Suchergebnisse

The literature examining small states as norm entrepreneurs focuses predominantly on Scandinavian countries. In contrast, Small Island Developing States (SIDS) and Small Vulnerable Economies (SVE) in the Africa, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) group of countries are largely excluded from this analysis of norm transmission: there is little work investigating whether these overlapping sub-categories of small states have successfully created norms in areas of interest to them, particularly in multilateral trade. Using the constructivist 'norm life cycle' model, this paper proposes four major reasons why SIDS, and SVEs specifically within the SIDS category, outside the Least Developed Country (LDC) group, have so far been unable to establish their eligibility for, and thereby establish adoption of, the norm that they become permanent recipients of special and differential treatment (SDT) and of preferences in global trade politics, despite significant norm entrepreneurship since the 1990s when non-reciprocal free trade lost favour. ; peer-reviewed

The renunciation of the Sugar Protocol between European Union (EU) and African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries in 2007 initiated a gradual reform process that will culminate into a reciprocal Duty Free Quota Free non-preferential access for all sugar producers in 2017. This paper analyzes how the reforms implemented this far have affected Malawi sugar exports. Since expansion of regional trade is seen as one of the adaptation measures for affected sugar industries. The study also analyzed the effect of regional integration areas. The results show that the EU sugar price reforms and elimination of country specific quotas had a positive influence of exports. Malawi being a low cost producer, it was not affected by falling prices and benefited to expanded access granted by a group safeguard. However, the production quotas for EU producers and high tariffs nonpreferred producers meant that Malawi was still shielded from competition that will prevail when the EU market is fully liberalized.

This study provides early ex-post empirical evidence on the effects of provisionally applied Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) on two-way trade flows between the European Union (EU) and the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States (ACP). Employing the gravity model of trade, we do not find a general EPA effect on total exports from ACP countries to the EU nor on total exports from the EU to ACP countries. We do, however, find heterogeneous effects when focusing on specific agreements and economic sectors. While the agreement between the EU and the Caribbean Forum (CARIFORUM), which concluded several years ahead of the other EPAs in 2008, if anything, reduced imports from the EU overall, the provisional application of the other EPAs seems to have at least partly led to increased imports from the EU to some partner countries. More specifically, the estimation results suggest an increase in the total imports from the EU only in the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) EPA partner countries. On the sectoral level, by comparison, we find increases in the EU's agricultural exports to SADC, Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA) and the Pacific. Lastly, in the area of manufactures trade, we find decreases of exports of the ESA and SADC countries to the EU, but increases in imports from the EU into SADC countries. While this early assessment of the EPA effects merits attention given the importance of monitoring future implications of these agreements, it is still too early for a final verdict on the EPAs' effects and future research is needed to investigate the mid- and long-term consequences of these agreements.

This study provides early ex-post empirical evidence on the effects of provisionally applied Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) on two-way trade flows between the European Union (EU) and the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States (ACP). Employing the gravity model of trade, we do not find a general EPA effect on total exports from ACP countries to the EU nor on total exports from the EU to ACP countries. We do, however, find heterogeneous effects when focusing on specific agreements and economic sectors. While the agreement between the EU and the Caribbean Forum (CARIFORUM), which concluded several years ahead of the other EPAs in 2008, if anything, reduced imports from the EU overall, the provisional application of the other EPAs seems to have at least partly led to increased imports from the EU to some partner countries. More specifically, the estimation results suggest an increase in the total imports from the EU only in the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) EPA partner countries. On the sectoral level, by comparison, we find increases in the EU's agricultural exports to SADC, Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA) and the Pacific. Lastly, in the area of manufactures trade, we find decreases of exports of the ESA and SADC countries to the EU, but increases in imports from the EU into SADC countries. While this early assessment of the EPA effects merits attention given the importance of monitoring future implications of these agreements, it is still too early for a final verdict on the EPAs' effects and future research is needed to investigate the mid- and long-term consequences of these agreements.

Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Cooperação Internacional ; Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) put an end to the preferential non-reciprocal commercial treatment from the European Union (EU) to African Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries, in force since 1975 and until December 2007 (the deadline for EPAs deals). Negotiations are being challenging as only a small number of countries have closed full EPAs with EU by now, on the grounds that EPAs are missing their development goal. This dissertation intends to analyse EPAs negotiation round, evaluate to which extend the agreements are delivering on their promise to be pro-development tools for ACP countries, and access ways in which this delivery can be fostered. ; Os Acordos de Parceira Económica (APEs) encerram um período alargado de tratamento comercial preferencial e não-recíproco da União Europeia (UE) aos países de África, Caraíbas e Pacífico (ACP), vigente entre 1975 e Dezembro 2007 (data final para conclusão dos APEs). O processo negocial tem-se revelado difícil e apenas um reduzido número de países concluiu APEs totais à data, invocando que os referidos acordos descuram os objectivos de desenvolvimento a que se haviam proposto. Assim sendo, esta dissertação propõe-se analisar os processos de negociação em curso, avaliar em que medida os APEs constituem instrumentos que visam o desenvolvimento dos países ACP, e encontrar formas de potenciar ou calibrar os APEs como efectivos instrumentos pro-desenvolvimento.

The cooperation between European Union and the African, Caribbean and the Pacific (ACP) countries did not allow the ACP countries to reach their development goals and the end of Cotonou agreements in 2020 is fast approaching. The aim of this thesis is to go beyond the analysis of European development programs to show the logics, processes, contradictions at play in the field of cooperation as well as the representations of the actors.This work falls within the framework of a political anthropology perspective in order to bring forth new elements for a better understanding of the cooperation between European Union and the ACP countries. ; La coopération entre l'Union européenne et les pays d'Afrique, des Caraïbes et du Pacifique (ACP) n'a pas permis aux Pays ACP d'atteindre leurs objectifs de développement et la fin des Accords de Cotonou prévue pour 2020 arrive à grand pas. Cette thèse s'est donné pour ambition d'aller au-delà de l'analyse des programmes européens de développement pour montrer les logiques, les processus, les contradictions en œuvre dans le champ de la coopération ainsi que les représentations des acteurs. Ce travail s'inscrit dans une perspective d'anthropologie politique pour apporter de nouveaux éléments à la compréhension de la coopération entre l'Union européenne et les pays ACP

The cooperation between European Union and the African, Caribbean and the Pacific (ACP) countries did not allow the ACP countries to reach their development goals and the end of Cotonou agreements in 2020 is fast approaching. The aim of this thesis is to go beyond the analysis of European development programs to show the logics, processes, contradictions at play in the field of cooperation as well as the representations of the actors.This work falls within the framework of a political anthropology perspective in order to bring forth new elements for a better understanding of the cooperation between European Union and the ACP countries. ; La coopération entre l'Union européenne et les pays d'Afrique, des Caraïbes et du Pacifique (ACP) n'a pas permis aux Pays ACP d'atteindre leurs objectifs de développement et la fin des Accords de Cotonou prévue pour 2020 arrive à grand pas. Cette thèse s'est donné pour ambition d'aller au-delà de l'analyse des programmes européens de développement pour montrer les logiques, les processus, les contradictions en œuvre dans le champ de la coopération ainsi que les représentations des acteurs. Ce travail s'inscrit dans une perspective d'anthropologie politique pour apporter de nouveaux éléments à la compréhension de la coopération entre l'Union européenne et les pays ACP

The cooperation between European Union and the African, Caribbean and the Pacific (ACP) countries did not allow the ACP countries to reach their development goals and the end of Cotonou agreements in 2020 is fast approaching. The aim of this thesis is to go beyond the analysis of European development programs to show the logics, processes, contradictions at play in the field of cooperation as well as the representations of the actors.This work falls within the framework of a political anthropology perspective in order to bring forth new elements for a better understanding of the cooperation between European Union and the ACP countries. ; La coopération entre l'Union européenne et les pays d'Afrique, des Caraïbes et du Pacifique (ACP) n'a pas permis aux Pays ACP d'atteindre leurs objectifs de développement et la fin des Accords de Cotonou prévue pour 2020 arrive à grand pas. Cette thèse s'est donné pour ambition d'aller au-delà de l'analyse des programmes européens de développement pour montrer les logiques, les processus, les contradictions en œuvre dans le champ de la coopération ainsi que les représentations des acteurs. Ce travail s'inscrit dans une perspective d'anthropologie politique pour apporter de nouveaux éléments à la compréhension de la coopération entre l'Union européenne et les pays ACP

This is an exploratory study of the European Union's (EU's) Fisheries Partnership Agreements (FPAs) with African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries. The agreements are criticized for not being able to implement in practice what they promise on paper. The overall objective of the FPAs is threefold: securing access for the EU fleet, supplying the Union's internal market and promoting sustainable development of the fisheries sector in the partner country. There is an internal conflict between these objectives and the latter remains the most challenging to implement. By conducting a governability assessment of the FPA between the EU and the Republic of Mozambique, this study explores the governance process of such agreements, while seeking to identify what components are limiting the governing system's ability to achieve the given objective. The assessment reveals that participation, availability of data, institutional organization and efficiency, political power and commitment are key elements. Governance interactions that can increase the ability to achieve the given objective are also suggested.

Access to the European union (EU) for fish products originated from the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States is fundamental as fish is globally one of the most important commodities exported by these States. The recent implementation of economic partnership agreements will not change the magnitude of the challenges that these countries have to face to comply with EU rules such as the new Rules of Origin or the Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures that are becoming more and more stringent. Value addition of fishery and aquaculture products seems to be the most promising way to both comply with EU standards and get an optimal return of sea and freshwater resources exploitation.

The Cotonou Partnership Agreement between the European Union (EU) and the Organisation of the African, Caribbean and Pacific States (OACPS) countries, the legal and financial framework that supported the Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), was due to end on 28 February 2020. As a consequence, CTA was also set to close. An orderly closure of the Centre was agreed by the OACPS-EU authorities, with the process to run from March to December 2020. As the negotiations on the future agreement between the OACPS and EU were delayed, the parties agreed on transitional measures to extend the application of the Cotonou Agreement first until December 2020 and later until November 2021. Although the process of closing CTA continued into 2021, the work described in this report was carried out between March and December 2020. Established in 1983, CTA actively supported agricultural transformation in African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries for over 35 years, with wide ranging results and uptake of innovative practices in nearly 80 countries. Over the years, CTA adapted its approaches from its original role as a knowledge broker to driving wider investments, promoting innovation exchange on technologies, digital solutions, business models and relationships that have been critical to the sustainable transformation of ACP agriculture and the improvement of food and nutrition security. These decades of investments have yielded impressive results, a strong reputation and a rich intellectual property legacy, most of which is extremely useful to ACP agriculture and the development sector. Although CTA as an institute will cease to exist, the Centre has made every effort to ensure that its rich portfolio of valuable intellectual assets remain global public goods and continue to be available publicly to those that can benefit from them. As part of the orderly closure process, the Centre's management instituted a process to take stock of its intellectual legacy assets and plan for their responsible transfer, retention or disposal, in close consultation with EU and ACP stakeholders. This included a comprehensive plan for handling these assets, which was approved by the EU and CTA's Executive Board. ; European Union ; Internal Review

The Permanent Mission of the African Union in Brussels. (2011-04). Conference on the Role of the European External Action Service (EEAS) in the implimentation of the Joint Africa-EU Strategy (JAES) held on Tuesday 19 April 2011, in the Metropole Hotel, 31 Place de Brouckere 1000, Brussels.

The main purpose of te economic partnership agreement (EPA) is to make the commercial settlements between states or groupe of states cumply with the clauses of the World Trade Organization (WTO) namely the introduction of the principle of the reciprocity in the commercial relations between the European Union (EU)and the African, Caribbean and Pacifique states (ACP).The signing of the economic partnership agreement by some ACP countries,still currently sparks of critisims upon the consequences deriving from the revocation of trade preferences, of wich numerous countries are dependent on. ; L'objectif principal de l'Accord de partenariat économique (APE) est la mise en conformité des arrangements commerciaux entre les États ou groupes d'États avec les dispositions de l'Organisation Mondiale de Commerce (OMC)notamment l'introduction de la réciprocité dans les relations commerciales entre l'Union européenne (UE) et les pays d'Afrique, des Caraïbes et du Pacifique (ACP).La signature de l'Accord de partenariat économique par certains pays ACP, suscite encore à l'heure actuelle des critiques sur les effets de la suppression des préférences commerciales dont dépendent de nombreux pays ACP.

The main purpose of te economic partnership agreement (EPA) is to make the commercial settlements between states or groupe of states cumply with the clauses of the World Trade Organization (WTO) namely the introduction of the principle of the reciprocity in the commercial relations between the European Union (EU)and the African, Caribbean and Pacifique states (ACP).The signing of the economic partnership agreement by some ACP countries,still currently sparks of critisims upon the consequences deriving from the revocation of trade preferences, of wich numerous countries are dependent on. ; L'objectif principal de l'Accord de partenariat économique (APE) est la mise en conformité des arrangements commerciaux entre les États ou groupes d'États avec les dispositions de l'Organisation Mondiale de Commerce (OMC)notamment l'introduction de la réciprocité dans les relations commerciales entre l'Union européenne (UE) et les pays d'Afrique, des Caraïbes et du Pacifique (ACP).La signature de l'Accord de partenariat économique par certains pays ACP, suscite encore à l'heure actuelle des critiques sur les effets de la suppression des préférences commerciales dont dépendent de nombreux pays ACP.

The European Commission has been negotiating Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) with Regional Economic Communities of African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States since 2002. The outcomes have been mixed. The negotiations with the Caribbean Forum (CARIFORUM) concluded rather more quickly than was initially envisaged, whereas negotiations with West African Economic Community (ECOWAS) and the remaining ACP regions have been dragging on for several years. This research consequently addresses the key question of what accounts for the variations in the EPA negotiation outcomes, making use of a comparative research approach. It evaluates the explanatory power of three research variables in accounting for the variation in the EPA negotiations outcomes – namely, Best Alternative to the Negotiated Agreement (BATNA); negotiation strategies; and the issues linkage approach – which are deduced from negotiation theory. Principally, the study finds that, the outcomes of the EPA negotiations predominantly depended on the presence or otherwise of a "Best Alternative" to the proposed EPA; that is then complemented by the negotiation strategies pursued by the parties, and the joint application of issues linkage mechanism which facilitated a sense of mutual benefit from the agreements.