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The main goal of this paper is to describe land administration in Kosovo and its challenges in form of deficiencies regarding the cadastre and the importance of having a trustworthy system. The lands history, culture and legal framework all work together in making the register of property that is today. Kosovo is a part of an ongoing transformation as a country, and undergoing political, cultural and social changes. Much have been done in a short amount of time, and have had and are having struggles along the way. Building up a new state with laws, regulations and institutions that had to be rebuild after the war. This thesis specifies to a degree on inheritance, but because Kosovo is facing several major deficiencies in the cadastre due to its history and culture, I saw it as important to illustrate these too. Findings from my research questions briefed up: 1. What are the most significant deficiencies in the cadaster in Kosovo? - Evidence suggest that 40 % of properties remain registered in the name of the deceased, and 30 % of applicants that try to formalize their rights are not able to do so because their families did not initiate inheritance proceedings, and the property is registered in the name of the deceased. Many families choose not to go through with inheritance proceedings because they already feel that their property rights are secure without having the formal title. They do not see or know the benefits of a having a formal title. Economy also plays a role her. - Graphic and written cadastral documents that was registered in the period 1983 to 1999 are missing in all municipalities in Kosovo. These documents were confiscated by Serbian employees during the war in 1999. Kosovo is therefore missing a significant amount of cadastre information. - Kosovos status as an autonomous province was lifted in 1989, and following was a 10-year period of ethnic discrimination. Property transactions between and to Kosovo Albanians was made illegal in the period between 1989 and 1999. A consequence of this was that the cadastral records remained incomplete and inaccurate because the contracts were done verbally and not registered. - A study concerning informal buildings in Kosovo (Potsiou 2016) estimated that more than 90 % of the new buildings that are sold are based on mutual trust; without a permit and/or title. The lack of property permits and ownership titles does not affect the market value, because the buyers are used to it being like this because they do not have other available options or are not well informed of the risk. 2. What challenges does deficiencies in the cadastre information entail? - The biggest challenge is the lack of a trustworthy register of property. The register should work as a guarantee of ownership, but when it is estimated that 40 % of the registered properties are not in the names of the right owners the trust to the cadastre minimizes. - Immovable properties registered under the name of deceased persons is an issue the property tax authorities are currently facing. Property tax is important for the municipalities to increase the own-source income. 3. How do the municipalities deal with the deficiencies? - The municipalities cannot do much more than guide the users. The deficiencies cannot be corrected before the correct documentation is sent in. They try to encourage people to finalize the inheritance proceedings, and inform of the importance of this. ; Hovedformålet med denne oppgaven er å beskrive eiendomsregistrering i Kosovo og de utfordringer knyttet til informasjonen i matrikkelen, samt viktigheten av å ha et pålitelig system for dette. Kosovos historie, kultur og juridisk rammeverk skaper utgangspunktet for hvordan eiendomsregistreringen er i dag. Kosovo er i kontinuerlig transformasjon som land, og gjennomgår politiske, kulturelle og sosiale endringer. Mye har blitt gjort på kort tid, og det har vært en lang kamp som enda ikke er over. Å bygge opp en ny stat med lover, forskrifter og institusjoner som måtte gjenoppbygges etter krigen er en stor oppgave. Denne masteroppgaven spesifiserer i en grad på arv, men fordi Kosovo står overfor flere store mangler i matrikkelen på grunn av sin historie og kultur, så jeg det som viktig å illustrere disse også. ; submittedVersion ; M-EIE

The inadequacies & the blank areas in the records usually used in studies in electoral sociol can be reduced by an analysis of land office records, when such studies are conducted in a Ru area. The distribution of the land is directly related to the soc makeup of the region studied. In effect, diff kinds of ownership correspond to particular soc categories: very small, small, middle-sized, large, & very large holdings-the latter being owned by non-residents who indirectly exploit the land. By defining the soc structure in terms of these types of land ownership, the evolution of the soc structure can be followed by studies which show the % of land taken up by each of these types of holdings over a period of yrs. This technique, applied to the study of the La Reole District in the Gironde Dept during the Third Republic, made possible the measuring & the precise localizing of 'the changes which had occurred, as well as being closely correlated with & explaining the geographic shifts in pol'al opinion. The value of this technique lies in the fact that it will produce a more rigorous solution to electoral res, & will demonstrate that local studies can achieve, beyond the apparent causes furnished by the situation under study, some understanding of the factors involved in these changes as a result of the expansion of modern capitalism. Tr by J.A. Broussard from IPSA.

The utility network cadastre in Serbia is the main register of utility lines and the rights to them. The Law on State Survey and Cadastre states the necessity for implementing a unified information system of both a real estate and utility network cadastre, but this has not been achieved in practice. The reasons for such a unified information system are to ensure easier maintenance of the rights of both the utilities and properties located above or below them, to ensure more efficient procedures for obtaining the consent for placement, repair, or removal of the utility line, to prevent procedures being executed based on outdated data, to build an information system as the law prescribes, and to facilitate the business processes in the Serbian geodetic authority, since it is responsible for both registers. Therefore, an already-developed LADM (Land Administration Domain Model)-based country profile for Serbia should be extended to include information from the utility network cadastre. An analysis of Serbian legislation showed the necessity of extending the class set of the utility network cadastre by further specialization of the LADM LA_LegalSpaceUtilityNetwork class. Furthermore, such a system will support the maintenance of utility network data. In practice, when there is a change made on utility lines by the right holders, it is necessary to implement the change in the register. In many situations, this is not done, and the actual state does not correspond to the one in the register. Usually, modern technologies, such as ground penetrating radar (GPR) and LIDAR, are used for data acquisition in order to provide an update of the utility network data. Since these technologies produce 3D data, we analyzed how to link that data to the traditional 2D spatial paradigm.