Suchergebnisse

Bu çalışmanın amacı esas olarak Vladimir Putin dönemi Rusya dış politikasını irdelemekten ibarettir. Dış politika bir ülkenin dış dünya ile siyasi, ekonomik ve kültürel ilişkileri başta olmak üzere her çeşit ilişkilerinin yönetimi olarak da tarif edilebilmektedir. Dış politika, bir devletin uluslararası ilişkilerinde izleyeceği temel yolu göstermektedir. Bu bağlamda eski ve yeni dönemlere ait Rusya dış politikası tartışılmıştır. Vladimir Putin döneminin, Rus dış politikasına getirdiği yenilikler ve bu yeni dönemde Rus dış politikasının oluşumunda ne gibi görevler üstlendiği incelenmiştir. Putin, batı dünyası ile olan ilişkilerine, attığı adımlara ve bu politikayı oluşturma sürecindeki nihai evrim aşamalarına çok dikkat etmektedir. Çünkü atılacak her yanlış adım, liberal ekonomi dünyasına yeni girmiş Rusya'nın imajını zedeleyebilme tehlikesiyle karşılaşabilecektir. ; The aim of this research is to investigate Russian foreign policy during Vladimir Putin's term. We can define the foreign policy as how one country will manage to be in control of its political, economical and cultural relations with other entities. The foreign policy demonstrates the basic way which the foundation of the country must be followed by foreign policy mechanism makers. In this context, this thesis will study arguments and interpretations about the old and new periods in Russian foreign policy. This study also examines the new policies and formations in Vladmir Putin's term. New Russia's elected president, Putin must be very attentive to his mission, because careless actions can result in overdoing things and there is a probability that this will be directed at his foreign policy towards the western world and the USA.

Bu çalışmada, Konya'da ve buna paralel olarak ülkemizde bilinçli yağ ve yakıt seçimi kullanılan yağların çevre açısından etkileri, alternatif yağ ve yakıt kaynaklarına taşıt kullanıcılarının bakış açısının belirlenmesi, atık yağların geri dönüşümü veya başka amaçlarla tekrar kullanım olanaklarının incelenmesi farklı bölge, yaş, eğitim ve meslek gruplarından oluşan bir örnek grup üzerinde uygulanan anket çalışması sonuçları irdelenerek sunulmuştur. Taşıtlarda bakımın kilometreye göre yapıldığım % 97'lik bir çoğunluk ifade etmiş, % 3'lük bir kesim ise saate göre olduğunu belirtmiştir. Taşıtlarda en önemli bakımın % 60'hk bir oranla yağlama sistemi olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bunu % 19 ile rot-balans ayan, % 14 yakıt sistemi % 7 ile elektrik aksamı takip etmektedir. Ankete katılan tüm kişilerin taşıtlarda bakımlar hakkında bilgi sahibi olduğu görülmektedir. Yağlama yağının görevlerini % 76'sı genel olarak doğru yanıtlarken % 24'lük bir kesimin bilmemesi düşündürücüdür. Bir çok sürücü () taşıtlarında kullandıkları yağın tipini bilmemektedir. Taşıtlarında hangi tip yağ kullanıldığı bilenlerin oram düşüktür. Yağ seçiminde tercih nedeninde, çoğunluğun tercihinde bilinçli olmadıkları ortaya konmuştur. Yağı alırken tercihlerde, 'i servisin, 'si tamircinin önerdiği, 'i kendi tercih ettiği motor yağım kullanmaktadır. Motor yağını hangi kilometrelerde değiştirilmesi konusunda yağın özelliğine göre km sinaran kesin biten yoktur. Yağ değiştirme süresice çoğunluğun uymadığı belirlenmiştir. Yine yağlama sisteminin nasıl çalıştığı bilinmemektedir. Aracınızda hangi bakımlar yapılıyor biliyor musunuz sorusuna verilen cevaplarda, genel anlamda biliyorum cevabı alınmıştır. Sürücülerin çoğunluğunun bakımı özel servislerde, bunu takiben yetkili servis ve az bir kesimin de kendilerinin yaptığı görülmektedir. Özel servislerin tercih edilmesinde, özel servislerin tamdık olması, bakımın ucuz olması, yetkili servislerin bakımı, özel servislere göre pahalı yapması gibi nedenler sıralanmıştır. ; It is tha lubrications result which is improved in a high degree that the wear increases because of the rubbing of a engine transportation. While the oü which is developed has been increased the consumption of oil nowadays, the time interval of oil variation and the amount of power decreases. The temperature of work of lubrication increases more because of the engine isolation which is developed to lessen noise and speed. Also the capacity of oil thanks is increased in order to because small the front part of transportation. In conclusion, the less oil, the wok of oil in high tempratures and the time interval of oil variation use expected by modern transportations. The choice of oil which is used in transportations is very important m terms of both mix of fuel whke using and fugitives. In this study, in Konya and in our country, the conscious choice of mel and oil, the influence of environment to oil which is users to oil and fuels sources, the examination of opportunities of dirty oil are present by looking at the results of survery which was made in the sample from different ages, different education and jobs. The majority of the percent 97 tells that the care of transportation is made according to Hie kilometers. The part of the percent 3 telk that is made according to the time. It is determined that most important care in transportations is the system of lubrication. The accuracy of rot balance in the percent 7 follow it. It is seen that all people who are members of the survey have got information about the care at transportations. It is strange that while the percent 76 answer the duties of lubrication oil correctly, the part of the percent 24 don't know the answer. Many drivers (% 59) don't know style of the oil which they use in their transpoetations is low. It is seen easily that. The majority aren't conscious when they choice the oil. When they buy oil, the percent 38 use the oil which is suggested by the service, the percent 37 use the oil which is suggested by their repairmen and percent 25 use it which is choosen by themselves. There is no person who knows the topic that which kilometers has to change the engine oil and kilometers limit according to the oil feature. It is determined that the of people don't fit the time of oil change. Also majorty people don't know low the lubrication system works. Generally, the question "Do you know which care are used in your trasportations isn't answered. The majorty of drivers make their tranportations care in the private services, in the authoty services. Some drivers make their transportations care by themselves. The drivers choose private services because they are relatives, they are cheap in trems of care and authoty services core is more expensive then private services. Causes are set up in order like these.

ÖZETSovyetlerden 15 bağımsız cumhuriyetin ayrılışından sonra Rusya Federasyonu içinde demokrasi ve milli özgürlük uğrunda mücadele devam etmiştir.Bu mücadelenin ayrılmaz parçası olan Azerbaycan Cumhuriyetinde gelişen demokratik olaylar sonucu bağımsızlık ilan edilmiş, çağdaş ülke için değişim yoluna girilmiştir. Tarih boyu demokrasi millet ve halkların, toplumsal kuvve ve grupların keskin mücadelelerinin esas çizgisi olmuş ve olmaktadır. Bu mücadele yolunda bir çok fikir ve yöntemler geliştirilmiştir. Ama Marksist teori demokrasinin mahiyetini yanlış ve hatalı açıklamış, onu sınıfsal bir anlayış olarak belirlemiştir. Tarihi tecrübe bu iddiaların gayri hayatiliğini , insan doğasına aykırı olduğunu kanıtlamıştır. Çünkü demokrasiye sınıfsal yaklaşım bu sınıfın iktidarına, bir partinin diktatörlüğüne , gittikçe bozulan bürokratik bir sistemin yaranmasına neden oldu. Oysa demokrasi genel bir kavramdı, ülkeye, sınıfa, millete has demokrasi olamazdı. Demokrasinin uluslar üstü değerleri, prensipleri, şartları ve uygulanacak aşamaları vardı ve demokrasi her şeyden önce millet ve halkların özgürlüğünü hayata geçirmek yöntemiydi. Sovyetler Birliği yukarıdan aşağıya doğru dikey ve yatay yönlerde her şeyi, tüm toplumu, onun tüm halkalarını, sinir hücrelerini kapsıyordu. Fakat iktidarın milyonları korku altında tutması her zaman mümkün olamaz bu yüzden değişik yöntemlere başvuruluyor, özellikle utopik bir ideoloji ile beyinler yıkanıyordu. Ülkede hem Anayasa hem seçim hem çok sayıda kamu kurumları vardı. Fakat bunların faaliyetleri merkezin karar ve direktifleri ile baştan sona kadar parti strüktürleri tarafından idare ediliyordu. Neticede toplum aşırı merkezileşmiş, otoriter karakter kazanmıştı. Sadece yerel organların değil, Anayasalı federe cumhuriyetlerin yasama, yürütme organlarının da hakları kısıtlı ve kontrole tabi idi. İnsanlar ekonomik yönden tamamen devletten asılı durumda, yaratıcılıktan yoksun yukarının emirlerini uygulayan birer pasif fertlere çevrilmişlerdi. Fakat insanlar durumun farkında olmadan yüzyıllarca yaşayamazlardı. Zengin doğal servetleri olan bir memlekette çok kötü durumda yaşamak insanların akıllarında soru işaretleri doğurmuyor değildi. İşte bu yüzden 70'li yıllarda Sovyetler Birliği çökmeye başlamıştı. Azerbaycan Cumhuriyeti açısından olaylara baktığımızda Sovyetlerin kuruluşunun Rusya için getirmiş bulunduğu artı değerlerin burada kesinlikle olmadığını görüyoruz. Çünkü SSCB'ye katılan ülkenin esas doğal zenginliği olan petrol dünya pazarlarında çok ucuz fiyata satılarak kazanılan değerler Moskova'ya akmış, Hazar denizi derin ekolojik problemleri olan göle çevrilmiş, 1920 işgalinden sonra 48 bin insan öldürülmüş 80 bin kişi Iran da kalan Azerbaycan topraklarına göç etmiş, 1948-1953 yıllarında 140 binden fazla kişi, 1988'den itibaren ise tüm Azeri nüfus Ermenistan'dan zorla kovulmuş , ülke ekonomisi merkezden gelen talimatlara uyulmak zorunda kalındığı için derin yaralar almış, 1930'lı yıllarda toplumun aydın kısmı öldürülmüş veya sürgün edilmiş ; ülke içinde bir bölgeye özerklik verilerek ve 70 yıl içinde nüfus dağılımı maksatlı olarak değiştirilerek bağımsızlık mücadelesi önünde bir engel haline getirilmiştir. Bunlara ülkenin Ruslaştırma politikası yüzünden alfabenin değiştirildiğini, tarihinin tamamen saptırıldığını, geleneklerini zorla unutturulmaya çalışıldığını eklersek manevi olarak de bir milleti yok etmek için yapılabilecek her şeyin gerçekleştirildiğini anlamış oluruz.Maalesef ki Sovyetler dağıldıktan sonra bu topraklarda kurulmuş bağımsız devletlerde ve aynı şekilde Azerbaycan'da totalitar düşünce ve idare sistemi halen devam etmektedir.Fakat bu ülkelerde devam eden değişimler her hangi bir kesin sistemden bahsetmenin erken olduğunu kanıtlıyor.SUMMARYAfter 15 republics separated from the Soviet Union, struggle had went on in Russian Federation to reach democracy and freedom. As a result of some democratic phenomenon assured in The Republic of Azerbaijan which was the most important part of the fight from the beginning, independence had been declared and this was the first step for a contemporary country .To reach liberation was important after that long period of slavery and dictatorship but also to understand the idea of democracy and take lessons from the history was essential and vital. Democracy had always been the base of the nations' contention in the history. But Marxism had explained democracy in a wrong way and showed it as the intelligence of the social groups. But history proved that this idea is against the nature of human being. Cause democracy was a general concept and would not have belonged to a country, a social group or a nation. USSR was dominating all nations in the Union. Any objection used to be removed even through against law actions. Also Federative Republics' rights were limited and controlled. But it was not always possible to dominate people with creating fear over them. And people had started to ask themselves the reason of their poor life's although they lived in a country which is very rich in terms of natural sources. As a result; Soviet Union had started to collapse in the years of 70.If we look at the reason of Union's collapse, we first face with the system of common prietorship which is the vital part of the economy. This system had prepared the base of the collapse causing people lose their idea of ownership and pushing them to stealing, lying and bribery.Single political party was protected by the military authoritarian police system. The gap between the government and the citizen was becoming biger and biger every day.In the social area; everybody was considered equal as the result of social equality which was ruining social justice principles In the field of ideology; Marxism and Leninism were accepted and taught as the sole theory representing community phenomenon.If we examine Azerbaijan's situation in the Union we can say that Soviet Union had not affected this country in a positive way. The basic natural source of Azerbaijan was petroleum which was sold in the world market very cheap and the profit was running to Moskow directly. After the occupation of Azerbaijan in 1920 ,48 thousand of people were killed, 80 thousand had migrated to the land of Azerbaijan which was left to Iran. After 1988 all Azerbaijani population was driven away from Armenia. In 70 years allocation of the population had been changed on purpose to prevent any possible independence fight against the Union.Unfortunately after the Union collapsed , totalitarian opinion and government system is still going on in the Republics that separated from the Union like being in Azerbaijan.During the Soviet period Human Rights was called as the bourgeois theory and never been taught in the Universities. Not until the end of 80's human rights were included in the socialist mechanism. As a result, in Azerbaijan , short past of country's independence is still being used as the reason of limiting people's rights. Although freedom of press was arranged by the constitution in 1995, there are still blank lines and pages in the newspapers.War and interruption of the economic relations as a result of Union's collapse are still used as the defence of the above examples of misrule.

ÖZETTez konumuz Askeri Yargıda İtaatsizlik suçlarıdır. Bu suçlar, emre itaatsizlik, emre itaatsizlikte ısrar, toplu asker karşısında veya silahlı iken yapılan itaatsizlik ve büyük zararlar veren itaatsizliktir.Tezimizin ilk bölümünde Askeri yargı, Askeri Kişi, Askeri Suç ve Sırf Askeri suç kavramlarına değinilmiş, yine aynı bölümde itaatsizlik suçlarının içinde geçen, hukuki terimler ayrıntılı olarak incelenmiştir.Tezimizin ikinci bölümünde ise itaatsizlik suçlarının unsurları incelenmiştir. Bu suçlar asker kişilerin ve asker kişi kabul edilen kişilerce işlenebilir. Bu suçlar sırf askeri suç kapsamındadır.Emre itaatsizlik suçları özel kanıtla işlenebilen suçlardan olup aranan kasıt ise maddi unsuru oluşturan fiilleri yapmaya yöneliktir. Bu suçlardan sadece emre itaatsizlik suçu ihmali hareketlerle de işlenebilir.Bu suçların maddi unsuru ise; sırasıyla üst veya amir tarafından verilen hizmete ilişkin emrin geç yapılması, eksik yapılması, değiştirilerek yapılması, hiç yapılmaması, yapmamakta ısrar edilmesi, bu itaatsizliğin toplu asker karşısında veya silahlı olarak yapılması, itaatsizlik sonucu büyük zararlar doğması fiilleri oluşturmaktadır.Söz konusu suçlar ani hareketli ve neticesi harekete bitişik suçlar olduğundan teşebbüs mümkün değildir. Müteselsil olarak işlenebilen suçlardır. İçtima mümkündür.Müeyyide olarak oda hapsi (emre itaatsizlik suçu için) ve hapis cezası öngörülmüştür. Sırf Askeri suç olmaları sebebiyle paraya çevrilemezler, ertelenemezler.Söz konusu suçlar seferberlikte ve savaş halinde işlenmesi durumunda faile verilecek ceza arttırılmaktadır.Sonuç bölümünde ise bu suça ilişkin değerlendirme ve önerilerimizi uygulamadaki aksaklıkları da göz önüne alarak sunduk.SUMMARYOur thesis subject is about disobedience offence in Military Judgement. These offences are, disobedience to orders, insisting on disobedience to orders, disobedience in front of gathered soldiers or while armed, and disobedience that cause big damage.In the first part of our thesis we have pointed out the concepts of Military Judgement, Military person, Military offence and strict military offence, and in the same section, law terms in disobedience offence has been examined in detail.In the second part of our thesis, the components of disobedience offence has been examined ,These offences can be commited by military people,and people that are cosidered as a military person. These offences are within strict military offence.Order disobedience offences happen to be offences that can be commited with special proof of evidence and the purpose searched is towards doing the action that forms the materialistic component. From these offences, only neglience movement in order disobedience can also be manipulated.The materialistic component of these offences are as follows; a late reaction to a duty related order given by an upper rank or superior officer,orders done incomplete, given orders done changed, given order not done at all, insisting on not doing given orders, disobedience done in front of gathered soilders or while armed, and disobedience that cause big damage actions are formed.Because the subjective offences are similar to sudden act and the cosequence act offences, pozitivity is not possible. such offences can be commited in continuous succession. An assembly is possible.As a result, the punishment for disobedience offence is either room imprisonment or prison punishment and because these offences are strictly Military offences they cannot be turned to money or cannot be defered.In the position of the subjective offences commited during mobilization or war, the punishment will be increased.In the conclusion part, we have presented our evaluation adn the defects on applying our suggestions.

Türkiye'de son yıllarda tartışılan hatta tartışılmaya devam eden en önemli konuların başında kuşkusuz "Türkiye-İsrail İlişkileri" gelmektedir. Türkiye'nin özellikle 1990'lı yıllardan sonra İsrail'le yakınlaşması Türkiye'nin Orta Doğu denkleminde farklı açılımlara girdiğini göstermektedir. Türkiye'nin güney komşularıyla kökleri eskiye uzanan bir güvenlik sorunu bulunmaktadır. 1970'li yıllarda PKK terör örgütünün de ortaya çıkmasıyla, bu güven sorunu iyice belirginleşmeye başlamıştır.Türkiye, bölgedeki jeopolitik konumu nedeniyle, komşuları tarafından âdeta ateş çemberine alınmış durumdadır. Kuzey'de Rusya'nın yakın tarihe kadar Türkiye üzerindeki yayılmacı emelleri, batıda Yunanistan ile yaşanan Ege ve Kıbrıs sorunları, Türkiye'yi en çok zora sokan ve uğraştıran sorunlardır. Rusya'daki rejim değişikliği ile birlikte ikili ilişkiler normal seyrine dönmüşse de, tarihî Rus yayılmacı plânlarının sona erdiği söylenemez. Yunanistan ile özellikle Ağustos 1999 depremiyle birlikte iyi ilişkiler sürecine girilmiş, ama Kıbrıs sorunu ve Avrupa Birliği gibi çözülemeyen konular nedeniyle hâlâ özlenen, arzulanan ilişkiler sağlanamamıştır.Türkiye için hayatî önem taşıyan güvenlik sorunlarından biri de kuşkusuz güney komşularıyla ilgili olanıdır. Türkiye'nin güney komşularıyla her dönemde sorunları olmuş ve bir türlü Türkiye'nin bu komşularıyla ilişkileri normalleşememiştir.Türkiye 1970'li yıllarla birlikte en büyük darbeyi terör nedeniyle güney bölgesinden almıştır ve doğal olarak savunma ve iş birliği konusunda kendini güvende hissetmek ve güney bölgesini saldırgan ve yayılmacı düşüncelerden arındırıp garantiye almak amacıyla farklı arayışlara girmiştir. Bölgede, Müslüman olmayan ve kurulduğundan bu yana komşularıyla sorunlar yaşayan İsrail de, tıpkı Türkiye gibi bölgede kendini yalnız hisseden bir ülke konumundadır. Bu nedenle Türkiye ve İsrail, hemen hemen aynı çekinceler nedeniyle yakınlaşmış ve özellikle 1990'ların başında Arap-İsrail barışının sağlandığı dönemlerde ilişkilerini geliştirmişlerdir. İki ülke arasındaki ilişkiler, 1994 yılından itibaren gözle görülür biçimde artmıştır. Bu dönemde iki ülke arasında hemen hemen her alanda yoğun trafik yaşanmış, savunma sanayii ve askerî alanlarda iş birliği yapılmıştır. İki ülke arasında gerçekleşen yoğun diplomatik ilişkiler ve temaslar bu iş birliğini iyice pekiştirmiştir.Orta Doğu'da bu iki ülkenin yakınlaşması, bölgenin Arap-Müslüman kesiminde büyük bir tedirginlik meydana getirmiştir. Türkiye'nin bölgeyle olan tarihî yakınlığı, o bölgeye uzun yıllar hükmetmesi ve daha da önemlisi Türkiye'nin Müslüman oluşu gibi nedenler, bölge ülkelerinin tepkilerini -yapılan iş birliği nedeniyle- Türkiye'nin üzerine çevirmesine neden oldu. İkili iş birliği bölge ülkeleri tarafından stratejik ittifak -yani kendi güvenlikleri için bir tehdit unsuru- olarak algılanmış ve bu durum, söz konusu ülkelerin Türkiye'yi eleştirmelerine neden olmuştur.İki ülke arasındaki ilişkilerin dışarıda olduğu gibi içeride de sürekli tartışma konusu olduğu görülür. Türk basınında ikili ilişkiler, anlaşmaların imzalandığı yıllardan itibaren tartışılmaya başlanmış ve güncel bir mesele olması nedeniyle bu konudaki tartışmalar hâlen de sürmektedir. Bu çalışmamızın amacı, Türkiye-İsrail ilişkilerinin Türk yazılı basını tarafından nasıl karşılandığı ve bu ikili ilişkiyi basının kamuoyuna hangi argümanlarla duyurduğudur. Bu bağlamda Türk basın camiasının fikrî plânda bölünmüşlüğü ve de olaylara farklı bakış açıları gibi nedenlerden dolayı sadece bir gazeteyi değil, farklı düşünceleri ve politik yaklaşımları temsil eden dört gazeteyi inceledik: Cumhuriyet, Milliyet, Sabah ve Yeni Şafak.'The relationship between Turkey and Israel' has been certainly one of the most important issues which have been discussed and even gone on to be discussed in last a few years in Turkey. Turkey and Israel have got closer especially after 1990s and it shows that Turkey has been dealing with different expansions in the Middle East equation. Turkey has got a security problem with its southern neighbours that its origin lies in the old times. With arising of the terror organisation PKK in 1970s, this security problem completely has begun to become clear.As its geopolitical position, Turkey has been taken into nearly a fire circle by its neighbours. In the north Russia's aims of spreading in Turkey until the near times and in the west the problems with Greece about the Aegean and Cyprus are the most difficult matters which make Turkey struggle. Although the dual relationships got normal with the change of regime in Russia, it can not be said that their old plans of spreading ended. There has been occurred a good relationship between Turkey and Greece after 1999 August earthquake. Nevertheless the relations that are demanded and missed have not realised yet because of the problems which can not be solved about Cyprus and the European Community.One of the most important security problems of Turkey is surely with the southern neighbours. Turkey has have problems with them all the time and the relations with these neighbours can not get better. Turkey was damaged by the southern region because of the terror in 1970s. As a result Turkey has begun to find different solutions to feel secure about defence and collaboration and also to protect the southern region by purifying it from the thoughts of spreading and attacking. In that area just like Turkey, Israel is a country which is not muslim and has have problems with its neighbours since the foundation and feels itself alone. So because of the same menaces Turkey and Israel have become closer and improved their relationships especially in the beginning of the 1990s - the time of the peace between Arabian countries and Israel. The relations between the two countries have been improved clearly since 1994. In this term the two countries got in touch about almost every subject and collaborated in the area of military and industry of defence. These intensive diplomatic relations and contacts between the two countries highly consolidated the collaboration. Getting closer of these two countries in the Middle East created a disturbance in the Muslim-Arabian part of the region. Turkey had managed this region for a long time and has got a historical nearness to that area. Moreover It is a muslim country. Because of these reasons Turkey was reacted by these countries about -the collaboration-. This dual collaboration was considered as a strategic agreement - in other words a menace reason -, hence Turkey was criticised by these countries.It is obviously seen that the relations between the two countries are also discussed inside like the outside of Turkey. These dual connections have begun to be discussed by the Turkish Press since the agreements were signed and as this is a current issue, the discussions are going on. The aim of this study is to state how the relation between Turkey and Israel was reacted by the Press and how they announced this dual connection to the public opinion. In this concept there are various points of view and a separation in the thoughts of The Turkish Press. Because of that we studied not only one but four newspapers which represent different ideas and political attitudes : Cumhuriyet, Milliyet, Sabah and Yeni Şafak.

Social government approach has put new burdens on the government, that is, public management's service responsibilities have extended. This new paradigm has caused the growth in public budgets, which in turn, led to budget deficits. The government has sought new approaches in order to handle and cope with increased public works.The needs of cities that witnessed rapid growth and the people who live these cities have significantly increased and extended over the years. The existing management, resources and service techniques have been lagging behind and do not suffice the needs of cities and public. Therefore, new resources and techniques need to be explored. One and the foremost of these resources and techniques is so-called "privatization "The privatization has long been on the agenda of some western countries since 1970s. However, it is only since 1980s in our country that privatization started getting the public attention and has been on recent government agendas.Our focus on this research has been placed on the "privatization" subject, which is a technique employed by the municipalities in order to provide services to public better and more effective way. This dissertation consists of six chapters. In chapter 1, definition of public works, services, their features, and the way public services are provided with and by are explored.In chapter 2, development of municipality works and services, the concept of municipality organizations, today's municipalities' organizational structures and their audition are investigated.In chapter 3, privatization concept, theories and approaches on privatization, different privatization techniques along with the causes that led to privatization issues have been scratched off. In chapter 4, recent privatization examples and applications are presented. Under this subtitle, privatization applications that have been undertaken in USA, UK and Germany are presented.In chapter 5, privatization of municipalities' services and a privatization application in Metropolitan City of Bursa are touched upon.In the last chapter, the outcomes of privatization and possible problems that may arise after privatization issues are argued and evaluated.

SUMMARYA great changement was occurring after fell down the Berlin Wall in East Europe, in 1989.The countries had begun to new period with high debts and inflation by these changements.East European countries have a common feature by carry out the transition period politics by rapidly in this process. So, it was necessity on stabilization politics but not easy.At result, privatization and restructure got an importance.I – THEORICAL AND CONSEPTIONAL FRAME OF MARKET ECONOMYFree market economy has the same philosophy and idea with liberalism. Economical liberalism is defended the free competition, reducing the customs taxes, import freedom and resisted to interference of state on the economy.Classical economy's base is economical freedom and market economy. Market economy is relying on free competition and private enterprise. Price mechanism and world prices are important. Interference of state must be in minimum levels. Public sector must be reduced. Basic factors such as wage, capital and foreign currency must reflect the real market prices, must get an importance to external trade.1-DEVELOPMENT OF MARKET ECONOMY1.1. CLASSIC REVIEWFree trade, specialization only on one field, annihilate the obstacles such as customs and quotas, interferences of state on the market are most important according to Adam Smith, which lived in 18th century.A specialization between nations must be obtained according to Ricardo. So, it must be an exchange on the entire world. 1.2. NEO-CLASSIC REVIEWAlfred Marshall, Leon Walras and Carl Menger is an echol. The state must be more active to improve the poor part of community and must create the opportunities on the market, get the taxes from revenues and wealth, finance the education, health, park and city planning, defence the personal freedom, private property and open markets, manufacture the public commodities.1.3. ORDO-LIBERALISM REVIEWIt is different from classic liberalism. Economical regularity is social which emerges in an evident process, not natural. Social and juridical standards emerge the economical system.Price, monetarily stability, sciences, stability and durability on economical politics are important to emerging of market economy.Basic aim is bring to existence an economical constitution.2- BASIC ELEMENTS OF MARKET ECONOMYBasic factors are enterprising, competition, economical ideas and attitudes.Enterprising is a person which makes unity the manufacturing factors, makes direct the investments, begins to motion by utilize the signals from internal and external markets, gets the share on productivity and determines the firm profit. Basic aim is profit.Competition is social event, protects the personal, which works with high productivity against to personal, which works with low productivity, uses the sources most effectively. Buyer and seller number must be too much in this system. Competition is opposed to monopolization but necessity laws and politics have to support it. ECONOMICAL IDEAS AND ATTITUDESIt includes price, wage, interest, hire and foreign currency. Price system occurs freely according to rate of request and demand conditions. At this straight, firms and consumers must carry out their decisions freely.3- MARKET MECHANISM FLOW AND ROLE OF SOURCE DISTRIBUTIONConsumers and producers have activities on the market economy. The prices are determined according to the lowest cost and to the highest profit.Ideal special future is high productivity, low profit and high production. Competition reduces the profit to the lowest level.Main mechanism on free market is price. If the relative scarcity is enough, request and demand is more or less equal.Producers and consumers may have a decision according to the price indicator and request and demand. This case makes lead the manufacturing, increases the alternatives, also economical activities make an harmony against to conditions.The evident features of market economy are free decision, liberty on preferences, a great price mechanism and competition. So, economical stability is obtainable.Interferences may apply on the market economy for public health, regulations on economical activities, protect the consumers. These motions are generally precautions to control of drugs and drink manufacturing and consumption, annihilation of harmful on public health, growth the power on economic morals, make grow the quality, regulation on manufacturing and marketing. The state may meddle with economy to development rapidly. For example, the state may encourage the saving, increase the rates of interest, decrease the taxes to get on the saving, provide the precautions on investment.The buyers and sellers cannot determine the price on one's own on free competition market. Otherwise monopoly, trust and cartels may occur, stability may out of order between commodity and services.Market economy may deviate from the rules on two main categories.Manufacturer, buyer and seller may make deviate from the rules. Especially trade unionization is effective on this deviation.The state may interfere in economy by taxes, if social and individual advantages different, it may deviate from competition market.The state is exist in every kind of economy and serves to people with harmony and politics and social philosophies of our age. Also it provides security, education and health services but it doesn't determine the prices. It is one of the biggest manufacturers at the same time.II – HISTORICAL WIEW TO BULGARIAN ECONOMY IN THE TRANSITION PERIOD OF FREE MARKET ECONOMY1. BASIC SOCIAL AND ECONOMICAL INDICATORS1.1. GENERALThe form of government is republic, capital is Sofia, Population is 8.297.000(1997), increasing of population is %0. 7, distinctive characteristics in common with Turkishs, Pomaks, Russians, Gipsies, Tatars, Jewishes are in 16 percent.Estimated agricultural area is 1/3 and woodland is 1/3 of all the land. Charcoal, petroleum, natural gas, ferrum and sources except metal are too much. Bulgaria can't use the money too much on surroundings cause of economical lacks.Too many people are migrated to Turkey reason of economical lacks after communism regime. Population is decreased year by year, but unemployment.2. BULGARIA BEFORE 1989Ottoman empire had governorship on the Bulgaria more 500 years till 1908. Then, Bulgarian Kingdom is founded in 1908. Stamboliyski is in powered from Farmer Party in 1920. A new fascism supporter government is founded but communists and farmers were outside of government.Bulgaria is allied with Germany in 1941. Although a new government was found in 1944, the republican regime with referendum is founded in 1946. The new constution is validated in 1947. Cercenkov is in powered in 1950, relations with U.S.A. were out of order and membership of United Nations was validity in 1955.The new constitution is validated in 1971. T.Jivkow is in powered continually, became arrested cause of irregularity in 1990 and then, again a new constitution is validated. Communist Party is made to take out of only one party. In that year, state's name is changed to Republic of Bulgaria and removed the communist symbols from flag. Privatizational laws are validated with Jelev in 1992. The Government of Videnov is contraried the privatization in 1994.Peter Stoyanov is Nato's supporter and he was president in 1996. United Democratic Forces is in powered with 52 percent of vote after selections in 1997.2.1. COMECON AND COLLAPSING OF SYSTEMComecon is a union that emerged by East European Countries. Bulgarian economy has begun to transition period with some negative ness like other East European countries causes of political incompetence and dissociating end of 1980s.Bulgaria which had more than 60 percent of export to associate but it had couldn't find the new markets cause of inadequate ship of quality standards and had an old technology. Foreign currency reserves are high level. It has too many debts, political incompetent ship in the land. Financial system is not conformity to market economy and also could not claim 2 million dollars of money owing from Iraq because of golf war. So, Bulgaria couldn't save from crisis because of above reasons.2.2 GENERAL ECONOMICAL DEVELOPMENT AND SECTORSBulgarian manufacturing industry basically is founded on textile, wooden engrave, leather products and food prep rationing sectors.Bulgaria had realisation the attacks on the heavy industry that supported by S.S.C.B. after 2nd world war.Production of electro-mechanic and electronic goods in manufacturing sector is reached to an important share since 1970s.The biggest natural wealth of Bulgaria is productive earths. There are not important minerals in Bulgaria.In the following period of 2nd world war, metallurgy and chemical production had an importance. Industry sector had old technology. Its competition is losted the power with disunited of the Comecon.Productivity rates on industry are grown with economical reforms that started in 1979. Economical growing is dynamically continued in spite of reducing the productivity on agriculture sector, building sector and investments in Bulgaria. Especially, price volatility on agriculture sector is a reason of suspicion about real value of growth in 1988 according to 1987.Productions on agriculture and industry of Bulgaria are reduced according to statistics. Main problem on agriculture sector is delivery prices of goods.A stagnation indicator on Bulgarian economy is weakness of building and construction sector. Manufacturing products such as cement and weawing is in necessity. Manufacturing level is inadequate on that area and also unqualificationed organisations have been affected.2.3 - FOREIGN TRADEThere are no definite results on foreign trade reason of inadequate of numerical data's.However, export is increased up to the rate of 4 percent in 1988 and import is reduced to the rate of 1.8 percent. Bulgaria finance deficit is 600 million dollars result of trade with west countries in 1998. Tourism revenues are positive. Trade connections with Turkey are weak according to another East European countries.2.4 – PERESTROICA POLITICSThe new age on economy with state council's decision is started in January 9,1989. Activities to get the indepences of firms are velocitied. At the same time, this decision is more benefit to foreign investors too.3. 1989 – 1997 TRANSITION PERIOD3.1 – ECONOMICAL REFORM ACTIVITIESAlteration is started in east block countries after 1989 and together with this alteration. Comecon is losted the activity. So, idle capacities are commenced and Bulgaria is losted the production markets.The reforms are making started by new government in February 1991. External trade regime is liberalisation in one direction; this is one of the import nest factors of the reforms. With a decision is accepted in 1989, basic of economical reforms are occurred. Firms had equal rights to execution of economical activities. The laws related to foreign investment are validated in 1992.Commercial banks have gone to consolidation. Prices had freed except 11 basic consumption. Economical activities, government status on economy, foreign trade and foreign exchange regime, price regulations, privatization, tax systems are reorganized about foreign investors.3.2. SECTORAL CONSTITUTIONIndustrial sector had the over 50 percent of share on economy until 1990s. 11 private sector's share with service and trade sector approached to 60 percent between 1992 and 1997.SECTORSProductivity with old technologies on industrial sector is at low level. Engineering sector is developed. Products of textile sector are manufactured at high quality.CHEMICALSChemical products that have an important mark on export of Bulgaria. They were 1,096 milliard dollars with 22,3 percent in 1997 and 983 million dollars with 19.4 percent of total export in 1998.AGRICULTURE, FOOD AND TOBACCORate of plan tablelands are 34 percent in Bulgaria. Totally 304 firms are active on food, drink and tobacco sector.METALLURGY AND MINERSHIPIron product is 6.2 percent and other than iron is 6.8 percent on all of industry in 1998. In 1997, metallurgy sector is grown up to 117.2 percent with 529 million dollars in total amount of export in Bulgaria.MACHINEShare of machine sector is 13.8 percent in all of industry. Principal are; Machine parts, tractor, bus, ship, building and auto spare parts.CONSTRUCTIONPrivate firms in the sector have share with 13 percent in 1991. That share is grown to 62 percent in 1995 but then; it is reduced reason of financial inadequate ships.TOURISMTourism revenues are approximately 280 million dollars in 1995.4.5 million of transits and totally 8 million tourists are visited the Bulgaria in 1996.3.3. TRADE AFTER ECONOMICAL REFORMSExport of Bulgaria is totally 4.9 milliard dollars in 1997. The import nest export products are fuel oil, other fuels, cooper and its products and nuclear reactors. Import is 4.5 milliard dollars in 1997 and included the product such as mineral fuels, nuclear reactor heaters and spare parts, electric machines, mineral substances, cotton, synthetic fibres, cereals, auto and tractors.3.4. EXTERNAL DEBTSRate of the external debts to export revenues were 249.9 Percent in 1993 but then, back to 188.2 percent in 1994.Official external debts were 10.363 dollars in the end of 1997.3.5. FOREIGN INVESTORS EXTERNAL CAPITALMost investments with 636.2 million dollars by foreigners are made in 1997. This amount is 526 million dollars in 1998. Principal foreign investors are European countries and U.S.A. A new foreigner investment law is prepared in Oct 1997. Main sectors to investment are industry, trade, finance and tourism.3.6. COMMERCIAL BANKINGState banks are privatization by associate. Regulations relate to control of banking are valitidied by government. In the middle of 1997, a new law on banking are validated after economical crisis in 1996, Central Bank Law are rebuilt. High levels of capital and capital qualifications are obligationed.3.7. PRIVATIZATIONPrivatization is started with foundation transformation and privatization belongs to state and municipalities in April 1992. Privatization Agency is built-up. Privatization is realization with totally 836 million dollars between Jan 1,1993 and Dec 30,1998. Its part of 421.4 million dollars is in 1997 and part of 116 million dollars is realization in 1998.Foundations like ports, telecommunication and, etc.are out of privatization by laws. 95 percent of state firms transformed to form of private limited or nationalization. Share of these firms are belong to state.III. BULGARIA IN EUROPAN UNION AND CONNECTIONS WITH TURKEY1. BULGARIAN ECONOMY AND CONNECTIONS WITH TURKEYTest and certification operations, metal products except iron, chemical products, cereals, operational petroleum. Products are important substances from Bulgaria to Turkey.Although weaving products, food, chemical products, leather and stout leather products, glass, ceramics, brick products are ones of important from Turkey to Bulgaria.1.1. CONTENTS OF FREE TRADE AGREEMENT BETWEEN TURKEY AND BULGARIAAll taxes and restrictictions on industrial products by signed on European Agreement between European Union and Bulgaria in Mar 8,1993 and validated in Dec 31,1993 will be removed till 2002.Turkey and Bulgaria made easy to particularization into agricultural products market by reduced the taxes for between their selves.End of signed acts, 131 products of 446 that stated to Turkey and 1141 goods of existing on European Union Agreement are liberalization by remove from list of sensitive products.Foreign companies had a partnership rights with corporations and individuals and also foreign individuals had a right on economical activities by law of keeping foreign investors, which is validated in 1992. Same economical rights are recognized between foreigners and Bulgarians and also getting unlimited share from exist companies and companies that will be found.2. CONNECTIONS WITH EUROPEAN UNION AND FINANCIAL PORTREIT OF BULGARIA2.1. CONNECTION WITH EUROPEAN UNION OF BULGARIAIn the autumn 1989, Berlin wall is demolished and this motion make united the European that had divided to east and west after 2nd world war. Comecon's mean is continuing the economical dependent ship to Soviet Union. But, most east and west European countries reject it. After these European Union augmented economical and political supports to that countries reason of carry out and conclude the reform, which is started in middle and east European countries.Firstly, a group includes the Turkey is formed by 24 of OECD countries. G24s are transferred to entrust with coordination of support to the European Union Commission.That commission is functionizationed the Phare program that helps on financial and technical areas to Poland and Hungary. Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Romania in Sept.1990, Albanian, Estonia, Leetonia and Livonia in Jan.1992 and Slovenia in Aug.1992 are included by Phare program.Military regulations on security of West European losted the importance but they are already securely areas.Main political aims that related to Middle and East European countries of European Unions are explained below;a- Encouragement of liberal democratic system with respectful of law's superiority.b- to be sense on surroundingsc- to prevent the ethnical collidesd- to prevent the migration to foreign countries at the west.e- Phare program and encouragement of free market economy from planned economy.2.2. WHAT IS THE PHARE PROGRAM?Phare program's aim is build the encourage mental conditions to the market economy and to take pains about investments on economies of Middle and East Europe countries. This program includes unfinancable fields by traditional external supports. That supports on the program is formed by credits and encouragements and used for pilot projects related to reorganization of associations.Bulgaria is taken a support of 10.6 millions ECU by include of Phare program.European Union don't use only Phare program as a tool on politics related to Middle and East Europe countries, except itIncludes the programs within own constitution such as ERASMUS and COMETT.2.3. FIRST PERIOD (before 1989)In this period; trading is developed between Middle and East European countries that named as COMECON COUNTRIES but couldn't show the same developments against to West Europe in European Union.Soviet Union takes the priority on exporting with countries. Bulgaria is the develop pest country on trade with Soviet Union.2.4 TRANSITION PERIOD (1989-1992)The great changements occurred on trade in Soviet Union and Middle and East Europe countries from starting the reforms in 1989 to 1992.From 1989,trade and partnership agreements signed with Hungary and Poland then, with Czechoslovakia in 1990,also Bulgaria and Romania in 1991. At the same time, rejection is started on amount of restrictions. Exporting is increased between Middle and East European countries, Soviet Union and European Union other than below too;Devaluation in the countries other than Hungary,- Workings to join into the West European markets reason of re-emerging the losted ones in East European- Import is on peak-level from those countries to Germany after unitized the East and West Europe.2.5. EUROPEAN AGREEMENTSEuropean agreements are acted end of 1991.Bulgaria-Europe agreement's date of signature: Mar8, 1993Date of being inforce: Dec 31,1995Temporarily agreement: Dec 31,1992European agreement has been in force in Bulgaria, end of 1995. European agreements are partnership agreements that signed by based on 238th paragraph of Roma agreement and Maastricht agreement. According to that state, increasing of export is an prestipulation to growth the economy with stability.3. SUCCEED OF STABILITY PROGRAM IN BULGARIABulgaria signed on an agreement with IMF to pass over the economical hardships and started the reforms in 1991.Economy is grown at the rates of 2.1 percent in 1995.In 1997,economy has the new crisis related to Yugoslavia crisis and so, Bulgaria signed on a new agreement with IMF.Leva is fixed with 20 DM and 1000 Bulgarian Leva to 1 DM and constructral reforms is started to gain the speed.Economy in Bulgaria grown to positive from 1994 but to the 10.9 percent in 1996.- Inflation rates (%) in Republic of Bulgaria; 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 199882,2 72,8 96,2 62 123,1 1082,3 22,3After the stand-by agreement with IMF, inflation approached to 22.3 percent in 1998.Annual average of inflation is expected as 7.3 percent in 1999 and 9.0 percent in 2000.Bulgaria is the poorest country according to other east European countries candidate to membership of EU. Bulgarian Leva is determined by rejected the 3 zeros from Detsch Mark. So, new Leva is make related on euro at the rates of 1.95583:euro 1 (Lvl:DMI ).CONCLUSION:Bulgaria is declared the moratorium reason of hardness's to find an external debt, to refund the capital and interests of external debt.While external debt is 10.6-milliard dollars end of 1990,it has been 12.2 milliard dollars, end of 1993. So, started to paces towards to market economy in Feb 1991. Annual inflation is reduced from 338.5 percent in 1991 to 79.4 percent in 1992.The debts of managements of state are ruined the budget and also a reason to broken balance on economy too.The crisis on foreign currency is occurred in Mar 1994. Reforms have been out of control at the result of that crisis.Leva is devaluated as 100 percent and inflation is reduced to 90 percent on annual average. At this parallel, financial and revenue politics, money and its value are controlled. The debts to foreign countries are decreased to 9.8 milliard dollars with precautions in 1994 and end of 1996.Financial balance are obtained again in the first months of 1995, reduced the inflation and also rate of interests to 72 percent.Rate of exchange (Leva/$) was 503 percent between Jan 1 and Feb 12,1997. Especially, that increasing was 20-percent/each day in Feb 1997.Rate of interest was 300 percent in Sep.1996. 14 Banks are bankrupted in that period. Bulgaria had been 1st of the world from inflation increasing speed of view.Inflation, devaluation, unemployment and also wages are on the lowest level in transition period in Bulgaria. Incoming per person is decreased 50 percent between 1989 and 1995.Annual criminal events are increased 3 times more after 1990. Money committee had formed by advice of IMF in Jul 1997. 1Deutsche Mark is indexed on 1 Leva.Qualified personnel with educationed on technical areas is a great potential force of Bulgarian economy.Bulgaria will be completed the transition period when it became to membership of European Union.

ÖZETORTADOĞU VE ATATÜRK'ÜN ORTADOĞU POLİTİKASI (1919-1926)Coğrafi konumu nedeniyle tarihte önemini korumuş olan Ortadoğu, bu önemini günümüzde de dünya siyaseti ve ekonomisi açısından sürdürmektedir. Türkiye bir parçası olduğu bu bölgeyle olan ilişkilerini Kurtuluş Savaşı'ndan itibaren eskisinden farklı bir biçimde yaşamıştır. Bu ilişkiyi doğru bir biçimde ortaya koymak Türkiye'nin geleceğini daha iyi bir doğrultuda çizmek için faydalı olacaktır.Her ne kadar tarihsel ve toplumsal olarak birbirine yakın özellikleri taşısalar da, Türkiye Kurtuluş Savaşı ile birlikte Ortadoğu'nun diğer ülkelerinden farklı bir gelişme göstermiştir. Mustafa Kemal önderliğindeki Türkiye bağımsızlığı kendisi için temel bir hedef olarak belirlerken, Misak-ı Milli ile de Ortadoğu'da yaşayan halkların kendi kaderlerini belirleme haklarını tanımış ve eskiden Osmanlı Devleti'nin egemenliğinde bulunan bu topraklar üzerinde herhangi bir hak talebinde bulunmayacağını bildirmiştir. Türkiye bağımsızlığı uğrunda kendi öz gücü olan Anadolu halkı ile, emperyalizme karşı mücadeleye girişmesine karşın, Ortadoğu'daki diğer toplumlar bağımsızlığı Avrupa'nın sömürgeci ülkeleriyle girdikleri ilişkilerde aramış, bunun sonucunda Türkiye Kurtuluş Savaşı'nı başarıyla tamamlayarak bağımsızlığa kavuşurken Ortadoğu'nun diğer toplumları İngiltere ve Fransa'nın kuklası konumuna düşmüşlerdir.Bu süreçte Mustafa Kemal önderliğindeki Türkiye tarihsel ve toplumsal yakınlığı olan bu ülkelerle -her ne kadar önderleri Türkiye'nin aleyhine İngiltere ve Fransa ile işbirliği yapsalarda- ilişkiyi koparmamış özellikle İngiltere ve Fransa'nın elinde oyuncak konumuna düşen ezilen halklarıyla dayanışmayı geliştirmeye çalışmıştır. Bu durum aynı coğrafyanın komşu halkları olarak gelecekte de bir arada barış içinde yaşamanın gereği olarak olduğu kadar, emperyalizme karşı güçlerin birleştirilmesi politikasının gereği olarak da böyle olmuştur. ABSTRACTMIDDLE EAST AND MIDDLE EAST POLICY OF ATATÜRK (1919-1926)Middle East that kept its importance during the history with its geographical location, still continues this from point of view of world politics and economics. From the War of Independence, Turkey experienced its relations with this region to which it is a part in a different way form the past. To correctly examine this relation will be useful to draw the future of Turkey towards a better direction.Despite they have close historical and social features, Turkey indicated a development different than Middle East countries starting from the War of Independence. Turkey leaded by Mustafa Kemal determined the independence as its basic target, and recognized with Misak-I Milli (The National Pact) the rights of nations of Middle East to determine their future, and declared that it will assume no right on the lands under the sovereignty of Ottoman Empire.Despite Turkey fought against imperialism with its own source, the people of Anatolia for its independence, other nations of Middle East search their independence through their relations developed with colonist countries of Europe, consequently while Turkey successfully completed the War of Independence and gained its independence, other nations of Middle East become the puppets of United Kingdom and France During the course of this time, under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal, Turkey did not cut the relations with the countries to which Turkey has historical and social sympathy and concern - despite their leaders cooperated with United Kingdom and France against Turkey - and Turkey tried to develop solidarity especially with the suppressed folks became toys in hands of United Kingdom and France. This was done as a necessity to live in peace in the future as the neighbors in the same region as well as the result of the policy of uniting the powers against the imperialism.

Türkiye 1946 yılından buyana yani yaklaşık 56 yıldır IMF ile iç içe yaşamaktadır. Ekonomik sorunlarım kendi çabalarıyla çözmeye çalışmak yerine direkt dış kaynağa başvurması, bu sonucu doğurmuştur. Fakat 2003 yılına gelinmiş olmasına rağmen halen kronik darboğazların iyileştirilmesinde bir mesafe alınamamıştır. İyileşmenin olmamasının iki ayağı vardır. Birincisi IMF'nin standart, başvuran ülkelerin sosyal yapışım dikkate almayan, genellikle yaşanan kronik ödemeler dengesi sorununu aşmak için daima geniş halk kitlelerini kemer sıkmaya zorlayan acı reçeteleri, katı kurallarının olmasıdır. IMF'yi başvuran ülkelerin büyüme, gelir bölüşümü, istihdam, sosyal refah hedefleri ilgilendirmemektedir. Ayrıca bu programlar genellikle yapılabileceklerden çok fazla şey istemektedir. İlginç olan şu ki geçen yarım yüzyıla rağmen hala bir çok ülke IMF'nin acı reçetelerine başvurmasına rağmen ödemeler dengesini kurabilmek için çaba harcamaktadır. İkincisi ise ülkenin özellikle siyasi yapısının kötü olması, hiçbir hükümetin, ekonominin iyileştirilmesini öncelikli hedefleri arasına koymayıp özellikle seçim arefelerinde yanlış politikalar uygulamalarıdır. Siyasi kadrolar, ekonomik istikrar ve büyümeyi sağlamada sürekli başarısız olmuş, halkın geleceğe yönelik tüm umutlarını ve güvensizlik duygusunu arttırmıştır. Demokrasinin yeniden yapılanma için sunduğu seçim fırsatı, ülkemizde daima gerilimli olmuş ve belirsizlikler yaratmıştır. Türkiye'nin krizden çıkabilmesi için öncelikli olarak dışa bağımlılığını azaltması gerekmektedir. Ulusal programlara dönmeli, özellikle siyasi yapısında olmak üzere bir çok alanda reformlar yapmalıdır. Türkiye'nin asıl sorunu dışarıdan para gelip gelmemesi değildir. Asıl sorunu ekonominin dışarıdan gelecek paraya çok fazla bağımlı bir hale gelmesidir. ; Turkey is living together with IMF for about 56 years since 1946. This is the result of depending on the foreign sources directly rather than trying to solve the economical problems on its own. But despite the year 2003, no progress has been achieved in solving chronic bottlenecks of the economy. There are two reasons for the mistreatment. The first is the standard IMF approach which do not care about the social structure of the demanding countries and have tough rules and harsh treatments to solve the chronic payment balance problems which is generally to force large crowds to tighten the belts. IMF does not care about the development, share of income, employment and social prosperity goals of the countries. Besides, with these programs the demands are so big that they are actually impossible to fulfill. The interesting point is that a lot of countries, which had IMF's harsh treatments during the past half-century, are still trying to stabilize their payment balances. The second reason is the bad political structure of the country, no government is putting the economical development in the primary goals and all of them apply wrong politics during the election periods. Politicians have always been unsuccessful in realizing economical stability and growth and always augmented desperation and diminished confidence of the people towards the future. The election chance which is given by the democracy has always been stressful and caused awkwardness in our country. To get out of the crisis, Turkey, first of all has to reduce the foreign dependency. It has to turn back to the national programs and has to reform various fields and especially its political structure. The real problem of Turkey is not whether foreign currency is entering or not. The real problem is that the economy is too much dependent on the entrance of the foreign currency.

1990 Öncesinde daha çok kalkınmaya yönelik artan kamu harcamalarınınfinansmanı vergi gelirlerinin yetersizliği sebebiyle borçlanmayla sağlanmıştır.1990'lara kadar artarak gelen iç borçlar bu yıllardan sonra daha çok kamu açıklarının finansmanında kullanılmış yıllar itibariyle artmaya devam etmiitir.İç borçların siyasi tercihler sebebiyle verimsiz kullanılması kamu kesimi borçlanmagereğini oldukça yükseltmiştir. Durum, borcun borçla ödendiği bir hale dönüşmüş ve iç borçlar her yıl daha da artmıştır. Yüksek miktardaki borçlanma ise, toplam kamu harcamaları içerisindeki faiz harcamalarının payını arttırmıştır. Kamu harcamalarındaki faiz yükü artışı her geçen gün Türkiye'yi daha zor bir duruma götürmüş, borç-faiz kısır döngüsü içerisine sokmuştur. Türkiye bu dönemde iç borçların çevrilebilirliğinin tartışıldığı bir problemle karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Kamu gelirlerinin kamu giderlerini karşılayamaması durumunda iç borçlara başvurulması doğaldır, ancak yüksek reel faizler ve iç borçların miktarı yıllık faiz ödemelerinin normal gelirlerle karşılanamaması sonucunu doğurmaktadır. Faiz ödemeleri için yeniden borçlanmak zorunda kalınmaktadır. Bu, yeni kaynak sağlanmadığı halde borç stokunun sürekli olarak artması sonucunu doğurur ve borç kısır döngüsü olarak adlandırılır. 1994 ve şubat 2001 ekonomik krizleri Türkiye'yi ekonomik ve sosyal açıdan etkileyen önemli gelişmelerdir. Bu ekonomik krizler iç borç stokunda önemli artışlara sebep olmuş ve şubat 2001 krizinin etkileri hala devam etmektedir. Türkiye'nin iç borç-faiz kısır döngüsü içerisine girmesinin temel sebebi iç borçların verimsiz kullanılması ve iç borç yönetiminin siyasi kaygılar doğrultusunda hareket ederek ülke gerçekleriyle bağdaşmayan uygulamalarıdır. GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Name and Surname:Alper Bora DemirelField:FinanceProgramme:Financial EconomicsSupervisor:Professor Dilek YılmazcanDegree Awarded and Date:Master - July 2004Keywords:The domestic debts, internal debts ABSTRACT Before 1990 the increasing expenditures of public financing were provided by debts because of the insufficient taxes towards the development. The domestic debts that have increased since 1990's have been used for financial deficits. The domestic debts have increased very much and have been used for the public deficits for ages. The unproductive use of the internal debts as an outcome of political preferences, the need of public borrowing has increased a lot.That turned into a position that the debts have been paid with the debts, and the internal debts have increased continuously since then. And the large deal of borrowings increased the share of the interest expenses. The interest burden in public expenditures have put Turkey into an immensely difficult situation in every respect and all this created a vicious circle of debts and interest payments. Turkey has encountered a lot of problems about the exchange of internal debts. It is so natural to demand internal debts when public incomes do not cover public expenditures, but high real interests and the amount of internal debts cause the result that the annual interest payments can not be paid with the usual incomes. It is obliged to become indebted again and again. That causes the increase of the debt burden without obtaining new financial resources and it is called as ?vicious circle of debts.The crises of 1994 and February 2001 are very important events which affected Turkey from the point view of economy and social respects. These economic crises have caused a very great deal of increase of the internal debt stocks and the effect of the crisis February 2001 have also been felt even today by the people. The main reason of Turkey's internal debt and interest vicious circle are the unproductive use of the internal debts and the applications which are contrary to the realities of the country by the authorized administrators who aimed at political anxieties.

ÖZET1950'li yıllar, Türk toplum yapısında önemli değişiklikleri meydana getiren hareketli yıllardı. Yüzyıllar boyunca tarıma, toprağa, bağlı bir hayat sürdüren Anadolu köylüsü bu yıllarda kırdan kente yoğun bir şekilde göç etmeye başladı. Türk toplumu aradan yaklaşık on yıl geçtikten sonra sınır ötesi göçle tanıştı. 12 kişilik teknisyen grubuyla F. Almanya'ya başlayan göç B. Avrupa ülkelerinin işgücü çağrısı sonucu farklı bir boyut kazanmaya başladı.30 Ekim 1961 tarihinde F. Almanya ile yapılan "İşçi Mübadelesi Anlaşması"nı, 1964 Avusturya, Hollanda ve Belçika ile 1965'te Fransa ve 1967'de İsveç ile yapılan sözleşmeler izledi. Böylece İkinci Dünya Savaşı'ndan büyük zararla çıkan Avrupa Devletleri'nin bozulan sosyal ve iktisadi düzenlerini yeniden düzeltmek için ihtiyaç duyulan işgücü açığına karşı bulunan çözüm, hukuki bir dayanağa kavuşturulmuş oldu. Ancak ikili anlaşmaların temelinde bu sınır ötesi göçün geçici olduğu kanaati hakimdi. Türkiye'den Batı Avrupa'nın gelişmiş ülkelerine yönelen işgücü göçü, bu sınır ötesi göçün resmen durdurulduğu dünya petrol krizinin yaşandığı 1973 yılına kadar sürdü. Bu süre zarfında bir milyona yakın Türk işçisi Batı Avrupa Ülkeleri'ne yerleşmiş oldu. Avrupa göçünün ardından 30 yıldan fazla bir süre geçtikten sonra bu rakam üç milyonun üzerine çıkmış oldu. Farklı toplumların bir arada yaşaması sonucu gerek göçmenlerin bulundukları ülkelerden gerekse kendi ülkelerinin düzenlemelerinden kaynaklanan bazı problemler ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu problemler; çifte vatandaşlıktan bedelli askerliğe, oy kullanmadan çocukların eğitimine, yabancı düşmanlığından ailevi sorunlara, dil sorunundan kültürel kimlik sorununa kadar büyük bir yelpazeyi kapsamaktadır. Ortaya çıkan bu problemlerin çözümü kuşkusuz işgücüne ihtiyacı olan ve işgücü veren ülkelerin ortak bir takım düzenlemeleri sonucu çözülecektir. ABSTARCTThe 1950's were dynamic years that brought significant changes in the structure of Turkish society due to internal and external migration. Turkish villagers whose lives for centuries depended on farming and agriculture began to migrate from rural to urban areas in massive numbers. Then, after nearly a decade or so, the Turkish society met with a new migration phenomenon, that was migration outside of national boundaries.This new migration pattern, starting first with moves to the Federal Republic of Germany, acquired a new dimension after calls for labor force coming from the Western European countries.The Labor Exchange Treaty signed between Turkey and the Federal Republic ofGermany, dating back to 31 October 1963, was followed by other agreements made with Austria (1964), Holland and Belgium (1965), and France and Sweden (1967). In this way, the solution developed for the problems regarding labor deficit that was challenging most European states' damaged social and economic order after the 2nd World War, attained a legal foundation. However, beneath these bilateral agreements the supposition that the external migration was a temporary fact was dominant.The labor migration from Turkey to the developed countries of the Western Europe lasted until it was officially abandoned when the world oil crisis emerged in 1973. By that time, approximately 1 million Turkish workers had settled in Western Europe. And after thirty years or so, of the labor moves to Europe, this number exceeded 3 millions.The coexistence of different communities and togetherness of emigrant populations brings about certain problems stemming from both the regulations of mother countries and of emigrated ones. These problems range from double citizenship to voting rights of minorities, growing enmity against foreigners, social accommodation problems in emigrant peoples, linguistic issues, and to cultural identity concerns. Resolution of all these problems becomes possible only through developing common regulations mutually agreed and shared by both those countries in need of foreign labor force and those providing this need.