Suchergebnisse

Мета. Проаналізувати сучасний стан поліпшення сільськогосподарських культур за допомогою CRISPR/Cas-техно­логії генетичної модифікації геномів. Результати. Наведено історію розвитку технологій редагування генома із сайт-специфічними ендонуклеазами. Проаналізовано сучасний стан створення сортів рослин за допомогою цих технологій. Показано, що технологія редагування генів CRISPR/Cas уже адаптована для 20 видів сільськогосподарських культур для більш ніж 150 генів, пов'язаних із важливими ознаками. Практичне впровадження цієї технології представлено на прикладі рису, для якого спос­терігається найбільший прогрес у дослідженнях та використанні CRISPR/Cas-технології: модифіковано найбільшу кількість генів – 78; отримано понад 20 сортів. Редаговано гени рису, що пов'язані з такими ознаками, як розмір зерна, озерненість, висота рослини, чоловіча стерильність, накопичення цезію, толерантність до абіотичних та біотичних стресів, стійкість до гербіцидів. Підкреслено можливість мультиплексного редагування потенційно необмеженої кількості генів. Обговорено ситуацію щодо регулювання рослин, створених за технологією редагування генома: за рішенням суду Європейського Союзу (ЄС) на продукцію, отриману за допомогою методик редагування геномів, зокрема сорти рослин, поширюються всі нормативні правила та обмеження ЄС на вирощування і продаж, що й на ГМО, тоді як Міністерство сільського господарства США визначило, що такі рослини, крім рослин-паразитів, не регулюються як ГМО. Надано інформацію про заяву, схвалену провідними вченими, які представляють понад 90 європейських дослідницьких центрів та інститутів з досліджень рослин та біологічних наук, у підтримку технології редагування геномів. Висновки. Серед технологій редагування генома CRISPR/Cas-технологія є одним із найпотужніших підходів, який став дуже швидко застосовуватися в селекції рослин завдяки таким перевагам над іншими методами як висока точність і якість, ефективність та технічна гнучкість, відносно низька вартість. Цей дос­тупний метод дає змогу отримувати нетрансгенні рослини із заданими модифікаціями, причому можна одночасно «виробляти» мутації в кількох мішенях. ; Purpose. To analyze the current state of crop improvement using CRISPR/Cas technology of genome modifications. Results. The history of the development of genome editing technologies with site-specific endonucleases is presented. The current state of plant varieties creation using these technologies was analyzed. It was shown that CRISPR/Cas technology of gene editing has already been adapted for 20 species of crops, for more than 150 genes associated with important traits. The practical implementation of this technology was presented on the example of rice, for which the greatest progress in the research and use of CRISPR/Cas technology was observed: the largest number of genes has been modified – 78; more than 20 varieties were obtained. Edited rice genes associated with such traits as grain size, grain number, plant height, male sterility, cesium accumulation, tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses, and resistance to herbicides. The possibility of multiplex editing of a potentially unlimited number of genes was underlined. The situation on the regulation of plants created by genome editing technology was discussed: according to the decision of the European Union (EU) court, all EU regulations and restrictions on the cultivation and sale of products, in particular plant varieties, obtained using genome editing techniques are applied as well as to GMOs, while according to the USDA such plants, except parasitic plants, are not regulated as GMOs. Information on the statement, approved by leading scientists representing more than 90 European research centers and institutes for the study of plants and biological sciences was provided in support of genome editing technology. Conclusions. Among the genome editing technologies, CRISPR/Cas technology is one of the most powerful approaches, which has become extensively used in plant breeding due to such advantages as high accuracy and quality, efficiency and technical flexibility, relatively low cost compared to other methods. This available method allows obtaining non-transgenic plants with specified modifications, and it is possible to simultaneously "produce" mutations in several targets. ; Цель. Проанализировать современное состояние улучшения сельскохозяйственных культур с помощью CRISPR/Cas-технологии генетической модификации геномов. Результаты. Представлена история развития технологий изменения генома с сайт-специфическими эндонуклеазами. Проанализировано современное сос­тояние создания генноредактированных растений. Показано, что технология изменения генов CRISPR/Cas уже адаптирована для 20 видов сельскохозяйственных культур для более 150 генов различных признаков. Практическое внедрение этой технологии дано на примере риса, для которого наблюдается наибольший прогресс в исследованиях и использовании CRISPR/Cas-технологии: модифицировано наибольшее число генов – 78; получено более 20 генноредактированных сортов. Отредактировано гены риса, связанные с такими признаками, как размер зерна, озерненность, высота растения, мужская стерильность, накопление цезия, толерантность к абиотическим и биотическим стрессам, устойчивость к гербицидам. Подчеркнута возможность мультиплексного редактирования потенциально неограниченного числа генов. Представлена информация по регулированию растений, созданных по технологии редактирования генома: по решению суда Европейского Союза (ЕС) на продукцию, полученную с помощью методик редактирования геномов, в частности сорта растений, распространяются все нормативные правила и ограничения ЕС на выращивание и продажу, что и на ГМО, тогда как решением Министерства сельского хозяйства США такие растения, кроме растений-паразитов, не регулируются как ГМО. Приведена информация о заявлении, подписанном ведущими учеными, представляющими более 90 европейских исследовательских центров и институтов по исследованиям растений и биологических наук, в поддержку технологии редактирования геномов. Выводы. Среди технологий редактирования генома CRISPR/Cas-технология является одним из самых мощных подходов, который стал очень быстро применяться в селекции растений благодаря таким преимуществам перед другими методами, как высокая точность и качество, эффективность и техническая гибкость, относительно низкая стоимость. Этот доступный метод позволяет получать нетрансгенные растения с заданными модификациями, причем можно одновременно «производить» мутации в нескольких мишенях.

Мета. Проаналізувати сучасний стан поліпшення сільськогосподарських культур за допомогою CRISPR/Cas-техно­логії генетичної модифікації геномів. Результати. Наведено історію розвитку технологій редагування генома із сайт-специфічними ендонуклеазами. Проаналізовано сучасний стан створення сортів рослин за допомогою цих технологій. Показано, що технологія редагування генів CRISPR/Cas уже адаптована для 20 видів сільськогосподарських культур для більш ніж 150 генів, пов'язаних із важливими ознаками. Практичне впровадження цієї технології представлено на прикладі рису, для якого спос­терігається найбільший прогрес у дослідженнях та використанні CRISPR/Cas-технології: модифіковано найбільшу кількість генів – 78; отримано понад 20 сортів. Редаговано гени рису, що пов'язані з такими ознаками, як розмір зерна, озерненість, висота рослини, чоловіча стерильність, накопичення цезію, толерантність до абіотичних та біотичних стресів, стійкість до гербіцидів. Підкреслено можливість мультиплексного редагування потенційно необмеженої кількості генів. Обговорено ситуацію щодо регулювання рослин, створених за технологією редагування генома: за рішенням суду Європейського Союзу (ЄС) на продукцію, отриману за допомогою методик редагування геномів, зокрема сорти рослин, поширюються всі нормативні правила та обмеження ЄС на вирощування і продаж, що й на ГМО, тоді як Міністерство сільського господарства США визначило, що такі рослини, крім рослин-паразитів, не регулюються як ГМО. Надано інформацію про заяву, схвалену провідними вченими, які представляють понад 90 європейських дослідницьких центрів та інститутів з досліджень рослин та біологічних наук, у підтримку технології редагування геномів. Висновки. Серед технологій редагування генома CRISPR/Cas-технологія є одним із найпотужніших підходів, який став дуже швидко застосовуватися в селекції рослин завдяки таким перевагам над іншими методами як висока точність і якість, ефективність та технічна гнучкість, відносно низька вартість. Цей дос­тупний метод дає змогу отримувати нетрансгенні рослини із заданими модифікаціями, причому можна одночасно «виробляти» мутації в кількох мішенях. ; Purpose. To analyze the current state of crop improvement using CRISPR/Cas technology of genome modifications. Results. The history of the development of genome editing technologies with site-specific endonucleases is presented. The current state of plant varieties creation using these technologies was analyzed. It was shown that CRISPR/Cas technology of gene editing has already been adapted for 20 species of crops, for more than 150 genes associated with important traits. The practical implementation of this technology was presented on the example of rice, for which the greatest progress in the research and use of CRISPR/Cas technology was observed: the largest number of genes has been modified – 78; more than 20 varieties were obtained. Edited rice genes associated with such traits as grain size, grain number, plant height, male sterility, cesium accumulation, tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses, and resistance to herbicides. The possibility of multiplex editing of a potentially unlimited number of genes was underlined. The situation on the regulation of plants created by genome editing technology was discussed: according to the decision of the European Union (EU) court, all EU regulations and restrictions on the cultivation and sale of products, in particular plant varieties, obtained using genome editing techniques are applied as well as to GMOs, while according to the USDA such plants, except parasitic plants, are not regulated as GMOs. Information on the statement, approved by leading scientists representing more than 90 European research centers and institutes for the study of plants and biological sciences was provided in support of genome editing technology. Conclusions. Among the genome editing technologies, CRISPR/Cas technology is one of the most powerful approaches, which has become extensively used in plant breeding due to such advantages as high accuracy and quality, efficiency and technical flexibility, relatively low cost compared to other methods. This available method allows obtaining non-transgenic plants with specified modifications, and it is possible to simultaneously "produce" mutations in several targets. ; Цель. Проанализировать современное состояние улучшения сельскохозяйственных культур с помощью CRISPR/Cas-технологии генетической модификации геномов. Результаты. Представлена история развития технологий изменения генома с сайт-специфическими эндонуклеазами. Проанализировано современное сос­тояние создания генноредактированных растений. Показано, что технология изменения генов CRISPR/Cas уже адаптирована для 20 видов сельскохозяйственных культур для более 150 генов различных признаков. Практическое внедрение этой технологии дано на примере риса, для которого наблюдается наибольший прогресс в исследованиях и использовании CRISPR/Cas-технологии: модифицировано наибольшее число генов – 78; получено более 20 генноредактированных сортов. Отредактировано гены риса, связанные с такими признаками, как размер зерна, озерненность, высота растения, мужская стерильность, накопление цезия, толерантность к абиотическим и биотическим стрессам, устойчивость к гербицидам. Подчеркнута возможность мультиплексного редактирования потенциально неограниченного числа генов. Представлена информация по регулированию растений, созданных по технологии редактирования генома: по решению суда Европейского Союза (ЕС) на продукцию, полученную с помощью методик редактирования геномов, в частности сорта растений, распространяются все нормативные правила и ограничения ЕС на выращивание и продажу, что и на ГМО, тогда как решением Министерства сельского хозяйства США такие растения, кроме растений-паразитов, не регулируются как ГМО. Приведена информация о заявлении, подписанном ведущими учеными, представляющими более 90 европейских исследовательских центров и институтов по исследованиям растений и биологических наук, в поддержку технологии редактирования геномов. Выводы. Среди технологий редактирования генома CRISPR/Cas-технология является одним из самых мощных подходов, который стал очень быстро применяться в селекции растений благодаря таким преимуществам перед другими методами, как высокая точность и качество, эффективность и техническая гибкость, относительно низкая стоимость. Этот доступный метод позволяет получать нетрансгенные растения с заданными модификациями, причем можно одновременно «производить» мутации в нескольких мишенях.

The subject of the article is the process of making an economic decision. The stages of the history of economic-psychological researches – economic psychology, behavioral economy, psychology of economic behavior are distinguished. The contribution to the study of the psychological factors of the economic behavior of the winners of the Nobel Prize in Economics is shown. The theory of rational expectations of John von Neumann and O. Morgerstern Is characterized, particular attention is paid to the prospect theory of D. Kaneman and A. Tversky. The latter is presented in the form of heuristic decision making – representativeness, availability, adjustment, and anchoring, in addition, with the distinction of rational and irrational moments of this process. It is stated that the corresponding model of decision making does not take into account and that behind the economic-psychological lies in the actual psychological logic that a person makes decisions based on his own strategy, coping. The concept of decision making is substantially incomplete. Opportunity of the possibility of specification of the prospect theory of by the Case Study method – the analysis of a particular case of economic behavior opens. The Melbourne decision making questionnaire applies, the factors of this process – vigilance, back-passing, procrastination, and hypervigilance are manifest. The investigator is given the instruction to make an expanded comment on every statement, to explain own argumentation, as well as the obtained result. The rational and irrational components of its solution and features of coping are analyzed. It is determined that vigilance is the dominant factor, it turns out to be the most productive way of decision making. A model of coping of decision making, which specifies the theory of the prospects of D. Kaneman and A. Tversky and expands the limits of its application in the field of psychology of human economic behavior, is constructed.

The article deals with the questions of the psychologist's activity regarding assistance to the person in crisis. The basics of the theory of crisis intervention are outlined, the concept of crisis is operationalized and criteria for distinguishing between the concepts of micro trauma and micro trauma are introduced. The conceptual apparatus of the approach is developed in detail and the necessity of its unified understanding by practical psychologists is substantiated. The purpose of the article is to analyze the process of crisis intervention in the activity of the psychological service (psychologist), which takes measures to resolve the traumatic situation and reduce its impact on human life. An important factor in crisis intervention is the psychologist's understanding of the nature of the crisis, the severity and mechanisms of its experience. An important place is given to the stages of personal response, which determines the strategy and directions of professional intervention. Analyzing the process of crisis intervention in the activities of a psychologist (psychological service) identified important tasks that should be implemented: 1) the removal of symptoms; 2) recovery to crisis level of functioning; 3) awareness of those events that lead to an imbalance; 4) identify the internal resources of the client and family in various forms of crisis management assistance. The theoretical and practical recommendations given are outlined by the use of the voyage method, based on the real case of a crisis situation, which led to psychological trauma in participants and witnesses. As the above case is related to a terrorist act, the article also provides theoretical and methodological information regarding the specificity of the work of a psychologist with the concept of terrorism and the peculiarities of its impact on participants and witnesses of such acts. Based on the results of the case study, the author formulated practical recommendations for practicing psychologists on what to consider when dealing with an injury, especially if it was caused by an act of terrorism. The article concludes with the need to take into account the emotional reactions of a person to a crisis and the long-term changes in their ability to withstand daily problems. Crucial in dealing with clients is given to the psychological conditions that are discussed in detail in the article.

This article reveals the particularities of proof in cases of discrimination in the field of labour. On the basis of the analyzed special literature, legislation in force, international labour standards and positive legislative experience of foreign countries, specific proposals and recommendations on the improvement of proof mechanisms are made. Special attention is paid to the shift of the burden of proof and the formation of the "presumption of discrimination" concept, saying that in certain cases, when there is evidence prima facie justifying the allegations, the burden of proving the absence of
discrimination can be shifted to the employer. It is determined that in order to recognize the fact of discrimination, it is first necessary to establish two circumstances. First, there is the difference in attitude towards employees. Second, this distinction must be based on prohibited features. The case law of the European Court of Human Rights on discrimination in the field of labor is analyzed and the main positions of the court on establishing the fact of discrimination are highlighted. Types of evidence in cases of discrimination in the field of labor are considered. In cases of discrimination, written evi-
dence, testimony of witnesses, physical evidence, expert opinions, etc. are used. The list of admissible types of evidence may vary from country to country. To solve this problem, it is proposed to expand the range of admissible types of evidence (testing, statistics, audio and video recordings, questionnaires). Requirements for the conditions of admissibility of evidence in cases of discrimination in the field of labor are proposed. Special attention is paid to the position of the European Court of Justice. The article also describes the national mechanism for proving discrimination in the field of labor. It
is also proposed to amend national legislation to improve the mechanism for proving discrimination.

The article addresses Ukrainian legislation that governs hearing economic cases with a foreign element. Relevant statutes in the realm have been analyzed. The algorithm for determining the applicable legislation is investigated. The main drawbacks of the laws in force are spotlighted and the ways for further improvement are envisaged. The author identifies the main risks business entities can encounter when a case involving foreign element is litigated. The grounds for consideration by commercial courts of Ukraine of cases with a foreign element are investigated. The author notices that the case law on these issues is inconsistent. Among the vexed questions related to the category of economic cases at hand, the following deserve special attention: determination of jurisdiction of the case; determination of the applicable law; features of proof; recognition and enforcement of court decisions abroad. The author concludes that the choice of a foreign court or law should be conscious and clearly motivated, as this is very important for judicial protection. The attention is focused on the complicated interaction between international and national law when economic dispute involving foreign element is considered by the court. The modern tendencies of judicial practice in this sphere are discovered. The typical procedural errors of the parties to a dispute are summarized and the problems of law enforcement are covered. The author analyses effective legal methods for considering a dispute on the basis of Ukraine legislation. The article contains recommendations for courts on learning the content and interpretation of foreign law for the purpose of its application in cases involving foreign element. The application of the institute of contractual jurisdiction in commercial cases with a foreign element is investigated. The author provides practical recommendations to business entities in order to effectively protect their rights in court. The author concluded that litigants should take an active part in the process of ...

"Cosmopolitan Spaces in Odesa: A Case Study of an Urban Context is the first book to explore Odesa's cosmopolitan spaces in an urban context from the nineteenth to twenty-first centuries. Leading scholars shed new light on encounters between Jewish, Ukrainian, and Russian cultures. They debate different understandings of cosmopolitanism as they are reflected in Odesa's rich multilingual culture, ranging from intellectual history and education to music, opera, and literature. The issues of language and interethnic tensions, imperialist repression, and language choice are still with us today. Moreover, the book affords a historical view of what lay behind the Odesa myth, as well as insights into the Jewish and Ukrainian cultural revivals of the early twentieth century"--

The article analyzes the content of the concept of a case of insignificant complexity (insignificant case) in the administrative proceedings of Ukraine. An attempt is made to define the essence of the concept of minor case in the sense of the Code of Administrative Procedure of Ukraine, as well as to clarify the place of minor cases among all categories of cases considered in administrative proceedings. Attention is drawn to the fact that paragraph 20, part 1 of Article 4 of the Code of Administrative Procedure of Ukraine is the only rule where the term minor case is used. Further, Code of Administrative Procedure of Ukraine uses the terms case of insignificant complexity, simplified litigation, other cases for which the priority is to resolve the case quickly. According to the current legislation, the cassation review of minor cases is not provided, but the Supreme Court may accept a minor case for consideration in the following conditions: if the cassation appeal concerns an issue that is fundamental for the formation of a single law enforcement practice; if the person filing the cassation appeal is deprived of the opportunity to refute the circumstances established by the appealed court decision when considering another case; if the case is of significant public interest or is of exceptional importance for the party to the case who files a cassation appeal or the court of first instance classified the case as insignificant. Peculiarities of realization of the right to appellate and cassation appeal of insignificant cases in administrative proceedings of Ukraine in the light of innovations of the legislation of Ukraine, domestic judicial practice and practice of the European Court of Human Rights are considered. A systematic analysis of the provisions of the article gives grounds for the following conclusions: the court has the right to classify the case as insignificant according to the results of assessing the nature of the disputed legal relationship, the subject of proof, the composition of participants and other circumstances, except as provided in part four of Art. 12 Code of Administrative Procedure of Ukraine; it is not necessary for the court of first instance to recognize the case as insignificant in order to apply the cassation filter. It is sufficient that it fall under the signs of insignificance established by law; the introduction of cassation filters complies with the principle of legal certainty, the need for which the European Court of Human Rights points out in its decisions. ; У статті здійснено аналіз змісту поняття справа незначної складності (малозначна справа) в адміністративному судочинстві України. Зроблена спроба визначити сутність поняття «малозначна справа» в розумінні Кодексу адміністративного судочинства України, а також з'ясувати місце малозначних справ серед усіх категорій справ, що розглядаються в порядку адміністративного судочинства. Звертається увага на те, що п. 20 ч. 1 ст. 4 КАС є єдиною нормою, де використовується термін «малозначна справа». Далі КАС використовує поняття «справа незначної складності», «спрощене позовне провадження», «інші справи, для яких пріоритетним є швидке вирішення справи» тощо. Відповідно до чинного законодавства касаційний перегляд малозначних справ не передбачено. Однак Верховний суд може прийняти малозначну справу до розгляду за наявності таких умов: якщо касаційна скарга стосується питання, яке має фундаментальне значення для формування єдиної правозастосовної практики; якщо особа, яка подає касаційну скаргу, позбавлена можливості спростувати обставини, встановлені оскарженим судовим рішенням, під час розгляду іншої справи; якщо справа становить значний суспільний інтерес або має виняткове значення для учасника справи, який подає касаційну скаргу або суд першої інстанції відніс справу до категорії малозначних помилково. Розглянуто особливості реалізації права на апеляційне та касаційне оскарження малозначних справ в адміністративному судочинстві України у світлі нововведень законодавства України, вітчизняної судової практики та практики Європейського суду з прав людини. Системний аналіз положень статті дає підстави для таких висновків: суд має право віднести справу до категорії малозначних за результатами оцінки характеру спірних правовідносин, предмету доказування, складу учасників та інших обставин, крім випадків, передбачених частиною четвертоюст. 12 КАС України; для застосування касаційного фільтра не обов'язковим є визнання судом першої інстанції справи малозначною. Достатньо, щоб вона підпадала під ознаки малозначної, установлені законом; запровадження касаційних фільтрів відповідає принципу правової визначеності, на необхідність дотримання якого у своїх рішеннях вказує Європейський суд із прав людини.

Currently, the institute of typical and exemplary cases is represented by the norms of only one of the national procedural laws, namely, the norms of the Code of Administrative Proceedings of Ukraine. This is completely justified because the probability of similar legal disputes between individuals and subjects of authoritative powers is extremely high. Subjects of authoritative powers apply the same rules of law to a wide range of persons. Such application may be based on misunderstanding of general mandatory rules resulting in violation of the rights of individuals or restriction of these rights implementation. Besides, in most cases, the legal disputes to be considered under the rules of administrative proceedings need to be decided as soon as possible. Referring to the institute of typical and exemplary cases makes it possible to ensure the necessary rapid decision-making: the decision at exemplary case gives reference points in considering typical cases. In other words, the judge in fact receives a "competent recommendation" according to which he is obliged to decide a case characterized by typical features. Taking this into account the authors consider that according to the national legislator, the institute of typical and exemplary cases is aimed, inter alia, at ensuring the unity of judicial practice. The paper presents the analysis of the provisions of procedural law, the study of corresponding court decisions. Taking this into consideration an attempt is made to identify to what extent the implementation of the institute of typical and exemplary cases has influenced the unification of Ukrainian courts judging the public-legal disputes that can be considered the most common.

This article provides a review of issues on insignificance of the cases and simplified proceedings as a procedural form of their consideration in the novelized national civil procedural law. Introduced by the changes of October 3, 2017, the novel of the Civil Procedural Code of Ukraine on insignificance of cases causes many discussions, objections and comments, finds both support in scientific societies, and certain criticism. The aforementioned novels aimed to reform this branch of Ukrainian law by bringing it into line with European standards. In this regard, the question whether this goal was achieved arises, and whether the novels in the whole content correspond to European Union law, the rights of individual European continents and the regular practice of the European Court of Human Rights. The paper analyzes the issues related to ensuring the right to a fair trial, access to justice and the right of a person for cassation appeal on insignificant case considering. The study examined the classical and modern doctrine, as it should be emphasized that the views of scientists are an important source of the formation and development of law, and when considering issues such as simplified proceedings and insignificance of disputes, scientific doctrine determines the relevance of this topic. The subject of the study in the work was also a large practice of national courts in solving the issue of insignificance of cases, as well as simplified proceedings. The practice of the European Court of Human Rights, which also formed the subject of this article, was also taken into consideration. The issue of insignificance establishing in the dispute resolution was also disclosed through a prism of the European Union legislation and the legislation of certain European countries. Based on the analysis of the doctrine and legislation of Ukraine and foreign countries, the proposals to amend the Civil Procedural Code of Ukraine with the legal regulation of minor disputes were made in the conclusions.

The article presents a clinical and expert case of appealing the diagnosis of occupational disease. Purpose: to provide an example of substantiated answer to the court action concerning the appeal of the diagnosis of occupational disease. A medical history of a patient who worked as an electric welder suffering from chronic bronchitis is described. Data on regulatory documents, acting in accordance with the legislation of Ukraine are presented. The main controversial issues that arise when linking the disease to working conditions are studied.

This paper focuses on the political language symbolism used during the political protests in Ukraine (in 1990, 2000-2001, 2004, 2013-14). Firstly, author discusses the strategies used by the slogan writes during the political protests and shows that they were aimed at mobilizing civil consensus. Secondly, author is interested in the evolution of the language produced during the ongoing protest in Ukraine, and how it delineates the space for the expression of political agenda.

Quantitative data are increasingly influencing the evaluation of the effectiveness of research and researchers. Citations may be the main metric to assess the quality and value of a publication, the number of which evaluates the academic impact. Who and how is citing Ukrainian scholarly journals? And speaking about citations, what are the main connections and trends? To study these aspects, we analyzed the citations of two "young" Ukrainian journals published by the National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy. The authors searched for articles published by two journals (Kyiv-Mohyla Humanities Journal and Kyiv-Mohyla Law and Politics Journal) in the citation databases Dimensions, Web of Science and Scopus. With the help of bibliometric analysis, such indicators as: citation; self-citation of the author; self-citation of the journal; citations from the author affiliated with the publisher of the journal; citations from the author who has a joint affiliation with the author of the article; Altmetric Attention Score. The purpose of the study is to distinguish the publications impact in various fields of knowledge in Open Access journals for researchers around the world, the growing number of citations for English-language publications, the importance of international publishing standards, correlations for self-citation, etc. An important aim is also to summarize the importance of journal indexing in different databases. The study showed that the number of journal citations is primarily influenced by the thematic relevance of published materials. Including, the subject of the article (volume, issue) has a strong correlation with the dynamics and geography of the citations. The number of self-citations of authors, self-citations of the journal, as well as citations from the joint affiliation with the author and publisher was insignificant. No significant impact on the number of citations was also found in the date of publication and its distribution on the Internet (Altmetric). Journal indexing in abstract, full-text ...

Following the 2017 reform the civil litigation has been significantly changed. The action proceedings, inter alia, have been divided into general and simplified procedures. Therefore, the role of the court in determining the procedure for of the case consideration is decisive, since the law does not impose the obligation to apply to the court in a specific procedure but stipulates respective court power and criteria for its implementation.

Thus, the case may be heard in the general proceedings or in a simplified procedure, which provides for the possibility of a court hearing or without such a hearing, in accordance with the grounds and criteria laid down in Article 11, Parts 4 and 6 of the Article 274, Parts 1 and 2 of the Article 277, as well as Part 6 of Article 279 of the Civil Procedural Code of Ukraine, the common only approaches of which have not yet been achieved in practice. Therefore, the object of attention of the author is the problems of differentiation and determination by courts of specific grounds for consideration of civil cases according to the general or simplified procedure of action proceedings, as well as the appointment of a court session,

based on the analysis of first instances courts decisions, adopted during 2018-2019 and available for the research on the website of the Unified State Registry of Judgments.

As a result, the problematic issues that have arisen in the jurisprudence, in particular, regarding the decisive role of the court in choosing the civil case procedure have been identified and the relevant solutions have been proposed. The role of the court is to determine whether there are grounds for a simplified procedure, whether there are no grounds for a mandatory general procedure for this case consideration, as well as an assessment of the merits and motivation of the plaintiff's and defendant's motions for choosing the procedure for this case consideration, in particular, as it is defined in Article 11 of the Civil Procedural Code of Ukraine. Exercising the abovementioned powers, the court must first of all

proceed with the goals of civil justice and its general principles as well as Article 19 of the Civil Procedural Code of Ukraine.