Emerged from the German Association for Cannabis as Medicine (ACM), a handful of enthusiastic medical doctors from Germany, Switzerland, and Austria supported by experts from other countries established the International Association for Cannabinoid Medicines (IACM) in March 2000. During the past 20 years until today, it evolved toward the most important scientific society for clinical research in the field of cannabis-based medicines. The overarching aim of the IACM is to advance the knowledge on cannabis, cannabinoids, the endocannabinoid system, and related topics especially with regard to their therapeutic potential, which would allow more patients to profit from a treatment with cannabis-based medicines and ease legislators to adopt their policies. To reach this goal, the IACM organizes international scientific conferences, biweekly publishes the IACM-Bulletin—currently in six different languages—reaching more than 5000 people worldwide, and is working closely together with patient associations, international partner organizations, and IACM ambassadors. In 2019, a collaborative partnership with the journal Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research was established.
The number of annual cannabinoid users exceeds 100,000,000 globally and an estimated 9 % of these individuals will suffer from dependency. Although exogenous cannabinoids, like those contained in marijuana, are known to exert their effects by disrupting the endocannabinoid system, a dearth of knowledge exists about the potential toxicological consequences on public health. Conversely, the endocannabinoid system represents a promising therapeutic target for a plethora of disorders because it functions to endogenously regulate a vast repertoire of physiological functions. Accordingly, the rapidly expanding field of cannabinoid biology has sought to leverage model organisms in order to provide both toxicological and therapeutic insights about altered endocannabinoid signaling. The primary goal of this manuscript is to review the existing field of cannabinoid research in the genetically tractable zebrafish model—focusing on the cannabinoid receptor genes, cnr1 and cnr2, and the genes that produce enzymes for synthesis and degradation of the cognate ligands anandamide and 2-arachidonylglycerol. Consideration is also given to research that has studied the effects of exposure to exogenous phytocannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids that are known to interact with cannabinoid receptors. These results are considered in the context of either endocannabinoid gene expression or endocannabinoid gene function, and are integrated with findings from rodent studies. This provides the framework for a discussion of how zebrafish may be leveraged in the future to provide novel toxicological and therapeutic insights in the field of cannabinoid biology, which has become increasingly significant given recent trends in cannabis legislation.
Welche Wirkkräfte verbergen sich in der Hanfpflanze? Der aufgrund seines Drogen-Images umstrittene Hanf ist faktisch eine der ältesten Kulturpflanzen der Welt. Von den heilendenden Inhaltsstoffen des Hanfs profitierten Menschen bereits im dritten Jahrtausend vor Christus. Seine vielfältige Einsetzbarkeit und die Wirkkraft seiner Inhaltsstoffe sind beeindruckend und geben der Forschung seit geraumer Zeit Anlass, ihm vermehrt Aufmerksamkeit zu schenken.Durch die von Harry J. Anslinger angefachte politische Diskreditierung von Cannabis, verschwand die Hanfpflanze und die mit ihr verbundenen Forschungsarbeiten für lange Zeit von der Bildfläche öffentlicher Aufmerksamkeit. Erst die durch den Cannabis-Pionier, Dr. Raphael Mechoulam, geleistete Identifizierung des molekularen Aufbaus der beiden Cannabinoide CBD und THC gab Ansporn, die Cannabisforschung neuerlich zu forcieren. Mit der Entdeckung des Endocannabinoid-Systems in den 1990er-Jahren rückte Cannabis als potenzielle Heilpflanze zudem immer stärker in den Fokus des wissenschaftlichen Interesses. Welches pharmazeutische und therapeutische Potenzial tatsächlich in ihr steckt, wird seit jeher in zahlreichen wissenschaftlichen Studien erhoben. Die Ergebnisse sind in mehrfacher Hinsicht vielversprechend, denn sie zeigen, dass viele Inhaltsstoffe der Cannabispflanze, insbesondere THC und CBD, aber auch andere, weniger bekannte Cannabinoide und Terpene, krebshemmende, analgetische, antiemetische, angstlösende und stimulierende Eigenschaften aufweisen. Diese Arbeit bietet sowohl einen Überblick über die zentralen botanischen Aspekte des Hanfs als auch eine fundierte Darstellung der aktuellen Studienlage im Bereich der Cannabis-Krebsforschung und ihren möglichen Anwendungsbereichen. Diese Darstellungen erfolgen vor dem Hintergrund der zentralen Fragestellung, ob eine ausschließliche Cannabisbehandlung eine Alternative zu standardisierten Krebstherapien darstellen kann oder, ob die Cannabisbehandlung allenfalls als komplementärmedizinische Intervention gelten kann. ; What are the active forces in the hemp plant? Controversial because of its drug image, hemp is in fact one of the oldest cultivated plants in the world. People benefited from their healing ingredients as early as the 3rd millennium BC. Its versatility and the effectiveness of its ingredients are impressive and for some time have given researchers cause to pay increased attention to it.Due to the political discrediting of cannabis, fueled by Harry J. Anslinger, the hemp plant and the research work associated with it disappeared from the scene of public attention for a long time. The identification of the molecular structure of the two cannabinoids CBD and THC by the cannabis pioneer Dr. Raphael Mechoulam gave reason to push cannabis research again. With the discovery of the endocannabinoid system in the 1990s, cannabis as a potential medicinal plant came more and more into the focus of scientific interest. From that day on, its actual pharmaceutical and therapeutic potential has been ascertained in numerous scientific studies. The results are promising in several ways, showing that many ingredients of the cannabis plant, particularly THC and CBD, but also other, lesser-known cannabinoids and terpenes, have anticancer, analgesic, antiemetic, antianxiety, and stimulant properties. This work provides a sound presentation of the current state of studies in the field of cannabis related to cancer research and its possible areas of application. These presentations are made based on the central question of whether exclusive cannabis treatment can represent an alternative to standardized cancer therapies or whether cannabis treatment can at best be regarded as a complementary medical intervention. ; vorgelegt von Elisa Edler ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der Verfasserin ; Diplomarbeit Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz 2021 3088 ; Zusammenfassungen in Deutsch und Englisch
Records of cannabis usage for medicinal purposes can be traced back to as early6 as during the 1800 BCE Sumerian context. While similar records of cannabis usage in medicinal purpose exist in other contexts as well, legislations coming up with the development of Phenobarbital in 1912 and Phenytoin in 1937 resulted in gradual decrease in the use of medicinal cannabis. Epilepsy as a refractory disease while been attempted to treat using anti-seizure drugs for at least the last twenty years has not been largely effective in realizing positive outcomes. The utility of cannabis as an alternative treatment for epileptic seizures without the associated side effects of seizure control drugs to the CNS has been focusing upon once again as pieces of evidence have been provided by scholarly research and empirical studies regarding the efficiency exhibited by cannabis in seizure control in children with severe epilepsy. This paper adopted a method of systematic review of scholarly literature and research evidences from various publication sources focusing in the endocannabinoid system, comparing animal models of seizure and epilepsy and evidences of treatment of epilepsy in human using cannabinoids. The historical case of Charlotte Figi, suffering from prolonged status epilepticus Since 3 months of age was also referred to as one of the most significant evidences of the efficacy of cannabinoids in treatment of epilepsy.
Introduction: Medical cannabinoids have received significant mainstream media attention in recent times due to an evolving political and clinical landscape. Whilst the efficacy of cannabinoids in the treatment of some childhood epilepsy syndromes is increasingly recognized, medical cannabinoids may also have potential clinical roles in the treatment of older adults. Prescribing restrictions for medical cannabinoids in certain jurisdictions (including the UK) has recently been relaxed. However, few geriatricians have the detailed knowledge or awareness of the potential risks or rewards of utilizing cannabinoids in the older person ; even fewer geriatricians have direct experience of using these drugs in their own clinical practice. Older persons are more likely to suffer from medical illness representing potential indications for medical cannabinoids (e.g., pain) ; equally they may be more vulnerable to any adverse effects. Aim: This narrative literature review aims to provide a brief introduction for the geriatrician to the potential indications, evidence-base, contra-indications and side effects of medical cannabinoids in older people. Methods: A search was conducted of CENTRAL, Medline, Embase, CINAHL and psycINFO, Cochrane and Web of Science databases. Reference lists were hand searched. Abstracts and titles were screened, followed by a full text reading of relevant articles. Results: 35 studies were identified as relevant for this narrative review. Conclusions: Cannabinoids demonstrate some efficacy in the treatment of pain and chemotherapy-related nausea ; limited data suggest potential benefits in the treatment of spasticity and anxiety. Risks of cannabinoids in older patients appear to be moderate, and their frequency comparable to other analgesic drug classes. However, the quality of research is weak, and few older patients have been enrolled in cannabinoid studies. Dedicated research is needed to determine the efficiency and safety of cannabinoids in older patients.
Natural alkaloids are toxic secondary metabolites naturally occurring in approximately one-fifth of the higher plants. The most important sources of plant alkaloids potentially transferable to food are weed plants growing in fields that can contaminate target agricultural commodities at harvest. This report contains the distribution of alkaloids into individual groups according to their basic chemical structure and their occurrence in plants and foods. Attention is also paid to legislation and modern analytical methods used for their determination in various biotic matrices. The particular case studies are focused on the presence of alkaloids in gluten-free foods and in food supplements represented by herbal teas, which, according to the previous research conducted at the Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition of UCT Prague, represent a high risk commodity from the point of view of alkaloids occurrence. Cannabinoids belong among the broad range of biologically active substances being present in Cannabis plants (Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica and Cannabis rudelaris). Currently, the most well-known and most commonly studied cannabinoid is D9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), which has a psychotropic effect on the human organism, and for this reason, its content in foods, including cannabis-based dietary supplements, is regulated. The report is focused on the distribution of all known cannabinoids, their occurrence in plant products, biosynthesis and degradation, legislation, and on the overview of the analytical methods used for their determination. The case studies are targeted at frequently targeted cannabis oils, and so-called CBD oils, containing the optimum ratio of omega-3 and omega-6 unsaturated fatty acids, and in the case of CBD oils, even an increased content of CBD, associated with a number of positive health effects (especially antioxidant, antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory) on the human organism. ; Submitting country: Czech Republic; Language: Czech; Contact: efsa.focalpoint@mze.cz
Introduction: Medical cannabinoids have received significant mainstream media attention in recent times due to an evolving political and clinical landscape. Whilst the efficacy of cannabinoids in the treatment of some childhood epilepsy syndromes is increasingly recognized, medical cannabinoids may also have potential clinical roles in the treatment of older adults. Prescribing restrictions for medical cannabinoids in certain jurisdictions (including the UK) has recently been relaxed. However, few geriatricians have the detailed knowledge or awareness of the potential risks or rewards of utilizing cannabinoids in the older person; even fewer geriatricians have direct experience of using these drugs in their own clinical practice. Older persons are more likely to suffer from medical illness representing potential indications for medical cannabinoids (e.g., pain); equally they may be more vulnerable to any adverse effects. Aim: This narrative literature review aims to provide a brief introduction for the geriatrician to the potential indications, evidence-base, contra-indications and side effects of medical cannabinoids in older people. Methods: A search was conducted of CENTRAL, Medline, Embase, CINAHL and psycINFO, Cochrane and Web of Science databases. Reference lists were hand searched. Abstracts and titles were screened, followed by a full text reading of relevant articles. Results: 35 studies were identified as relevant for this narrative review. Conclusions: Cannabinoids demonstrate some efficacy in the treatment of pain and chemotherapy-related nausea; limited data suggest potential benefits in the treatment of spasticity and anxiety. Risks of cannabinoids in older patients appear to be moderate, and their frequency comparable to other analgesic drug classes. However, the quality of research is weak, and few older patients have been enrolled in cannabinoid studies. Dedicated research is needed to determine the efficiency and safety of cannabinoids in older patients.
Seit die synthetischen Cannabinoide JWH-018 und CP-47,497-C8-Homolog im Dezember 2008 als psychoaktive Komponenten von Räuchermischungen identifiziert wurden, sind mehr als 170 verschiedene synthetische Cannabinoide an die Europäischen Beobachtungsstelle für Drogen und Drogensucht (EMCDDA) gemeldet und in die europäische Datenbank für neue Drogen (EDND) aufgenommen worden. Unter Berücksichtigung aller anderer Substanzgruppen der neuen psychoaktiven Substanzen (NPS), wie Designer-Stimulanzien (z.B. Cathinon- oder Amphetaminderivate), Designer-Benzodiazepine oder Designer-Opioide, sind zwischen 2009 und 2015 insgesamt über 530 neue Substanzen in Europa identifiziert worden. Um dieser Flut an NPS zu begegnen wurden weltweit verschiedenste rechtliche Kontrollmaßnahmen ergriffen. In Deutschland steht zur rechtlichen Kontrolle der NPS das Betäubungsmittelgesetz (BtMG) zur Verfügung, das durch Änderungsverordnungen um einzelne Substanzen erweitert werden kann. Voraussetzung für die Aufnahme eines neuen Stoffs in die Anlagen des BtMG ist neben einer größeren Verbreitung das Vorliegen eines erheblichen Gefahrenpotentials, das sich z.B. durch Auftreten schwerer Vergiftungen oder von Todesfällen manifestieren kann. Da hierfür zunächst Belege gesammelt werden müssen und oft ein erheblicher Zeitverzug eintritt, wird der Prozess des Verbietens häufig mit einem "Katz- und Maus-Spiel" verglichen, dem das Auftreten neuer Stoffe folgt. Aus diesem Grund wurde im November 2016 ein neues Gesetz verabschiedet, das sogenannte "Neue-psychoaktive-Stoffe-Gesetz" (NpSG). In diesem Gesetz werden erstmals Stoffgruppen definiert: die von "2-Phenethylamin abgeleitete[n] Verbindungen" und die "Cannabimimetika/synthetische[n] Cannabinoide". Ziel des Gesetzes ist es, den seit Jahren fortschreitenden Kreislauf, der Einführung neuerer, immer gefährlicherer Substanzen, zu unterbrechen. Der erste Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Identifizierung neuer psychoaktiver Substanzen in sogenannten Legal-High Produkten (Räuchermischungen, Badesalze, E-Liquids, Research Chemicals), die im Rahmen eines systematischen Online-Monitorings über das Internet erworben wurden. Ziel war es, neue Substanzen möglichst zeitnah zu identifizieren, um die Methoden zum Nachweis von NPS in Serum- und Urinproben so aktuell wie möglich halten zu können. Außerdem war es durch das Online Monitoring möglich, die Entwicklung des Legal-High-Marktes und vor allem Reaktionen auf Gesetzesänderungen nachzuvollziehen. Im Zeitraum von 2013 bis 2016 wurden insgesamt über 1000 verschiedene Produkte untersucht, in denen mehr als 150 verschiedene Substanzen nachgewiesen wurden. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wird eine dynamische Methode zum Nachweis synthetischer Cannabinoide in humanen Serumproben beschrieben, die kontinuierlich aktualisiert und nach forensisch-toxikologischen Richtlinien validiert wurde. Im Zeitraum zwischen 2013 und 2016 wurden im Rahmen der forensisch-toxikologischen Fallarbeit über 3600 Serumproben untersucht, so dass mit diesen Daten die Entwicklung des Käuferverhaltens am Legal-High-Markt beobachtet werden konnte. Der dritte Teil der Arbeit befasst sich mit der Analyse biologischer Proben und der toxikologischen Bewertung von 137 klinischen Notfällen, die im Zusammenhang mit dem Konsum neuer psychoaktiver Substanzen aufgetreten sind und im Institut für Rechtsmedizin Freiburg bearbeitet wurden. Dabei wurden Intoxikationsfälle im Zusammenhang mit vier der am weitesten verbreiteten Substanzen (5F-PB-22, AB-CHMINACA, MDMB-CHMICA und 5F-MDMB-PINACA), die alle aus der Gruppe der synthetischen Cannabinoide stammen, näher diskutiert. Der vierte und letzte Teil der Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Begutachtung von Todesfällen, die im Zusammenhang mit dem Konsum synthetischer Cannabinoide standen. Es wurde postmortal genommenes Probenmaterial von 160 Todesfällen quantitativ auf synthetische Cannabinoide untersucht. In 46 % der Fälle konnten dabei ein oder mehrere synthetische Cannabinoide nachgewiesen werden. Wie bei den Intoxikationsfällen wurden die Todesfälle, die im Zusammenhang mit den oben genannten vier Substanzen standen, einer näheren Betrachtung unterzogen. Bei der quantitativen Untersuchung synthetischer Cannabinoide in humanen Serumproben aus Intoxikations- bzw. Todesfällen konnte keine eindeutige Korrelation zwischen der Schwere der Symptome und den nachgewiesenen Konzentrationen festgestellt werden. Gewöhnungseffekte nach chronischem Konsum synthetischer Cannabinoide können zu teilweise extremen Serumkonzentrationen führen, ohne dass deutliche Intoxikationszeichen auftreten. Dagegen kann es bei Cannabinoid-naiven Personen bereits bei sehr geringen Serumkonzentrationen zu schweren Intoxikationssymptomen kommen. Nichtsdestotrotz ist eine zumindest semiquantitative Bestimmung neuer psychoaktiver Substanzen in humanen Serumproben sinnvoll, um einerseits Daten zur Pharmakokinetik von NPS zu erhalten und andererseits unter Einbeziehung weiterer Informationen zu Konsummuster und ggf. individuellen Metabolismusbesonderheiten eine forensisch-toxikologische Bewertung zu ermöglichen. ; Since the synthetic cannabinoids JWH-018 and CP-47,497-C8 derivative were identified in herbal blends in December 2008, more than 170 different synthetic cannabinoids were reported to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) and included to the European information system and database on new drugs (EDND). Together with designer stimulants, designer benzodiazepines, and designer opioids, more than 530 new psychoactive substances (NPS) were identified in Europe so far. To control the flood of NPS different legal actions were adopted worldwide. To control NPS in Germany the existing narcotics law ('Betäubungsmittelgesetz') can be amended by inclusion of new substances into the annexes. This is based on the knowledge about the chemical structure of a new substance. Additionally, the substance has to be prevalent on the drug market and a significant risk to public health should be present. Due to the time lag of this process a 'cat-and-mouse game' between the national legislature and the producers of NPS developed. For this reason the German law on new psychoactive substances (NpSG) came into force in November 2016. In this law two groups of substances were defined by their chemical structures: substances derived from 2-phenethylamine and cannabimimetics. The presented work is divided into four parts. The first part deals with the identification of NPS in legal-high products (herbal blends, bath salts, e-liquids, research chemicals) which were bought within a systematic online monitoring via the Internet. Aim of this part was to identify new substances as soon as possible to be able to update in-house screening methods for the detection of NPS in biological matrices. Another aim was to comprehend the influence of changes in law to the legal-high market. Between 2013 and 2016 more than 1000 legal-high products with more than 150 different NPS were analyzed and a structural characterization using different techniques (GC-MS, LC-qTOF-MS, IR, NMR) of two unknown synthetic cannabinoids was conducted. The second part of the work describes a LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry) method for the quantitative analysis of synthetic cannabinoids in human serum samples. The method was extended continuously with new substances and validated according to forensic-toxicological guidelines. Between 2013 and 2016 more than 3600 serum samples from forensic cases were analyzed with this method and the spectrum of the detected substances was congruent with the substances detected during the online monitoring. The third part of the work focuses on intoxication cases with synthetic cannabinoids, and in particular with 5F-PB-22, AB-CHMINACA, MDMB-CHMICA, and 5F-MDMB-PINACA. Serum and urine samples of all cases were analyzed for drugs of abuse using different techniques. Aim of this part was to facilitate correlation of the severity of symptoms with detected serum concentrations. In the last part of the work post-mortem samples of death cases after use of synthetic cannabinoids were analyzed and examined. In 66% of the analyzed cases one synthetic cannabinoid, 21% two synthetic cannabinoids and 13% three or more synthetic cannabinoids could be detected. With these cases an evaluation of the correlation of consumed synthetic cannabinoids to the cause of was conducted. The quantitative analysis of routine casework, intoxication cases and death cases revealed no direct correlation between detected serum concentrations and severity of symptoms or cause of death. The development of tolerance after repeated consumption results in extremely high serum concentrations without any symptoms in some persons. In contrast, some of the intoxication cases, probably cannabinoid naive persons, showed severe symptoms but only traces of synthetic cannabinoids could be detected. Every intoxication and death case should be evaluated on the basis of a case-to-case decision taking all available data into consideration.
<b><i>Background:</i></b> Synthetic cannabinoids are compounds that bind cannabinoid receptors with a high potency and have been used widely in Europe by young people. However, little is known about the pharmacology and morphological effects of this group of substances in the brain. This study is aimed at investigating the morphological differences among synthetic cannabinoids users and healthy controls. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Voxel-based morphometry was used to investigate the differences in brain tissue composition in 20 patients with synthetic cannabinoids use and 20 healthy controls. All participants were male. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Compared to healthy controls, voxel of interest analyses showed that regional grey matter volume in both left and right thalamus and left cerebellum was significantly reduced in synthetic cannabinoids users (p < 0.05). No correlation has been found between the age of first cannabis use, duration of use, frequency of use and grey matter volume. <b><i>Discussion:</i></b> These preliminary results suggest an evidence of some structural differences in the brain of synthetic cannabinoids users, and point the need for further investigation of morphological effects of synthetic cannabinoids in the brain.
<b><i>Background:</i></b> Consumption of natural cannabis (NC) and synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) has been associated with psychotic disorders. We compared the prevalence of use, consumer profiles, and psychosis-inducing potential of NC and SCs in a specific high-risk population. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> This prospective pilot study included 332 patients (18-64 years, mean 36.83, SD 13.33). Patients' sociodemographics and medical histories as well as illicit substance use and psychiatric symptom histories were collected using a drug consumption survey that assessed the use of new psychoactive substances and the Psychotic Symptoms Interview. <b><i>Results:</i></b> In total, 7.2% of all patients, 10.6% of psychotic patients, and 4.5% of nonpsychotic patients reported SC consumption. Compared with SCs, NC was consumed much more frequently by its users (mean 222.73, SD 498.27). NC and SC use induced persistent psychosis. Psychotic symptoms were first experienced by patients with a history of NC or SC use during intoxication and persisted after cessation (>1 year) of drug use. Positive and negative symptoms tended to be more severe in SC and NC users, respectively. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> NC and SCs may cause different symptom clusters. These relationships should be further evaluated.
большинство синтетических каннабиноидов (SC) ; принадлежит к группе т.н. дизайнерских наркотиков ; распространяемых через нелегальные интернет-магазины. Первые сообщения о данной группе психоактивных веществ появились в 70-х годах прошлого века. На сегодняшний день по разным подсчетам насчитывается более 160 разновидностей синтетических каннабиноидов ; и эта цифра ежегодно увеличивается за счет синтеза новых веществ данной группы. Данная группа психоактивных веществ создана для «копирования» психоактивных эффектов каннабиса. Изначально данные вещества создавались исключительно в научных целях ; для исследования эндоканнабиноидной системы человека. Натуральный ТГК является частичным агонистом каннабиноидных рецепторов. Синтетические каннабиноиды являются полными агонистами каннабиноидных рецепторов CB1R и CB2R типов. Большинство стран в мире ; включая Россию ; на законодательном уровне приняли меры ограничительного характера для препятствования распространению данной группы психоактивных веществ. Для того чтобы обойти меры законодательного характера ; производители синтетических каннабиноидов регулярно меняют химическую формулу. Ежегодно растет число неотложных госпитализаций ; связанных с употреблением синтетических каннабиноидов ; в рецензируемой литературе описаны летальные исходы ; непосредственно связанные с соматическими осложнениями после употребления. Многочисленными исследованиями доказана возможность развития психической зависимости вследствие употребления синтетических каннабиноидов. Предлагаемый обзор литературы представлен с целью систематизации данных в области изучения синтетических каннабиноидов. ; the majority of synthetic cannabinoids (SC) ; belongs to the group of so-called designer drugs distributed through illegal online shopping. The first reports of this group of psychoactive substances appeared in the 70s of the last century. Today ; according to various estimates ; there are over 160 varieties of synthetic cannabinoids ; and this figure is increasing annually due to the synthesis of new substances in the group. This group of substances is designed to «copy» the psychoactive effects of cannabis. Initially ; these substances were created solely for research purposes ; to study the endocannabinoid system of the person. Natural THC is a partial agonist of cannabinoid receptors. Synthetic cannabinoids are full agonists CB1R and CB2R types of cannabinoid receptors. Most countries in the world ; including Russia ; at the legislative level have taken restrictive measures for preventing the spread of this group of substances. In order to circumvent the legislative measures ; the producers of synthetic cannabinoids regularly changing the chemical formula. Each year ; an increasing number of emergency hospital admissions associated with the use of synthetic cannabinoids in the peer-reviewed literature describes the deaths directly attributable to medical complications after taking synthetic cannabinoids. Numerous studies have proven the possibility of developing psychological dependence due to the use of synthetic cannabinoids. The proposed review of the literature is presented for the purpose of organizing data in the field of synthetic cannabinoids.
This article addresses the licensing process for the use and cultivation of Cannabis in Colombia in light of the legislation in force, the challenges regarding the production of finished products derived from cannabis, and the regulation of Cannabis products other than those used for medicinal or research purposes. Any progress in the field of cannabis is the result of the joint work of different scientific disciplines aimed at achieving a better characterization of this domesticated plant. However, these advances will only have a real practical application that benefits society if the regulation allows it. ; En el presente artículo se analiza el proceso de licenciamiento para la utilización y cultivo de la planta de cannabis en Colombia a la luz de la legislación vigente, y los retos en cuanto a la elaboración de productos terminados derivados del cannabis y a la regulación de productos de cannabis diferentes a los empleados para fines medicinales o de investigación. Todo avance en materia de cannabis es resultado del trabajo mancomunado de diferentes disciplinas de la ciencia dirigido a lograr una mejor caracterización de esta planta domesticada. Sin embargo, estos avances solo tendrán una real aplicación práctica que beneficie a la sociedad si la regulación así lo permite.
EH was funded by Medical Research Scotland (PhD-719-2013) and GW Pharmaceuticals. AMcE was funded by BBSRC project grant (BB/N017544/1). PB and DW are funded by the Scottish Government Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services Division to the Rowett Institute. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF
Cannabis var -sativa, indica or ruderalis- is an ancestral plant, used since its discovery for its therapeutic virtues. However, for many years, its feature to cause dependence was unfavorable to its use in medicine, which led to its withdrawal from the French pharmacopoeia in 1953 and its inclusion in the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961. However, later, thanks to the discovery of the endocannabinoid system and its operation, the medicinal properties of cannabis were once again acknowledged. Scientific research on cannabis and cannabinoids in therapy has been on the rise all over the world for the past ten years. To date, many countries, including in Europe, have already legalized the use of cannabis for medical purposes. In France, decree n° 2013-473 authorizes since 2013 to use pharmaceutical specialties based on cannabinoids in therapy. In 2018, the National Medicines and Health Products Safety Agency was tasked by the government to assess the relevance and feasibility of making medical cannabis available in France. The study of this plant and the different legislation adopted by the pioneer countries is essential to understand what motivated the French decision. France has studied the results of the regulatory provisions already established in these other countries in order to draw inspiration from them and to best adapt the conditions of its own experimentation. ; Le Cannabis var - sativa, indica ou ruderalis - est une plante ancestrale, utilisée depuis sa découverte pour ses vertus thérapeutiques. Pourtant, durant de nombreuses années, sa capacité à entrainer une dépendance a été défavorable à son utilisation en médecine, ce qui a conduit son retrait de la pharmacopée française en 1953 et à son inscription dans la Convention Unique des stupéfiants de 1961. Cependant, grâce à la découverte du système endocannabinoïde et de son fonctionnement, les vertus médicinales du cannabis ont été de nouveau reconnues. Les recherches scientifiques sur le cannabis et les cannabinoïdes en thérapeutique sont en forte augmentation dans le monde entier depuis une dizaine d'années. À ce jour, de nombreux pays, y compris européens, ont déjà légalisé l'utilisation du cannabis à des fins médicales. En France, le décret n° 2013-473 autorise depuis 2013 à utiliser des spécialités pharmaceutiques à base de cannabinoïdes en thérapeutique. En 2018, l'Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Médicament et des produits de Santé est missionnée par le gouvernement pour évaluer la pertinence et la faisabilité de la mise à disposition du cannabis médical sur son territoire. L'étude de cette plante et des différentes législations adoptées par les pays pionniers est primordiale pour comprendre ce qui a motivé la décision française. Les résultats des dispositions réglementaires mises en place permettent aujourd'hui à la France de s'en inspirer et de les adapter au mieux aux conditions de sa propre expérimentation.
