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"Program and resources in the federal government." ; Mode of access: Internet.

Bowel dysfunction not only causes considerable hardship for many older people and their carers, it is also financially costly to the health service and to the individuals affected. Despite the prevalence of constipation and faecal incontinence amongst, for example, older people in institutionalised settings, both conditions are often iatrogenic and entirely preventable. One reason why these conditions are generally not well managed is that the research base is poor: there are few robust data because of methodological weaknesses in existing studies, so clinicians and care staff are left to rely on anecdote and personal experience. Secondly, the costs to the NHS involved in providing proper bowel care for the elderly would be considerable, although recent government documents have set out a specific commitment to improve standards of care in this area. In order to address some of these issues, the College has recently published a book which gathers together and assesses research on faecal incontinence and constipation, and provides informed guidance on current best practice. The contents of the publication, including comments from older people suffering from bowel dysfunction, are outlined in this article.

Quantitative historical analysis in the United States surged in three distinct waves. The first quantitative wave occurred as part of the "New History" that blossomed in the early twentieth century and disappeared in the 1940s and 1950s with the rise of consensus history. The second wave thrived from the 1960s to the 1980s during the ascendance of the New Economic History, the New Political History, and the New Social History, and died out during the "cultural turn" of the late twentieth century. The third wave of historical quantification—which I call the revival of quantification—emerged in the second decade of the 21(st) century and is still underway. I describe characteristics of each wave and discuss the historiographical context of the ebb and flow of quantification in history.

W literaturze przedmiotu określenie "kapitał" występuje zarówno w ujęciach funkcjonalnych, strukturalnych, normatywnych, jak i aksjologicznych. W naukach humanistycznych i społecznych pojęcie to rozumiane jest jako wartość odnoszona do czynnika ludzkiego. W naukach ekonomicznych kapitał to pojęcie węższe niż "zasób". Zasoby (np. surowce, materiały, ziemia, praca) są wykorzystywane przez ludzi do zaspokajania ich potrzeb, są czynnikami produkcji dóbr i usług (Rekowski, 2002, s. 12-13). Kapitał to szczególny czynnik produkcji, gdyż stanowi już przekształcone zasoby (np. kapitał rzeczowy/fizyczny, ludzki, finansowy), które mogą zostać uruchomione, by przynieść zysk, powiększyć szanse oraz osiągnąć cele i korzyści na rynku (w ujęciu socjologicznym są to różne sfery życia społecznego, nie tylko obszary wymiany dóbr i usług).

In Japan, people have long recognized the importance of financial literacy. Simultaneously, the Government has been actively promoting career education for young people on a nationwide basis. The purpose of career education is to teach young people the value of work and to enable them to independently choose a future occupation. The curriculum also includes many areas that enlighten them in monetary matters. Nevertheless, the fact of the matter is that the general public does not have an adequate understanding of the interrelationship between these two educational policies. Therefore, this paper examines the directions in which both of these policies are heading and explores an optimal format for both in the education of Japan"s youth

Background: the number of childless older people is increasing in China but relatively little is known about the role of childlessness in health outcomes. This study investigates the relationship between childlessness and three health outcomes: difficulty with instrumental activities of daily living scale (IADLs), self-rated health and depression. Methods: this study includes 13,171 individuals aged 50 and above from national survey data of the second wave of the China Family Panel Study (2012). Binary/multinomial logistic and ordinary least squares regression models are presented. Results: childless individuals whose children have all died exhibit worse health outcomes than individuals with children, but this effect is mediated by demographic characteristics, socio-economic status and social security. While, individuals who are childless due to other reasons (involuntary or voluntary) are less likely to report difficulty with instrumental activities of daily living scale (IADLs) and to report depression than older people with all children alive after controlling for demographic and socio-economic and social security factors. Conclusions: the death of a child has an adverse effect on people's health for both childless people whose children have all died and those who have lost a child but have other children alive. These two groups are in the most vulnerable position which could also suggest that their children have died because they grew up in a vulnerable family. The government needs to improve the social security for these two groups and provide social services (particularly mental health services) to older people who lost a child; these could contribute to mediating some of the adverse effects of the death of a child.

List of over 200 national organizations that offer "health information, legal aid, self-help programs, educational opportunities, social services, consumer advice, or other assistance." Intended for professional personnel and others with an interest in the field of aging. Covers government agencies, professional societies, voluntary programs, and private groups. Recommendations and endorsements are not implied. Arranged alphabetically by organizations. Each entry gives mission, services, and publications. Index. ; "March 1996." ; Not distributed to depository libraries in a physical form. ; List of over 200 national organizations that offer "health information, legal aid, self-help programs, educational opportunities, social services, consumer advice, or other assistance." Intended for professional personnel and others with an interest in the field of aging. Covers government agencies, professional societies, voluntary programs, and private groups. Recommendations and endorsements are not implied. Arranged alphabetically by organizations. Each entry gives mission, services, and publications. Index. ; Mode of access: Internet.

"January 1989." ; Shipping list no.: 90-530-P. ; Includes bibliographical references and index. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Introduction: There are several conceptualizations regarding the quality of life and what it means for individuals. This thesis takes a specific approach to examine the quality of life by examining the work of Maslow (1961), and Doyal, and Gough (1991), basic human needs. Doyal's and Gough's (1991) work operationalized through CASP-19 (Control, Autonomy, Self-realization, and Pleasure), a well-established and theoretically derived instrument to assess the quality of life in older adults in Karachi, Pakistan. Method: The cross-cultural survey was conducted to assess the quality of life of 50+ older adults in Karachi, Pakistan. Nearly 100 participants from each low, middle, and high-income areas were selected using cluster sampling. The rigorous method was used for cross-cultural adaptation of CASP 19 in Pakistani population, which included (translated from English to Urdu, back translation, pre-test the Urdu version). Results: The pilot-testing explored the language, cultural and conceptual similarities of the tool to the original version. Both focus groups confirmed that CASP-19 has conceptual relevance to Pakistani culture. However confirmatory analysis results show that CASP13 had a good model fit to use in Karachi, Pakistan. The regression analysis was used to model the association between the various predictors of quality of life, for example, the socio-demographic variables show that age does not show any effect on the quality of life, whereas gender inequality decreases the quality of life. While financial constraints in later life decrease the quality of life in Karachi, Pakistan. Conclusion: This thesis indicates that after appropriate analysis, CASP13 is a valid and reliable tool to assess the quality of life of 50+ older adults in Karachi. Moreover, study's finding recommended the importance of developing policies at the state level within the government.

This publication is concerned with the interface between volunteerism and later life, with a special focus on the role that older adults can play in ensuring a better future for present and future generations. One of every four Maltese citizens is aged 60 and over, a state of affairs that will impact greatly on how local public policy is planned, coordinated and implemented. The ageing of Malta's population warrants that government and civil society alike ceases to perceive older adults as a homogenous category, characterised by frailty and dependency, and instead, look at the immense opportunities that arise if older cohorts are mobilised into a productive force. In addition to active participation in the labour market, another highly promising area of policy development in productive ageing is volunteering. Indeed, all societies are experienced by a significant increase of people's life- and healthexpectancies, so that a large percentage of older citizens enjoy some fifteen to twenty years of active retirement. ; peer-reviewed