.

ABSTRACTThe main focus of this paper is the relationship between export diversification and export performance. The key difference with respect to the previous literature is that export diversification is measured and related to export volume by destination country. The approach is empirical and an aggregate export demand setting is adopted to test the significance and influence of export diversification, measured via the Herfindahl index, on export performance by destination country. The econometric estimation is performed using export data for Spain to its partner countries for the period 1999–2011. The main finding is the positive relationship between Spanish export concentration and export performance by destination market. This finding is shown to be robust to several econometric specifications.

Codes of travel : Italy's guidebook tradition -- Italian montage : on rhetoric and representations -- Destination nation : the grand tour, Thomas Cook, and the arrival of mass tourism -- Tours of duty : touring clubs, fascist agencies, and the domestic tourism industry -- Masses in transit : the new economy of tourism in the twentieth century -- Italy without borders : simulacra, simulation, and the postmodern grand tour -- Postmodern passages : souvenirs, theme parks, outlet malls, and the body of the simulated nation.

Tourism market represents in many countries a significant weight in its economy. However, this market tends to be volatile and, in order to ensure economic sustainability, it is necessary to ensure the loyalty of tourists. Loyalty is influenced by satisfaction and it's a result of different determinants along the trip. The ability to analise which tourists are more loyal allows tourism agencies as well as government organizations to position and change their strategy in order to boost and increase the loyalty of tourists. To evaluate the loyalty of the tourists, different analyzes of data mining techniques were carried out to verify the most loyal tourists, and the type of loyalty. A predictive model was also created in order to evaluate the influence of socio-demographic variables on the loyalty of tourists. In order to do so, it was used three-year data (2014, 2015 and 2016) for the Flash Eurobarometer, in a specific way, using the "Preferences of European toward tourists" questionnaire, where were studied data from Europe 28. Through the techniques mentioned, it was possible to verify, which tourists are the most loyal and which are the least, as well predict the holiday destination of the tourists. Finally, it was still possible to see the impact of socio-demographic characteristics on the loyalty of tourists and their weight. ; O Mercado do turismo representa em muitos paises um peso significativo na sua economia. Contudo, este mercado tende a ser volátil e, deste modo, de forma a garantir uma sustentabilidade económica, é necessário garantir a lealdade dos turistas. A lealdade é influenciada pela satisfação sendo que esta é resultado de diferentes determinantes ao longo da viagem. A possibilidade de verificar quais turistas mais leais permite que as agências de turismo, assim como as organizações governamentais posicionarem e alterarem a sua estratégia de forma a potencializar e aumentar a lealdade dos turistas. De forma a avaliar a lealdade dos turistas, foram realizadas diferentes análises e tecnicas de ...