Suchergebnisse

Ferenc Finkey's scientific achievements and human qualities have made him one of the most prominent personalities in the field of legal sciences and prison affairs. He did not, of course, begin his epoch-making activity in a "vacuum", so we consider it important to present the antecedents, the penological initiatives of the early 19th century, focusing on youth protection and work in prisons, and we describe the social and political reasons that supported or made it difficult for Finkey's ideas to emerge. The fall of the Hungarian Soviet Republic had tragic consequences for criminal pedagogy trying its wings. We have gathered a bouquet of human and professional reasons why Finkey has distanced himself from the spirituality, events, and aspirations of the Hungarian Soviet Republic in every way. Fortunately for criminal pedagogy, Finkey's professional career and scientific aspirations were not broken by the proletarian dictatorship and the subsequent ideological retaliation. Finally, we prove the greatness of Ferenc Finkey's theoretical system in criminal pedagogy by using the ideas formulated in his own work Punishment and Pedagogy, which is considered to be the most important one for the topic of our study.

In September 1989, a four-year-old girl, Anikó O., disappeared from a flat-house in Komló. The authorities were searching her for three days. On the fourth day, her stabbed body was found in one of the basement storerooms of the flat-house. The systematic, thorough investigation brought success after one week. The authorities identified the perpetrator, who lived in the flat-house. She also made a full confession. Besides, many hard evidence and expert opinion supported her guilt. The court did not have any doubt, and the punishment was severe.

The case of Simek Kitty garnered a lot of interest in the media between 2002 and 2005. The fourteen-year-old girl, who endured her stepfather's physical, verbal, and sexual abuse for ten years, one day shot the aggressive man with his own weapon. Although the court sentenced the young girl for her deed, the President of the Republic gave her amnesty, so she did not have to go to jail after all. However, her life turned even worse after the incident. In my study, I examine why the events turned out the way they did and how the tragedy could have been avoided.

"There has been a lot of controversy among the Hungarian jurisprudence regarding the creation of the new Hungarian Criminal Procedure Act. It was also raised whether there was a need for a new code of procedure at all, whether it was not enough to adapt the existing regulations of the old Criminal Procedure Act to the new Criminal Code.
The Criminal Procedure Act, which has been in force since July 1 2018, may seem a distant start compared to Ferenc Finkey's work, but we will see that knowledge of the legal history and the processes involved are essential to understanding the changes in the present.
This is specially true for changes that affect the principles on which criminal proceedings are based. One of the biggest changes in the new Criminal Procedure Code – at the level of the priciples – is undoubtedly the relegation of the principle of official proceedings to the background, as it often turns to opportunism rather than officiality in order to increase simplification and efficiency.
In fact, in his work, Finkey has already perfectly described the mechanisms that we can discover in today's changes. Perhaps it is no exaggeration to say that his work may have provided a basis for fundamental changes in the new Criminal Procedure Code. His theories presented in this study shed excellent light on the dynamics that have permeated all areas of legal history in law and on the processes that, if we recognize them help us understand why it is necessary for our laws to be recreated sometimes.
All in all, we can see that the principles are never of absolute value, but their meaning is constantly changing, as the legislatorial ways breath in the spirit of the current age. When these principles are no longer able to keep up with change, they must be re-formed. And if we are to form such an important principle, we need to enforce a new vision throughout criminal proceedings that makes it necessary not only to make amendments to the Code of Criminal Procedure but also to create a whole new law.
In order to see the real effects of the present innovations and the actual processes it has initiated in our criminal procedural law, a comprehensive analysis of the practice will be needed. We need to examine how quickly law enforcement can respond to the loss of space in centuries-old traditions. It may also be a question of whether we can talk about a real loss of space at all, as it is also conceivable that the principle of officiality has narrowed at the level of the normative text, but the old routine, attitude, and instincts live on in the application of law. The outcome of this examination may also raise important questions, including legal certainty. It is essential that once our procedural law has reached the point where it had to be born again, the application of the law be reborn with it."

Romania's Civil Code, which entered into force in 2011, is ten years old. It is essential to evaluate the codification results to assess the impact of the reform and the possible directions for its correction. The study reviews the circumstances and the objectives of the drafting of the Code. It draws attention to the positive aspects of the drafting of the Code and its innovative characteristics and points out several potential problems. It also indicates that the time is ripe for the first significant amendment following the entry into force of the Code. The Constitutional Court has declared unconstitutional the rule that a person who, because of mental retardation or insanity, lacks the capacity of discernment necessary to pursue his or her interests must be subject to a judicial interdiction. Instead of a judicial interdiction, a more equitable and gradual protection system for persons lacking the capacity to reason should be devised.

The prior aim of the paper is to present the next station of the enlargement process of the European Union, the chances and challenges of the Croatian accession after the democratic transformation. The study is about to investigate how an old-and-new state is searching for its identity, and what a bumpy road does it have to cope with in order to get to be part of the European space. Two phases of the whole integration process could be separated. The first term is from the declaration of independence (26 June 1991) till the death of president Franjo Tudjman (10 Dec 1999), when beyond building a democratic country and state, Croatia also tried to identify and manage the priorities of its independent foreign policy. The next phase is mainly characterised by the development and deepening of relations between the EU and Croatia from the death of the president on, when the substantial investigations started between Croatia and the European Union, and are still in progress.

As a motivational factor of action, political efficacy is an important predictor of political behaviour. The term was invented to capture the extent to which people feel that they can effectively participate in politics and shape political processes. Today, we have a comprehensive knowledge of the individual-level factors (socio-demographic variables, political preferences etc.) that shape the level of internal and external dimensions of political efficacy. However, while it is widely demonstrated that media consumption influences the level of political efficacy, the country-level media context factors affecting it have rarely been studied. This paper reports the findings of extensive research on how two crucial features of the media context, the political significance of the media and the level of political parallelism in the media system, shape the level of external and internal political efficacy. The investigation draws upon the dataset of the seventh round (2014 – 2015) of the European Social Survey (ESS) and includes more than twenty-two thousand respondents from nineteen European democracies. The research hypothesizes that in countries where the media play a more important role, people have lower levels of external and higher levels of internal political efficacy. Political parallelism, which shows the extent to which media outlets are driven by distinct political orientations and interests within a particular media system, is expected to directly increase both external and internal political efficacy. Its indirect effect is also hypothesized, arguing that partisan media amplifies the winner-loser gap in political efficacy as a kind of "echo chamber". The findings show that in countries where the media play a major role in shaping political discourse, people have lower levels of external political efficacy, while the political parallelism of the media system indirectly affects the external dimensions of political efficacy. Internal political efficacy is, however, not related to these context-level factors.

Due to technological developments in recent years and decades, an increasing number of e-mails and other electronic messages have appeared among the means of evidence submitted during labour lawsuit proceedings, which in the vast majority of cases are accepted and evaluated by the courts without question. However, most people (including the judges) are unlikely to be aware that there is a high chance that these documents are in themselves constituting infringing evidence from both a procedural and a data protection point of view. The study seeks to answer the question of whether, nevertheles there is a way to legally take these documents into account in litigation.

Following the 1948 Bucarest resolution of the COMINFORM, better known as Information Office (TI) the situation between Yugoslavia and the neighbouring peoples" democracies dramatically worsened. However secret data collection and network organisation between the opposing parties started much earlier. Tito was in an advantageous position concerning intelligence because in the framework of the Allied Control Commission he had a military mission working in Hungary. The representatives of the mission had fruitful relationship with important Hungarian political and military personalities. After the acceptance of the Soviet dictate mapping the foreign relationships, internal situation, industrial capacity, stocks of raw materials, and military preparedness of the country led by Tito the "main evil", the "dog of the imperialists" had an important place in the activities of the secret services of the peace camp.

In 1839 after Abdülmecit Sultan coming to the throne advertised a reformative adumbration composed a necssety of expansive political and socio changes (Tanzimat Fermani). The "Islahat Fermani" issued at the beginning of 1856 enforced the right assurance of the non islamic peoples lived int he Empire or enlarged their right. At the second half of the 19th century the statesmen were in Western Europe and the students learning in european schooles had have new acquaitances expedited further all comprehensive reforms, included the initiation of european type education. They were full of trust to build up social sistem will be acceptable for Europe. Than Turkey would have not been at european's mercy nor enemy, foreign int he sight of Western Europe. What the education had been they wanted to change and how that processes were going on, what results and failers happened during that reforms trys to expose this essay.

The aim of this article is to discuss the main benefits of and problems with the creation of the EU single market and to indicate the main activities to eliminate the still existing barriers. The EU single market is the greatest success of European integration. It enables afree movement of people, goods, services and capital; for consumers, this means agreater choice in goods and services as well as lower prices. The EU single market also poses an opportunity for employees and businesses as administrative burdens involved in trans-border activity are decreased. However, in reality, there are a number of barriers hindering the smooth functioning of the single market. For the futurę of the EU single market, it is key to remove these barriers; therefore, it is with this purpose above all that the EU initiatives and activities for the market growth are undertaken. In addition, there are appearing new challenges connected with globalization, technological progress, the growing importance of services, the increase in unemployment in certain countries, and climate and the environment protection.

To solve ecological problems the contribution of international organizations, national governments, civil organizations, companies,academic researchers, and individuals is required. The unsustainable buyer, consumer and user patterns have to be changed.Fortunately, nowadays there are more and more efforts on the part of consumers, according to the results of consumer researches ecologicalconsciousness of consumers is ascendant over the world. The ecologically conscious consumer segment persistently rises, andthis segment can be featured accurately not by demographic, but by psychographic variables. Individuals have several opportunitiesto lower own environment use, one form of it is proenvironmental purchasing behaviour (Buy eco-labelled products, organic food orenergy-efficient household appliances, refuse animal tested cosmetics, disposable products and plastic bags, etc.). According to ourresearch, the Hungarian population have positive general environmental attitudes and can be divided into five clusters: Neglectfultownspeople, Environment sensitive people, Distance-keeping inquirers, Doubters, and Responsibility-taking countrymen. Hungarianpeople are not environmentally conscious in their purchases. In demographics gender, age and education have a weak or possibly amedium, property status and residence has a strong, significant influence. Positive attitudes increase while negative attitudes decreasethe possibilities of such activities. ; To solve ecological problems the contribution of international organizations, national governments, civil organizations, companies,academic researchers, and individuals is required. The unsustainable buyer, consumer and user patterns have to be changed.Fortunately, nowadays there are more and more efforts on the part of consumers, according to the results of consumer researches ecologicalconsciousness of consumers is ascendant over the world. The ecologically conscious consumer segment persistently rises, andthis segment can be featured accurately not by demographic, but by psychographic variables. Individuals have several opportunitiesto lower own environment use, one form of it is proenvironmental purchasing behaviour (Buy eco-labelled products, organic food orenergy-efficient household appliances, refuse animal tested cosmetics, disposable products and plastic bags, etc.). According to ourresearch, the Hungarian population have positive general environmental attitudes and can be divided into five clusters: Neglectfultownspeople, Environment sensitive people, Distance-keeping inquirers, Doubters, and Responsibility-taking countrymen. Hungarianpeople are not environmentally conscious in their purchases. In demographics gender, age and education have a weak or possibly amedium, property status and residence has a strong, significant influence. Positive attitudes increase while negative attitudes decreasethe possibilities of such activities.

On 9 May 2002, eight people were killed in a bank robbery in Erste Bank's branch in Mór. The serious crime has put tremendous pressure on the public to find the perpetrators as soon as possible. About a month and a half after the crime had been committed, Ede Kaiser and László Hajdú were arrested on 24 July 2002 – they were reasonably suspected of committing the bank robbery, according to the police. Based on the evidence gathered, they were charged in December 2003 and convicted a year later. In 2007, however, new evidence emerged, the weapons used in the crime were found and led to the real perpetrators. The innocent convict was acquitted in November 2009 in a retrial. The study shows what factors may have led to the wrong judgment. Thus, it covers the dangers of hot pursuit and the benefits of raster investigation, which could have identified the real perpetrators much sooner.